Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'administration Truman initia plusieurs réformes structurelles d'envergure, parmi lesquelles la réorganisation de ses capacités de renseignement. En créant la CIA en 1947 et la NSA en 1952, le président Harry S. Truman posa les fondations d'une communauté du renseignement qui ne cesserait de se développer à la faveur de la Guerre froide et au-delà. L'institutionnalisation de cette activité protéiforme, impliquant une multitude d'acteurs bureaucratiques, civils et militaires, se heurta à de nombreux obstacles, révélateurs du fonctionnement de l'État américain et de ses traditions démocratiques. À partir d'une vaste quantité d'archives récemment déclassifiées, cette thèse vise à identifier les acteurs et dynamiques intervenus dans la réorganisation du renseignement opérée par l'administration Truman. En corollaire, elle cherche à analyser leur impact sur la constitution d'un appareil de renseignement et sur son fonctionnement entre 1945 et 1953. Tout d'abord, cette étude examine comment la réorganisation du renseignement, qu'il soit stratégique ou électromagnétique, a été influencée par le processus d'unification des forces armées qui a abouti, en 1947, à l'émergence du concept de sécurité nationale. Ensuite, elle démontre comment les principes de coordination et de collégialité, dont est empreint le National Security Act, ont entravé le développement d'un appareil de renseignement intégré et cohérent. Enfin, cette thèse explique en quoi la dégradation de la situation internationale, symbolisée par le déclenchement de la guerre de Corée en 1950, a favorisé une ébauche de rationalisation de la gestion des activités de renseignement. / In the wake of World War II, the Truman Administration initiated several high-scale institutional reforms which included an overhaul of its intelligence capabilities. By establishing the CIA in 1947 and the NSA in 1952, President Harry S. Truman laid the foundations of an intelligence community that would grow throughout the Cold War and beyond. The institutionalization of intelligence, which involved many bureaucratic players, both civilian and military, faced numerous hurddles highlighting the inner workings of the U.S. state apparatus as well as American democratic traditions. Based on a large amount of recently declassified archival material, this dissertation aims to identify the players and dynamics involved in the reorganization carried out by the Truman Administration. It also seeks to assess their impact on the formation of an intelligence apparatus and on how it operated from 1945 to 1953. Firstly, this study illustrates how the intelligence overhaul was influenced by the unification of the armed forces which lead to the emergence of the national security concept in 1947. It then shows how the principles of coordination and collective decision-making implied by the National Security Act hampered the development of an integrated intelligence apparatus. Lastly, it explains how the deteriorating international situation, symbolized by the start of the Korean War in 1950, prompted an uneven streamlining of intelligence activities.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Fonseca Santos.pdf: 1072594 bytes, checksum: 7a87606a43a631d370e1d04cfce5647c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / This dissertation analyzes the work In Cold Blood, by Truman Capote, as the first great novel of the New Journalism or literary journalism. Summarily, it was published in four parts in The New Yorker magazine, in 1965. Given the huge repercussion, in the following year, it was compiled into a single volume and published as a book. In this dissertation, the reader will be faced with an analysis of what is the New Journalism, as well as its relationship with literature. Some issues about fiction inside reports and reality inside literature are discussed. The narrative is analyzed, exposing its journalistic and literary characteristics which contribute to the greatness of the book. Still as part of the narratives, the reader can find a study about North-American society and how Truman shows and discusses it in his book; and how Capote builds his characters, the way he uses literary techniques to give life to people in his work, and, particularly, how he presents the character Perry Smith, a cold killer presented as the effect of a liar society. / Este trabalho analisa a obra In Cold Blood, de Truman Capote, como primeiro grande romance do Novo Jornalismo ou jornalismo literário. Sumariamente, Capote publicou seus escritos em quatro partes na revista The New Yorker, em 1965. Dada a enorme repercussão, no ano seguinte foi compilado em um único volume e publicado em livro. Nesta dissertação, o leitor se deparará com uma análise acerca do que é o Novo Jornalismo, bem como sua relação com a literatura. São discutidas questões acerca do ficcional dentro de reportagens e da realidade dentro da literatura. Esquadrinha-se a narrativa, expondo suas características jornalísticas e literárias que corroboram para a grandeza da obra. Ainda no âmbito narrativo, o leitor poderá encontrar um estudo acerca da sociedade norte-americana e de que maneira Truman a apresenta e discute em sua obra. Verifica-se de que maneira Capote constrói suas personagens, como ele se utiliza de técnicas literárias para dar vida às pessoas reais dentro de sua obra e, particularmente, como ele descortina a personagem Perry Smith, um assassino frio apresentado como efeito de uma sociedade mentirosa.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Huston Gibson / In 2011, the United States Secretary of the Interior approved a proposal for expansion of the Harry S. Truman National Historic Landmark District in Independence, Missouri. The expansion of the historic district and the subsequent press resulting from the expansion was the inspiration for this report. The topic area of this report is historic preservation. Historic districts come with increased rules and regulations that can be seen as limiting a resident’s use of the properties within these districts. This report is concerned with the actual condition within a historic district with a central hypothesis that historic districts do have a positive association with property condition. In order to answer the research question, a multiple-case replication explanatory case study was performed using the original landmark district boundaries and two comparable nearby neighborhoods outside of the historic landmark district. The case study utilized secondary sources and in-field observations to analyze seven researchable factors about the parcels within the study areas. These factors were compared and contrasted during the cross case analysis. To further the understanding of the study area, a detailed profile of the City of Independence, Missouri, was produced. This profile looked at the historical development of the city, as well as economic and demographic statistics. The theoretical framework behind historic districts was also analyzed for this report. It is beneficial to look at this question in order to evaluate the potential implementation of a historic district that a planner may face in their municipality such as whether historic preservation regulations should be maintained, expanded, or eliminated or a historic district should be put in place. The report ends with a conclusionary chapter including recommendations, lessons for planning professionals, and ideas for further research.

