Tripping causes a significant number of falls in the elderly. These falls often result in medical costs, hospitalization, disability, decrease in quality of life, and sometimes death. Knowledge of why trips occur and the mechanics of successful recovery from a trip is critical to increasing knowledge of how to prevent falls due to trips. Two separate studies are reported in this thesis. The first study assessed if men recover from a trip equally well when stepping with their dominant or non-dominant lower limbs. An experimental model of tripping was used to determine each subject's trip recovery capability when stepping with the dominant or non-dominant lower limb. Although most subjects were able to recover better when stepping with one lower limb compared to the other, there was no recognizable trend across the subjects. Based on these results, there is insufficient data to recommend the preferential investigation of the dominant or non-dominant lower limb in future trip research. The second study investigated peak joint torques after stepping to recover from a simulated trip. The same protocol as the first study was used for simulating trips. Increasing trip severity resulted in increased ankle plantarflexor torque in young subjects and increased hip extensor torque in both young and older subjects. Older men used higher hip extensor torques and lower knee extensor torques compared to young men. Implications to falls from trips are discussed. / Master of Science

Les aciers avancés à haute résistance (AHSS) de 3ème génération ont l’avantage de combiner résistance et ductilité. Ces aciers multi-phasés sont appréciés pour les applications dans l’industrie automobile pour leurs propriétés mécaniques, dues notamment à la présence d’austénite métastable permettant une transformation induite par la plasticité (effet TRIP- Transformation Induced Plasticity).L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier l’effet du microalliage sur les transformations de phases et la précipitation dans de tels aciers. Trois nuances ont été étudiées : une référence sans microalliage, une avec ajout de niobium et une avec ajout de vanadium. Elles ont été caractérisées au fil de la route métallurgique composée d’un recuit intermédiaire et d’un recuit final caractéristique des aciers bainitiques à effet TRIP.Des méthodes ex-situ et in-situ ont été mises en oeuvre. Les caractérisations in-situ pendant les traitements thermiques incluent une étude des transformations de phases par diffraction de rayons X à haute énergie (HEXRD) et une étude de la précipitation par diffusion de rayons X à petits angles (SAXS), utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron.La morphologie des grains a été observée par microscopie optique et diffraction d'électrons rétrodiffusés (EBSD) au Microscope Electronique à Balayage (MEB). L’imagerie des précipités a été effectuée par Microscopie Electronique en Transmission (MET) en imagerie en champ sombre, leur composition a été précisée par analyse dispersive en énergie (EDS) et leur localisation étudiée grâce à l’outil de nano-diffraction ACOM/ASTAR.L’ensemble de ces expériences a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet du traitement thermique et de la composition chimique sur la quantité d’austénite présente ainsi que sur sa teneur en carbone, qui sont les principaux paramètres contrôlant l’effet TRIP. La présence du microalliage se traduit par des variations de ces paramètres, liés à la fois à la présence de précipités contenant ces éléments et à leur présence en solution solide. / 3rd generation Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) have the advantage of combining strength and ductility. These multi-phase steels are appreciated for applications in the automotive industry for their mechanical properties, notably due to the presence of metastable austenite allowing Tranformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP effect).The objective of this work was to study the effect of microalloying on phase transformations and precipitation in such steels. Three grades have been studied: a reference without microalloying, one with niobium addition, and one with vanadium addition. They have been characterised through the metallurgical route composed of an intermediate annealing, following by a final annealing characteristic of TRIP-assisted bainitic steels.Both ex-situ and in-situ methods have been applied. In-situ characterisation during thermal treatments includes phase transformation study by High-Energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) and precipitation study by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), both performed with synchrotron radiation.Grain morphology has been observed by optical microscopy and Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Imaging of precipitates has been made in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) via dark-field imaging, their composition has been evauated by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and their localization studied thanks to the nano-diffraction tool ACOM/ASTAR.All these experiments made it possible to highlight the effect of heat treatment and chemical composition on the amount of austenite present and on its carbon content, which are the main parameters controlling the TRIP effect. The presence of the microalloying results in variations in these parameters, related both to the presence of precipitates containing these elements and to their presence in solid solution.

Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse d'un phénomène particulièrement important dérivant des conséquences mécaniques des transformations de phases solide-solide dans les aciers : la plasticité de transformation ou TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) et son interaction avec la plasticité classique. Ce sujet est abordé à la fois par des investigations expérimentales et par une approche de modélisation numérique, pour les transformations martensitiques.

A pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a revista Trip, publicação representativa da tendência de segmentação das revistas brasileiras ocorrida partir da década de 1980. O período avaliado (1986-2010) contempla fases distintas correspondentes a três projetos gráficos. O objetivo principal é analisar as propostas tipográficas utilizadas, verificando em que medida as estratégias retóricas empregadas configuram materialmente orientações do projeto editorial e comercial, conformando a identidade do periódico. Interessa-nos considerar aspectos convencionais e inovadores relacionados à noção de legibilidade, ao tensionamento entre o verbal e o visual presente na tipografia. A metodologia adotada consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica que estabeleceu os fundamentos teóricos e categorias para análises de ordem quantitativa e qualitativa, e baseou-se em autores como, Lupton, Zappaterra, Meggs, Bringhurst, Gäde, Gruszynski e Ali, entre outros. A análise quantitativa deu-se verificando, em um exemplar anual, variáveis especificadas em seções que constituem estratégias tipográficas diferenciadas: textos longos, curtos e capa. Dessa amostra, extraíram-se leiautes exemplares para a análise qualitativa, buscando aprofundar o que os indicadores numéricos apontaram. Verificou-se que o design editorial, ao enunciar estratégias editoriais e comerciais por meio da configuração de elementos gráficos sobre o suporte, evidencia seu caráter mediador. As diferentes possibilidades de articulação da retórica determinam distintos padrões de legibilidade, buscando adequar-se ao público a que se dirige. Cada projeto demandou um grau de equilíbrio específico entre inovação e tradição, coautoria e transparência. Há, em nosso objeto, a aproximação a um modelo onde a sobrevivência comercial assume relevância. Observou-se que opções de leiaute efetivamente funcionais no passado foram resgatadas, o que não significa que conquistas do rompimento com o modernismo tenham sido descartadas no periódico analisado. / The research aims to Trip magazine, a publication representative of the trend of segmentation of the magazines that came from the decade of 1980. The reporting period (1986-2010) comprises distinct phases corresponding to three graphic projects. The main objective is to analyze typographic proposals, checking the extent to which rhetorical strategies configure the editorial and commercial orientations materially, conforming magazine’s identity. We are interested in considering issues related to conventional and innovative notion of legibility, the tension between the verbal and visual present in typography. The methodology consisted of literature research established the theoretical foundations and the categories for qualitative and qualitative analysis, and was based on the authors as Lupton, Zappaterra, Meggs, Bringhurst, Gäde, Gruszynski and Ali, among others. The quantitative analysis gave up checking into variable specifications on a annual copy sections that are distinct situations requiring typographic strategies distinguished: long text, short text, and cover. This allowed verification second specified variables. From this sample, were extracted significant layouts for qualitative analysis, seeking to deepen the numerical indicators pointed. The study found that editorial design, on formulating editorial and commercial strategies by the configuration of the graphic elements on the support, shows his mediator character. The different possible articulations of rhetoric determine distinct patterns of legibility, seeking to adapt itself to the target public. Each project demand specific degree of balance between innovation and tradition, co-authoship and transparency. There is, in our object, the approach of a model where the commercial survival assumes relevancy It was observed that effective functional layouts from the past could be redeemed, but this does not mean that the achievements of the break with modernism have been discarded on the analysed magazine.

A pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a revista Trip, publicação representativa da tendência de segmentação das revistas brasileiras ocorrida partir da década de 1980. O período avaliado (1986-2010) contempla fases distintas correspondentes a três projetos gráficos. O objetivo principal é analisar as propostas tipográficas utilizadas, verificando em que medida as estratégias retóricas empregadas configuram materialmente orientações do projeto editorial e comercial, conformando a identidade do periódico. Interessa-nos considerar aspectos convencionais e inovadores relacionados à noção de legibilidade, ao tensionamento entre o verbal e o visual presente na tipografia. A metodologia adotada consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica que estabeleceu os fundamentos teóricos e categorias para análises de ordem quantitativa e qualitativa, e baseou-se em autores como, Lupton, Zappaterra, Meggs, Bringhurst, Gäde, Gruszynski e Ali, entre outros. A análise quantitativa deu-se verificando, em um exemplar anual, variáveis especificadas em seções que constituem estratégias tipográficas diferenciadas: textos longos, curtos e capa. Dessa amostra, extraíram-se leiautes exemplares para a análise qualitativa, buscando aprofundar o que os indicadores numéricos apontaram. Verificou-se que o design editorial, ao enunciar estratégias editoriais e comerciais por meio da configuração de elementos gráficos sobre o suporte, evidencia seu caráter mediador. As diferentes possibilidades de articulação da retórica determinam distintos padrões de legibilidade, buscando adequar-se ao público a que se dirige. Cada projeto demandou um grau de equilíbrio específico entre inovação e tradição, coautoria e transparência. Há, em nosso objeto, a aproximação a um modelo onde a sobrevivência comercial assume relevância. Observou-se que opções de leiaute efetivamente funcionais no passado foram resgatadas, o que não significa que conquistas do rompimento com o modernismo tenham sido descartadas no periódico analisado. / The research aims to Trip magazine, a publication representative of the trend of segmentation of the magazines that came from the decade of 1980. The reporting period (1986-2010) comprises distinct phases corresponding to three graphic projects. The main objective is to analyze typographic proposals, checking the extent to which rhetorical strategies configure the editorial and commercial orientations materially, conforming magazine’s identity. We are interested in considering issues related to conventional and innovative notion of legibility, the tension between the verbal and visual present in typography. The methodology consisted of literature research established the theoretical foundations and the categories for qualitative and qualitative analysis, and was based on the authors as Lupton, Zappaterra, Meggs, Bringhurst, Gäde, Gruszynski and Ali, among others. The quantitative analysis gave up checking into variable specifications on a annual copy sections that are distinct situations requiring typographic strategies distinguished: long text, short text, and cover. This allowed verification second specified variables. From this sample, were extracted significant layouts for qualitative analysis, seeking to deepen the numerical indicators pointed. The study found that editorial design, on formulating editorial and commercial strategies by the configuration of the graphic elements on the support, shows his mediator character. The different possible articulations of rhetoric determine distinct patterns of legibility, seeking to adapt itself to the target public. Each project demand specific degree of balance between innovation and tradition, co-authoship and transparency. There is, in our object, the approach of a model where the commercial survival assumes relevancy It was observed that effective functional layouts from the past could be redeemed, but this does not mean that the achievements of the break with modernism have been discarded on the analysed magazine.

A pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a revista Trip, publicação representativa da tendência de segmentação das revistas brasileiras ocorrida partir da década de 1980. O período avaliado (1986-2010) contempla fases distintas correspondentes a três projetos gráficos. O objetivo principal é analisar as propostas tipográficas utilizadas, verificando em que medida as estratégias retóricas empregadas configuram materialmente orientações do projeto editorial e comercial, conformando a identidade do periódico. Interessa-nos considerar aspectos convencionais e inovadores relacionados à noção de legibilidade, ao tensionamento entre o verbal e o visual presente na tipografia. A metodologia adotada consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica que estabeleceu os fundamentos teóricos e categorias para análises de ordem quantitativa e qualitativa, e baseou-se em autores como, Lupton, Zappaterra, Meggs, Bringhurst, Gäde, Gruszynski e Ali, entre outros. A análise quantitativa deu-se verificando, em um exemplar anual, variáveis especificadas em seções que constituem estratégias tipográficas diferenciadas: textos longos, curtos e capa. Dessa amostra, extraíram-se leiautes exemplares para a análise qualitativa, buscando aprofundar o que os indicadores numéricos apontaram. Verificou-se que o design editorial, ao enunciar estratégias editoriais e comerciais por meio da configuração de elementos gráficos sobre o suporte, evidencia seu caráter mediador. As diferentes possibilidades de articulação da retórica determinam distintos padrões de legibilidade, buscando adequar-se ao público a que se dirige. Cada projeto demandou um grau de equilíbrio específico entre inovação e tradição, coautoria e transparência. Há, em nosso objeto, a aproximação a um modelo onde a sobrevivência comercial assume relevância. Observou-se que opções de leiaute efetivamente funcionais no passado foram resgatadas, o que não significa que conquistas do rompimento com o modernismo tenham sido descartadas no periódico analisado. / The research aims to Trip magazine, a publication representative of the trend of segmentation of the magazines that came from the decade of 1980. The reporting period (1986-2010) comprises distinct phases corresponding to three graphic projects. The main objective is to analyze typographic proposals, checking the extent to which rhetorical strategies configure the editorial and commercial orientations materially, conforming magazine’s identity. We are interested in considering issues related to conventional and innovative notion of legibility, the tension between the verbal and visual present in typography. The methodology consisted of literature research established the theoretical foundations and the categories for qualitative and qualitative analysis, and was based on the authors as Lupton, Zappaterra, Meggs, Bringhurst, Gäde, Gruszynski and Ali, among others. The quantitative analysis gave up checking into variable specifications on a annual copy sections that are distinct situations requiring typographic strategies distinguished: long text, short text, and cover. This allowed verification second specified variables. From this sample, were extracted significant layouts for qualitative analysis, seeking to deepen the numerical indicators pointed. The study found that editorial design, on formulating editorial and commercial strategies by the configuration of the graphic elements on the support, shows his mediator character. The different possible articulations of rhetoric determine distinct patterns of legibility, seeking to adapt itself to the target public. Each project demand specific degree of balance between innovation and tradition, co-authoship and transparency. There is, in our object, the approach of a model where the commercial survival assumes relevancy It was observed that effective functional layouts from the past could be redeemed, but this does not mean that the achievements of the break with modernism have been discarded on the analysed magazine.

