Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

Selon les normes actuelles, les tubes d'arme sont conçus pour résister à la pression des gaz en utilisant les équations de la statique des milieux continus. Mais lors des tirs, les chargements auquel est soumis le tube sont extrêmement rapides, de l'ordre de quelques millisecondes. En effet, le projectile est poussé à travers le tube par la pression des gaz, à ce déplacement est associé la rotation du projectile provoquée par les rayures internes du tube. Le projectile est en contact avec le tube par sa ceinture qui assure une parfaite étanchéité des gaz par son diamètre légèrement supérieur à celui du tube. Ainsi des contraintes dynamiques sont générées par la pression des gaz et par le forcement de la munition. Le but de ces travaux est d'étudier les contraintes dans le tube lors des tirs. Afin d'évaluer les différents phénomènes, dans une première partie, de nombreux essais ont été réalisés sur des armes de moyen calibre. Ces essais ont permis de constituer une base de données sur les déformations circonférentielles du tube. Dans un second temps, un modèle par éléments finis a été développé à l'aide du logiciel LS-Dyna. Le front de pression et le projectile avec sa ceinture ont été simulés. Un modèle tridimensionnel a été choisi afin d'évaluer les contraintes dans le rayage du tube, zones de concentration de contraintes. La corrélation entre les essais et les résultats de calcul est excellente. En effet le pic de déformation dynamique du tube mesuré est très bien prédit par le calcul. Pour déterminer l'influence de ce chargement dynamique, un calcul de durée de vie a été réalisé. Les résultats montrent la nécessité de prendre en compte dans le dimensionnement des tubes d'arme : la pression des gaz et l'action du projectile sur le tube. / According to current standards, gun barrels are designed to resist the maximum firing pressure using static, continuous equations. But during the firings events, complex high speed loads and structural responses arised over very short times. The projectile is pushed towards the tube by the gas pressure, morover the engraving of the tube gives a rotational movement to the ammunition. The contact between the tube and the projectile is ensured by a band or obturator. This obturator had a diameter which is superior to the tube's calibre. Very high stresses are generated during the firing, due to gas pressure and the forcing action of the projectile. The aim of this work was to study the stresses in the tube durings firings. To evaluate firings phenomena, in a first part, many tests were made on medium calibre guns using various configurations. Circumferential strain measurements were obtained. In a second time, a finite element model was developed using the commercial code LS-Dyna. The moving pressure front and the projectile with its obturator were simulated. Three dimensional modeling was chosen in order to evaluate the stresses in the tube rifling where stresses concentration were located. The numerical prediction of the peak of strain measured when the projectile passed the strain gages were excellent. Experiments and calculations showed a peak of strains which was not taken into account in tubes design. To evaluate the impact of this phenomenom, a fatigue life-time study was carried on. The results demonstrated that gas pressure and dynamic coupled actions must all be taken into account in the fatigue design of gun tubes.