Truman Capote, autor, roteirista e dramaturgo Americano, foi um dos principais escritores americanos de ficção do período pós-guerra, conhecido por receber ampla notoriedade pelo seu romance best-seller In Cold Blood, de 1965, por um estilo de escrita que misturava literatura e jornalismo. No entanto, o trabalho de Capote se estende além do romance antes mencionado. O autor, que se tornaria famoso por sua personalidade também, revelou grande talento como escritor desde muito jovem, trabalhando com temas muito relacionados à sua vida pessoal. Durante minhas leituras de seus trabalhos, eu pude perceber que o narrador que Capote criava trazia o leitor muito mais próximo à história. O propósito da minha dissertação é fazer uma análise do narrador de Capote para poder discutir suas técnicas específicas. Para tal, escolhi trabalhar com a teoria da narratologia, que não apenas é o estudo da narrativa e da estrutura de um texto, mas também sobre como ele afeta nossas percepções como leitores. Através de uma análise de aspectos como focalização e discurso do narrador, minha intenção foi traçar uma relação entre o narrador de Capote com seu autor implícito para poder entender como isso afeta nossa experiência de leitura e seu relacionamento com o leitor. Para essa análise, eu escolhi o primeiro romance publicado de Capote, Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948), porque acredito que conta uma história que pareceu surgir de emoções altamente reprimidas do autor sobre sua infância e crescimento. Além disso, tentarei identificar onde elementos biográficos podem ter inspirado alguns dos eventos presentes na história, na tentativa de estabelecer uma conexão com os eventos de sua vida real e o quanto elas interferiam em sua ficção. teoria que em destaque nesse trabalho são os trabalhos da autora Mieke Bal (2009) e de Herman & Vervaeck (2005), para poder trazer os termos que ajudam a continuar com a discussão. Ao fim desta análise, espero mostrar o que há por baixo de um narrador cuidadosamente construído, e que o leitor seja capaz de perceber Truman Capote por mais do que sua famosa personalidade, mas também como um escritor cuidadoso e focado que era apaixonado por sua arte. / American novelist, screenwriter and playwright Truman Capote was one of the leading American authors of fiction of the post-war period, known for receiving wide notoriety for his 1965 best seller In Cold Blood, for a style of writing that mixed literature and journalism. However, Capote’s works extend beyond the aforementioned novel. The author, who would eventually become famous for his personality as well, revealed great talent as a writer since a very young age, working with themes closely related to his personal life. During my readings of his works, I was able to perceive that the narrator Capote creates brings the reader much closer to the story. The purpose of this thesis is to carry out an analysis of Capote’s narrator in order to discuss his particular techniques. In order to do that, I chose to work with the theory of narratology, which is not only the study of narrative and the narrative structure of a text, but also of how it affects our perceptions as readers. Through an analysis of aspects such as focalization and the narrator’s discourse, my intention was to trace a relation between the narrator with Capote’s implied author in order to understand how this affects the reading experience and the relationship with the reader. For this analysis, I chose Capote’s first published novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948), because I believe that it tells a story that seem to come from the highly suppressed emotions of the author about his childhood and growing up. I will also attempt to identify where biographical elements might have inspired some of the events that appear in the story, attempting to establish connection to the events of his real life and how much it interfered in his fiction. As to the theory that underlines this work, I chose the works of Mieke Bal (2009) and Herman & Vervaeck (2005), in order to bring light to terms that help further the discussion. By the end of this analysis, I hope to show what lies beneath a carefully constructed narrator, and that the reader will be able to perceive Truman Capote for more than his famous personality, but also as a careful and focused writer that was passionate about his craft.