The diploma thesis deals with phase composition measurement of the TRIP steel, using EBSD method. The steel was delivered as thermo-mechanically treated via two different routes. The phase composition of the steel was examined during gradual plastic deformation in the range 0 to10.99%. One route of thermo-mechanical treatment exhibited good agreement with the literature in terms of measured fraction of the retained austenite (15.6%) as well as its decrease during the deformation (to 8.9% at the maximum imposed strain). The samples of the second route did not show any agreement in either of the parameters spoken.

Gothenburg introduced a time-of-day dependent cordon-based congestion charging scheme in January 2013. This paper explores how the introduction of the Gothenburg congestion charging scheme has affected trip tour and trip chaining behavior, using panel surveys conducted in 2012 and 2013, before and after the Gothenburg congestion charging began. This study proposes a typology of trip tour and trip chaining behavior based on organization of trips. Further, the study develops a series of indicators to characterize trip chains and trip tours patterns. Descriptive analysis is used to compare travel patterns before and after congestion pricing at the daylevel, tour-level and stage-level. The analysis results show that car travelers not only suppress activities to a small extent but also tend to have simpler tour patterns after the congestion charges implementation. The adaptation patterns reduce charges paid to some extent. In general, the reorganization of activities taken from on the way from work/school to home contributes greatly to reducing the congestion charges paid. A linear model is also developed to identify the effects of socio-demographic factors and contextual factors on the amount of charges paid based on panel data.

A weakness with the Swedish Transport Administration’s model for long-distance trips is that it onlyallows for one mode of transportation per trip. A long-distance trip usually consists of several modesof transportation, while the current model does not allow modelling of, for example, a flight with aconnecting car, bus or train transfer. This is problematic as a significant part of the generalized costof travel can be derived from an access trip.The master thesis has been devoted to studying how a model for choice of access mode anddeparture airport can be designed. The work has been limited to study long-distance trips starting inStockholm county, carried out by residents of the county. The airport choice has been limited toArlanda and Bromma Airport.In a literature review, the underlying mathematical theories which the project is based on arepresented. The theory originates from the work on discrete choice models by Daniel McFadden,which later was further developed and summarized by Kenneth Train. By studying previous researchdealing with modelling of access mode and airport choice, it can be concluded that there is noobvious approach to model design, apart from the fact that the model should be based on the logittheory.The observations on which the model is estimated are retrieved from travel surveys conductedduring 2011-2016. A cost estimate for the modes of travel included in the model has been donemanually. Travel times for all modes have been generated using the Swedish TransportAdministration’s regional base model for Stockholm County dated 2014, using the macro simulationsoftware Emme.Out of all the estimated models, one model is presented as the best and final one. It is a multinomiallogit model divided into two segments, one for business travelers and one for private travelers. Themodel is analyzed by calculating value of time, cost- and time elasticity for each of the alternatives inthe choice set. For some of the alternatives, the value of time is relatively high, which is addressed inthe concluding discussion.

Die neuen TRIP-Matrix-Composite-Werkstoffe - verstärkt durch mit MgO teilstabilisiertem ZrO2 - gestatten es, durch die Besonderheiten der beteiligten Phasen eine gute Eigenschaftskombination hinsichtlich hoher Festigkeits- und Dehnungswerte zu erzielen. Aus diesem Grund ist die vorliegende Arbeit der Erforschung wissenschaftlicher Grundlagen zur Herstellung von TRIP-Matrix-Compositen sowie zur Analyse deren Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit von den unterschiedlichen pulvermetallurgischen Herstellungsverfahren, wie konventionelles und konduktives Sintern sowie Heißpressen gewidmet worden. Als Ergebnis ist ein tieferes Verständnis der Kinetik von Sinterprozessen mit dem Aufbau eines physikalisch-mathematischen Modells festzuhalten. Ferner wurden mit weiterführenden Untersuchungen erste Ansätze zur Auslegung von Warmumformprozessen von gesinterten Halbzeugen aus dem Verbundwerkstoff durch quantitative Beschreibung der Entfestigungskinetik geleistet.