L’hydroformage de tube nécessite l’emploi d’outillage coûteux et la phase de mise au point utilise intensivement la simulation par éléments finis. Pour ces simulations, il est nécessaire de disposer de données matériaux adaptées dans le domaine plastique. Le comportement des matériaux utilisés en mise en forme dépend du mode de sollicitation. Ainsi, plusieurs essais de caractérisation tels que l’essai de traction et les essais de gonflement de flan et de tube sont traités dans ce travail.On s’intègre dans une démarche pragmatique afin d’offrir des méthodes simples pour une mise en œuvre dans un contexte industriel en limitant le nombre d’essai, une méthode expérimentale de caractérisation simple et une méthode d’analyse des résultats expérimentaux efficace. De plus, on se limite à des modèles matériaux disponibles dans tout type de code de calcul comme la loi d’écrouissage de Swift et le critère de plasticité de Hill 1948.Après une introduction des différents types d’hydroformage et des notions de bases du comportement plastique des matériaux, la mise en œuvre des essais est présentée. On retiendra qu’il existe plusieurs façons de post-traiter les résultats expérimentaux. La méthode classique a été choisie pour l’essai de traction, celle préconisée par Koç et al. est utilisée pour le gonflement de flan et enfin la méthode de Boudeau et Malécot a été adoptée pour le gonflement de tube.À partir des essais effectués sur un acier austénitique inoxydable de type AISI 304, plusieurs courbes d’écrouissages distinctes ont été obtenues. Des simulations numériques ont été menées afin de confronter ces lois de comportement sur la prédiction des profils des flans et des tubes déformés ainsi que sur les distributions d’épaisseur de ceux-ci. Enfin, le matériau ayant été considéré isotrope jusqu’à présent, on s’attache à l’influence de l’anisotropie du matériau dans le cadre de la mise en forme par hydroformage. Pour cela un plan complet est mené.Mots-clés : hydroformage, caractérisation de matériaux, tube, simulation E.F., expérimentation / Tube hydroforming requires the employment of expensive tooling and its industrial development makes an intensive use of finite element simulations. For these simulations, we need plastic material data. The material behavior, in forming, depends on the loading mode. Thus, several characterization tests such as uniaxial tensile test, the bulging test on sheet and tube, are investigated in this work.The works are conducted in the context of a pragmatic approach. The goal is to offer simple methods for implementation in an industrial setting based on a limited number of tests, a simple experimental method and an efficient method for post-processing experimental results. In addition, we limit ourselves to classical material models, available in any FE code, such as the Swift’s hardening law and the Hill 1948 plastic criterion.After the introduction of the different kind of hydroforming and the fundamentals on the plastic behavior of materials, the experimental tests are presented. There are many ways for post-processing the experimental results of these advanced testing methods. The conventional method is chosen for post-processing the experimental results obtained with the tensile test ; for the sheet bulging test, the method recommended by Koç et al. is used and the model proposed by Boudeau and Malécot’s is adopted for tube bulging test.The different tests are carried out on an austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 and, distinct hardening curves are obtained. Numerical simulations of the tests and a tube hydroforming operation are performed with the different hardening law. The FE results are compared; the comparisons are led on the resulting bulged sheet or tube and on the thickness distribution. Finally, the influence of the initial anisotropy in tube hydroforming is studied through a full Design Of Experiences.Keywords: hydroforming, material characterization, tube, F.E. simulation, experiment

Les tubes métalliques de précision sont largement utilisés pour des applications biomédicales. De tels tubes sont fabriqués par étirage à froid car ce procédé garanti le meilleur aspect de surface, le plus grand contrôle des dimensions du tube et le contrôle des propriétés mécaniques. L'objet de cette étude est de modéliser le procédé d'étirage de tube sur mandrin afin d'en améliorer la compréhension et de construire un outil permettant l'optimisation du procédé et de prédire la rupture des tubes en étirage. La construction du modèle élément finis s'appuie sur la réalisation d'essais expérimentaux afin de caractériser les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux et le frottement entre le tube et les outils d'étirage (mandrin, filière). Le comportement mécanique des alliages est caractérisé par des essais de traction sur tube, des essais de traction sur des éprouvettes découpées dans différentes orientations dans un tube déplié et des essais de gonflement de tube. Pour ces derniers, une machine et un outillage de gonflement de tubes ont été développés spécifiquement. Par le biais de ces essais différents aspects ont été étudiés : la viscoplasticité, l'anisotropie plastique, l'hétérogénéité des propriétés dans