What can lead authors to come up with entirely different textual portraits of the same nation? My dissertation is an exploration of the rhetorical construction of emotion in nonfiction narratives about the United States from the Second World War to the present. I emphasize the importance of one particular rhetorical strategy: synecdoche, a substitution of part for the whole. I argue that synecdoche is as much a strategy for seduction as it is a rhetorical strategy, and therefore an emotional strategy as well. As the authors in my dissertation -- John Steinbeck, Charles Kuralt, Truman Capote and Sarah Vowell -- write of the nation, they simultaneously write of their irresistible, irrevocable attachment to the nation. In this way, these studies of the United States act like a Rorschach test, as a projection of affect onto what the authors claim to be an objective national portrait. (And we respond to them accordingly: consider the number of "America's" we encounter daily, and how many of them we automatically accept or dismantle.) The ambivalence the authors in my study feel, I would argue, comes only after the portrait is complete. The pleasure is in the process: the result is seldom as rewarding. It has become commonplace to argue that "nations provoke fantasy." I argue that nations provoke fantasy because they are necessarily synecdochical. Synecdoche provokes fantasy because synecdoche is fantasy: the seduction of another through the persuasion that similar parts represent shared wholes. However, the nation is not only a fantasy. This is where the word "fictionable" enters into the study. As one major critic has defined it, the "fictionable" is that which is "available for conversion into fiction." The "nation" as a concept is certainly fictionable, and it is well worth considering -- as an entity and experience -- that has become so much a part of the way we tell stories about ourselves, that it can come to function as a backdrop on which we project both our political ideologies and personal desires.

Since the invention of the World Wide Web in 1990 and the commercialization of the internet, numerous scholars and cultural critics have interrogated the cultural and economic role of attention, as both a psychobiological ability and a psychosocial good. In particular, commentators from many disciplines posit contested theories of an attention economy, a socioeconomic regime in which, since information and communications technologies make information abundant, the attention needed to acquire information becomes the world's most scarce economic resource. This dissertation argues that a parallel body of postmodernist narratives has emerged from the same conditions, in which technologies of attention enmesh individuals in illegible systems of production, consumption, surveillance, and thought management. Intensified strategies for focusing individual and collective attention are essential components of these narratives, and thus attention, as a means and an end, plays a central role in dramatic tensions between power and resistance. At a time of increased concern for what happens to the long narrative in the age of the text and tweet, my analyses of the film The Truman Show (Peter Weir, 1998), novels Glamorama (Bret Easton Ellis, 1998) and Dead Stars (Bruce Wagner, 2012), and graphic novel series Transmetropolitan (Warren Ellis and Darick Robertson, 1998-2003), explore both continuities and disjunctions in how different media represent this narrative, since diverse institutional codes dictate conditions of production and reception. Despite the different physiological, technological, temporal, and spatial demands these texts place upon their readers' attention, in the main they share an emblematic suspicion of attention's relationship to the governing institutions of American life, which ask subjects to attend to their bodies, minds, schedules and life objectives according to a digitized ideology of perpetual labor, consumerism, and efficiency. This dissertation also intervenes in debates about the value of close textual analysis, arguing that paying attention to narrative forms and themes forces readers to pay attention to the act of paying attention, increasingly important at a time when large institutions find new ways to monetize attention as a form of unpaid labor.

The foreign policy of the United States in the Middle East has taken many twists and turns since the first American citizens were taken captive by North African pirates in 1784. These foreign lands are a constant presence for contemporary Americans. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, the United States has been continuously at war. “Tellingly, the Asian greens that once camouflaged the fatigues of U.S. troops have burnished to Arabian browns and yellows, and Arabic has supplanted Russian as the lingua sancta of the intelligence services.”Unfortunately, constantly shifting motivations for US foreign policy in the Middle East has led to a situation that emboldens our enemies, weakens our allies trust, and makes us an unpredictable player in the Middle East. This thesis will examine the conflict between idealism and pragmatism in American relations with the Middle East, specifically during the 1950s under the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. Before launching into this task, it is essential to answer basic questions that will guide the reader through this thesis: How has the ‘Middle East’ been defined as a geographic area and a zone of contention? Why does this thesis identify the 1950s as thecrucial period for exploring the tenets of US Foreign Policy in relation to this zone? And how does the conflict between idealism and pragmatism emerge as the key tension in US rhetoric and action related to the Middle East?

The purpose of this study is to examine the U.S. relations to Israel and the affect the relationship has had on Palestine from the viewpoint of Robert D. Putnam’s `two level-game´ theory. The core of the theory is that representatives have been placed between two tables; where one represents domestic negotiations while the other represents foreign negotiations. The bargains made at the foreign table affects the state’s domestic politics and vice versa. Applying the theory on U.S. relations to Israel it is possible to see that the U.S. is leading an unsuccessful negotiation at both tables. The relationship between the U.S. and Israel has existed since U.S. decided to recognize the state in 1948. Events such as the Holocaust and 9/11 have let Israel keep its underdog status as well as its sympathy from the American population. Israel also has a very powerful lobby group which have tried to steer U.S. policies towards its goal, the continuation of the Israeli state. The U.S. government have different interests in the region, besides the peace between Israel and Palestine. This leads to the government’s most difficult mission, being able to both satisfy their own people as well as proceeding with its plans and agendas for the region.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of English, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74).