l'épaisseur du tube, la thermomécanique. Les coefficients de frottements ont été identifiés par analyse inverse sur des essais d'étirage instrumentés par des cellules d'effort. Des essais d'étirage ont été spécifiquement conçus en modifiant la géométrie du mandrin afin de conduire à la rupture des tubes lors de l'étirage. L'objectif de tels essais étant d'identifier la limite de formabilité des tubes. L'approche choisie pour prédire de la rupture a été d'utiliser des critères de ruptures qui pouvaient être calibrés sur des essais de traction uniquement. Les critères ont été calculés au cours de la simulation numérique de l'étirage sur mandrin et ils ont été évalués par rapport à leur capacité à prédire les réductions de section et d'épaisseur maximales. Enfin, des méthodes analytiques de calcul d'effort d'étirage ont été développées et comparées à la modélisation éléments finis. / Precision metallic tubes are widely used for biomedical applications. The requirements of such tubes in term of surface quality, precise dimensions and mechanical properties can be achieved by cold tube drawing only. The purpose of this study is to model the mandrel tube drawing in order improve the process understanding and to build a tool both for process optimisation and for failure prediction during drawing. Building the finite element modelling requires to perform a series of experimental tests in order to characterise the material mechanical behaviour and the friction between the tube and the forming tools (mandrel, die). The materials mechanical behaviour is characterized by means of tube tensile tests, tensile tests of oriented samples cut in different directions from flattened tubes and tube bulge test. For the latter, a tube bulge test device was specifically designed. Different aspects were covered by these tests: viscoplasticity, plastic anisotropy, materials properties heterogeneity in the tube thickness, thermomechanics. Friction coefficients were identified by inverse analysis on instrumented tube drawing tests. A specific drawing test was designed in order to identify the tube fracture during drawing by modifying the mandrel geometry. The goal of such test was to identify the tube formability limit. Among the different techniques available to predict tube failure, the approach of failure criterion was chosen. Different failure criteria that could be calibrated on tensile test were selected. Failure criteria were computed during the simulation of the mandrel tube drawing and they were evaluated in term of predictability of the maximum section and thickness reductions before fracture. Finally, analytical methods that enable to compute the drawing force were developed and compared with the finite element modelling.

O presente trabalho descreve os processos de preparação do aluminato de bário e cálcio, material emissor de elétrons, empregados nos catodos do tipo impregnado para utilização em uma válvula de microondas do tipo TWT. Os catodos investigados constituem-se de uma pastilha de tungstênio porosa impregnada com aluminato de bário e cálcio com proporção molar 5:3:2. Para a síntese do aluminato, utilizaram-se três diferentes métodos: reação em estado sólido, precipitação e cristalização. A termogravimetria auxiliou na consolidação dos procedimentos de preparação dos aluminatos de modo a definir os parâmetros de pirólise/calcinação. Verificou-se que a técnica que apresentou melhores características de síntese foi o método da cristalização, pois esta apresentou uma menor temperatura de formação do aluminato (800ºC) em atmosfera oxidante (O2), quando comparada às técnicas de reação em estado sólido e de precipitação (temperatura de 1000ºC em atmosfera redutora – H2). Utilizou-se o conceito da distribuição da função trabalho prática (PWFD) de Miram para a caracterização termiônica dos catodos impregnados. Empregando-se este método, foi possível traçar o perfil termiônico do catodo com aluminato de bário e cálcio. As curvas PWFD apresentaram a função trabalho média do catodo aluminato de, aproximadamente, 2,00 eV. / In the present work it is described the barium calcium aluminate manufacture processes employed to produce impregnated cathodes to be used in a traveling-wave tube (TWT). The cathodes were developed using a tungsten body impregnated with barium and calcium aluminate with a 5:3:2 proportion (molar). Three different processes were investigated to obtain this material: solid-state reaction, precipitation and crystallization. Thermal analysis, thermogravimetry specifically, supported to determine an adequate preparation procedure (taking into account temperature, time and pirolisys atmosphere). It was verified that the crystallization showed a better result when compared to those investigated (solid-state reaction and precipitation techniques – formation temperature is about 1000ºC in hydrogen atmosphere), whereas it presented the lower formation temperature (800ºC) in oxidizing atmosphere (O2). It was used the practical work function distribution theory (PWFD) of Miram to characterize thermionic impregnated cathode. The PWFD curves were used to characterize the barium-calcium aluminate cathode. PWFD curves shown that the aluminate cathode work function is about 2,00 eV.

As recentes técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostra, microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e in tube SPME, apresentam uma série de vantagens em relação aos métodos clássicos de extração (extração líquido-líquido e extração em fase sólida), tais como: não requer instrumentação analítica sofisticada, utilização de pequenas quantidades de solventes orgânicos, rápido processo operacional, permite automação das análises, a reutilização das fases extratoras, e integra em um único sistema a extração, concentração e introdução da amostra no cromatográfico. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a padronização, validação e comparação dos métodos SPME/LC-UV com dessorção off line e in tube SPME/LC-UV, para a análise dos antidepressivos da nova geração (mirtazapina, citalopram, paroxetina, duloxetina, fluoxetina e sertralina) em amostras de plasma para fins de monitorização terapêutica. As variáveis: fase extratora, pH da matriz, tempo e temperatura de extração e de dessorção e força iônica apresentaram grande influência na eficiência do processo SPME. O método SPME/LC-UV padronizado, apresentou limite de quantificação (LQ) de 25 a 50 ng mL-1, ampla faixa de linearidade (LQ ? 500 ng mL-1, r2 > 0,9970) e precisão inter ensaios com coeficientes de variação menor que 15% para todos os analitos. Apesar das baixas taxas de recuperação obtidas, de 8,1% (citalopram) a 17,1% (mirtazapina), o método SPME/LC-UV apresentou seletividade e sensibilidade analítica adequada. As variáveis: pH da matriz, fluxo e número de ciclos aspirar/dispensar e volume de amostra apresentaram grande influência na eficiência do processo in tube SPME. A etapa de precipitação de proteínas do plasma, anterior ao processo de extração, foi necessária para a eliminação dos compostos endógenos. O método in tube SPME/LC-UV padronizado apresentou seletividade adequada, precisão inter ensaios com coeficiente de variação menor que 10%, LQ de 20 a 50 ng mL-1, linearidade na faixa de concentração do LQ a 500 ng mL-1, com r2 > 0,9983 para todos os analitos e recuperação absoluta de 5,32% (mirtazapina) a 43,5% (sertralina). A técnica in tube SPME, quando comparada à SPME, permitiu a automação das análises, menor exposição do analista às amostras biológicas e solventes orgânicos, menor tempo de análise e menor volume de amostra de plasma. A eficácia dos métodos, SPME/LC-UV e in tube SPME/LC-UV, foi comprovada através das análises de amostras de plasma de pacientes em terapia com os antidepressivos, para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / The recent miniaturized sample techniques preparation, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and in tube SPME, present several advantages when compared with classic extraction methods (liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction), such as: it does not require sophisticated analytical instrumentation, use small organic solvent amounts, fast operational process, automation of the analyses, reuse extraction phases, and incorporates, into a single procedure, sample extraction, concentration and sample introduction. The aim of this work is development, validation and comparison of methods SPME/LC-UV with off line desorption and in tube SPME/LC-UV, for analyses of antidepressants of the new generation (mirtazapine, citalopram, paroxetine, duloxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline) in plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. Variables: extraction phase, matrix pH, time and temperature of extraction and desorption and ionic strength showed great influence in SPME process efficiency. The method SPME/LC-UV presented limit of quantification (LOQ) variety from 25 to 50 ng mL-1, wide range the of linearity (LOQ 500 ng mL-1, r2 > 0.9970) and interassays precision with coefficient of variation lower than 15% for all analytes. Although the low recovery, from 8.1% (citalopram) to 17.1% (mirtazapine), the method SPME/LC-UV presented adequate selectivity and analytical sensitivity. Variables: matrix pH, flow and number of aspirate/dispense cycles and sample volume showed great influence in the in tube SPME process efficiency. The protein precipitation of the plasma steps, previous to the extraction process, was necessary for the endogenous compounds elimination. The method in tube SPME/LC showed adequate selectivity, interassays precision with coefficient of variation lower than 10%, LOQ variety from 20 to 50 ng mL-1, linearity in range concentration from LOQ to 500 ng mL-1, with r2 > 0.9983 for all analytes and recovery from 5.32% (mirtazapine) to 43.5% (sertraline). The technique in tube SPME, compared with the SPME, permitted the automation of the analyses, minor exposition of the analyst to the biological samples and organic solvent, shorter analyses time and minor plasma sample volume. The effectiveness methods, SPME/LC-UV and in tube SPME/LC-UV, was proven through the analyses of plasma samples of patients in therapy with antidepressants, for therapeutic drug monitoring.

This project was the first study of the genetics and embryo-pathology of exencephaly in a partially inbred mouse stock, SELH/Bc. Exencephaly was found in 17% of SELH fetuses. Analysis of day 8-9 gestation embryos indicated that SELH embryos were collectively normal in general development, but delayed in neural tube closure relative to overall or general development compared to two normal strains of mice, ICR/Be and SWV/Bc. Exencephaly was observed to be caused by a failure of fusion of the cranial neural folds in the mesencephalon region in SELH. All SELH embryos appeared to be abnormal in their pattern of cranial neural tube closure. They fail to make initial contact at the prosencephalon/mesencephalon junction region of the cranial neural folds (the first fusion in the cranial neural folds in normal embryos). SELH embryos, fused their anterior neural folds via an alternate (possibly passive) mechanism compared to normal strains of mice (SWV/Bc, and ICR/Be), by fusing the folds in a "zipper-like" fashion from the rostral base of the prosencephalon. This closure of the neural tube in genetically liable embryos by an abnormal sequence of events suggests a new model for anterior neural tube closure failure. Liability to exencephaly appeared to be fixed in the SELH stock. Of the 53 SELH males tested, all produced exencephaly. SELH animals were found to be heterogeneous in the frequency of exencephaly they produced, indicating that there are still genes segregating in the stock which affect the ability of embryos to complete anterior neural tube closure. Exencephaly in SELH does not appear to be caused by an autosomal dominant, sex-linked dominant or recessive, or simple autosomal recessive single gene, although F2, BCl, and BC2 exencephaly frequencies (after an outcross to ICR/Be) suggest that only a small number of genes are involved. A marked excess of female exencephalics was observed in SELH, F2, BCl, and BC2 fetuses. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate

Chez les eucaryotes, les RNA Binding Proteins (RBP) s’associent aux transcrits pour former des Particules Ribo-Nucléoprotéiques (mRNP) dynamiques, dont la localisation et la composition sont déterminantes pour la maturation, l’export, la stabilité et la traduction des ARNm. Les protéines à motif LA sont des protéines de liaison à l’ARN, présentes chez plusieurs centaines d’espèces eucaryotes, qui se répartissent en 5 sous-familles : LA authentiques, LARP1, 4, 6 et 7. Les membres de ces sous-familles partagent des caractéristiques évolutives, des domaines additionnels et des fonctions conservés. Mes travaux de thèse ont contribué à l’étude fonctionnelle de protéines LARP6 chez Arabidopsis thaliana. On sait, à l’heure actuelle, que chez Manduca sexta et plusieurs espèces de vertébrés, LARP6 est impliquée dans la régulation de la différenciation cellulaire. Chez l’Homme, elle agit en tant que RBP pour coordonner la traduction des ARNm codant les sous-unités du collagène de type I. Les plantes vasculaires ont la particularité de contenir plusieurs protéines LARP6, classées en trois groupes évolutifs. Chez A. thaliana, l’unique représentant de chaque sous-famille semble s’être spécialisé. D’ailleurs, les protéines LARP6b et c ont des profils d’expression mutuellement exclusifs, où LARP6c est présente dans le pollen et LARP6b est ubiquitaire mais absente du gamétophyte mâle. Nous avons axé notre travail sur la protéine LARP6c et démontré qu’elle est cytoplasmique et impliquée, dans le pollen, dans le contrôle de la quantité d’ARNm codant des acteurs du transport vésiculaire. Les ARNm identifiés comme cibles potentielles de LARP6c codent, eux aussi, des facteurs impliqués dans le transport ; et possèdent dans leur 5’-UTR deux motifs qui pourraient permettre leur co-régulation par fixation de RBP. La délétion de LARP6c, affecte la capacité du tube pollinique à se diriger vers l’ovule suggérant un défaut de communication; ce qui est cohérent avec la dérégulation des ARNm codant des acteurs de la sécrétion/réception de signaux extracellulaires. Nous proposons que LARP6c intervient, dans le pollen, en tant que protéine de mRNP et co-régule la traduction et/ou la stabilité de transcrits codant des acteurs des voies de communications dépendantes de la sécrétion et de l’endocytose, et intervenant dans les échanges mâle/femelle / In eucaryotes, RNA Binding Proteins (RBP) associate with transcripts to form dynamic Ribo-Nucleoprotein Particles (mRNP), whose localization and composition are determinant for mRNA maturation, export, stability and translation. LA motif proteins are RNA binding proteins, found in several hundred eucaryotic species, which fall in 5 sub-families: genuine LA, LARP1, 4, 6 and 7. Members of these subfamilies share conserved evolutionary history, additional motifs and functions. My thesis work contributed to deciphering the functional properties of the Arabidopsis thaliana LARP6 proteins. Currently, we know that in Manduca sexta and many vertebrates species LARP6 is implicated in the regulation of cellular differentiation. In humans, it acts as an RBP to coordinate the translation of mRNA coding for type I collagen subunits. Vascular plants differ in possessing many LARP6 proteins classified in three evolutionary groups. In A. thaliana, the unique member of each subfamily seems to be specialized. LARP6b and c proteins present mutually exclusive expression profiles, with LARP6c only present in pollen and LARP6b ubiquitously expressed except in the male gametophyte. We mostly focused our work on LARP6c and showed it to be cytoplasmic and implicated in controlling the level of mRNAs encoding vesicular transport actors in pollen tubes. Putative identified LARP6c mRNA baits also encode proteins involved in transport and share two motifs in their 5’-UTR that could allow their co-regulation via RBP binding. LARP6c deletion induces deficiencies in pollen tube guidance towards the ovule, suggesting a communication default. This is consistent with the deregulation of mRNA coding for extra-cellular signal secretion/reception actors. We propose that LARP6c acts as an mRNP protein in pollen and co-regulates translation and/or stability of mRNA coding for actors of communication pathways depending on secretion and endocytosis; hence acting on male/female exchanges.

No description available.

This master thesis studies the implementation of a Robust MPC controllerin marine vessels on different tasks. A tube based MPC is designed based onsystem linearization around the target point guaranteeing local input to statestability of the respective linearized version of the original nonlinear system.The method is then applied to three different tasks: Dynamic positioningon which recursive feasibility of the nominal MPC is also guaranteed, Speed-Heading control and trajectory tracking with the Line of sight algorithm.Numerical simulation is then provided to show technique’s effectiveness. / Detta examensarbete studerar design och implementering av en robustmodellprediktiv regulator (MPC) för marina fartyg. En tub-baserad MPCär designad baserad på linjärisering av systemdynamiken runt en målpunkt,vilket garanterar local insignal-till-tillstånds stabilitet av det linjäriserade systemet.Metoden är sedan applicerad på tre olika uppgifter: dynamisk positionering,för vilken vi även kan garantera rekursiv lösbarhet för den nominellaregulatorn; riktningsstyrning; och banfötljning med en siktlinje-algoritm. Numeriskasimuleringsstudier bekräftar metodens effektivitet.