A análise e construção de um sistema computacional utilizando conceitos de frameworks, para simulação do fluxo de peças em Sistemas Flexíveis de Fabricação são apresentados. A criação da estrutura de dados para descrição completa do Sistema Flexível de Fabricação e a simulação da etapa de torneamento, durante o fluxo da peça são implementados. O método de simulação no framework é baseado na modelagem geométrica e funcional da placa de fixação durante a operação de torneamento. Para a escolha da melhor fixação durante o torneamento, é utilizado um índice calculado pelo sistema computacional, de acordo com a qualidade da fixação. No processo de desenvolvimento do framework são utilizados conceitos de Reuso de Software, associações entre Frameworks e uma estrutura de persistência de dados utilizando um banco de dados relacional, com um modelo de armazenamento desvinculado dos tipos de dados e tabelas especificas, permitindo assim implementações de novos métodos para simulação de outros meios produtivos. / Analysis and construction of a computer system using concepts of frameworks, for simulation of the workflow pieces in flexible manufacturing systems are presented. The creation of a database to fully describe the flexible manufacturing system and the simulation of the turning stage, during the workflow pieces are implemented. The method of simulation in the framework is based on geometric modeling and functional of the mounting plate during the turning operation. To choose the best mounting during the turning operation, its assigned an index calculated by the computer system, according to the quality of mounting. In the process of development of the framework were used concepts of software reuse, frameworks and associations between a structure of data persistence using relational database, with a detached storage model data types and specific tables, allowing implementation of new methods to simulate other productive means.

O torneamento com ferramenta de diamante é um processo de fabricação usado para a produção de componentes ópticos com alta precisão de forma e qualidade óptica final. O crescente uso de materiais poliméricos na industria, particularmente em equipamentos de precisão eletrônica e óptica tem exigido o estudo e entendimento de suas características e propriedades específicas. Esse trabalho avalia a integridade superficial do polimetilmetacrilato torneado com ferramenta de diamante, com relação à transmitância. Os parâmetros de usinagem objetivaram a obtenção de superfície gerada no modo dúctil. As rotações usadas foram 550 e 1000 rpm, a faixa do avanço variou de 5 a 20 µm/rev e a profundidade de usinagem de 4 e 10 µm. Duas ferramentas com geometrias diferentes foram usadas nos testes, com ângulos de saída de -5° e +5°, com raios de ponta de 1,143mm e 1,524 mm. A superfície final e morfologia dos cavacos foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a transmitância medida por espectofotometria. A integridade superficial foi claramente influenciada pelo ângulo de saída da ferramenta como observado na literatura. Devido a formação de cavacos no regime dúctil, a superfície final apresentou microtrincas em função do fluxo viscoelástico. A menor rugosidade obtida foi de 33,2 nm para a condição de corte de 10 µm/rev e 10 µm de profundidade de usinagem. Quando os resultados foram comparados as lentes injetadas, observou-se que o valor da transmitância são muito similares. / Single point diamond turning is a manufacturing process used to fabricate optical and precision components with high form accuracy and optical quality surface finish. The increase in the use of polymer materials in industry, particularly in electronic and optic precision devices, has demanded the study and understanding of its specific characteristics and properties. This work is addressed to the evaluation of the surface integrity of diamond turned polymethylmethacrilate regarding the trade off surface integrity versus transmitance. The cutting conditions were selected in order to work within the ductile mode material removal range. The spindle speed were 550 and 1000 rpm, feed rate ranging from 5 up to 20 micrometer/rev and the depth of cut ranging from 4 up to 10 micrometer. Two different tool geometries were used in the tests, a -5 \'DEGREES\' and +5 \'DEGREES\' rake angles with round nose radius tools of 1,143 mm and 1,524 mm. Surface finish and morphology of the chips was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and transmitance measured by spectophometry technique. The surface integrity was clearly influenced by the cutting tool rake angle as observed in literature. Despite the formation of ductile chips the surface finished presented microcracks likely due the instability of the viscoelastic flow. The lower surface roughness obtained was 33,2 nm Ra for the cutting condition of 10 micrometer/rev and 10 micrometer depth of cut. When the results were compared with injected lenses, it was observed that the value of transmittance was very similar.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se a integridade superficial durante o torneamento de um ferro fundido nodular com carbonetos, considerando a heterogeneidade microestrutural (fração volumétrica, tamanho e morfologia de grafita e dos carbonetos) e os efeitos dos parâmetros de corte (avanço, velocidade de corte e profundidade de corte), baseados num planejamento fatorial fracionário 24-1. Este texto apresenta, numa primeira parte, uma revisão baseada em referências bibliográficas clássicas da engenharia de superfícies, na tentativa de definir os conceitos que compõem a integridade da superfície. Posteriormente, descrevem-se os resultados de ensaios preliminares, realizados com a finalidade avaliar os níveis do processo e os efeitos desses parâmetros na integridade da superfície. Finalmente, realizaram-se os ensaios de usinagem em corpos-de-prova de ferro fundido nodular com carboneto, nos diâmetros de 80 mm e 140mm. Durante os ensaios de torneamento empregaram-se duas velocidades de corte (60 m/min e 180 m/min), dois avanços (0,1 mm/rev e 0,3 mm/rev) e duas profundidades de corte (0,2 mm e 0,3 mm). Após os ensaios de usinagem, foram realizadas: a avaliação das propriedades do material usinado (dureza e microestrutura), a análise de topografia da superfície usinada mediante avaliação da rugosidade, e a avaliação da influência dos parâmetros de usinagem na rugosidade. Encontrou-se uma dependência estatisticamente significativa da variação nas propriedades mecânicas dos corpos-de-prova em função da microestrutura, e mostraram-se os efeitos dessas variações em termos da integridade da superfície usinada. / In this work, the surface integrity of a ductile cast iron with carbides was studied during turning operations, considering the microstructural heterogeneity (volume fraction, size and morphology of the graphite and carbides) and the effect of the machining parameters (feed, cutting speed and depth of cut), based on a fractional factorial design 24-1. This work presents, initially, a literature review based on classic works on surface engineering, as an attempt to define the main concepts of surface integrity. Later, the results of preliminary test are described, which were conducted in order to define the process levels and the effects of these levels on the surface integrity. Finally, turning tests were conducted on specimens of ductile iron with carbides, at diameters of 80 and 140 mm. Two cutting speeds (60 m/min and 180 m/min), two feeds (0,1 mm/rev and 0,3 mm/rev) and two depths of cut (0,2 mm and 0,3 mm) were selected during the tests. Machined specimens were analyzed in terms of the properties of the machined material (hardness and microstructure) and of the roughness of the machined surface. The effect of the machining parameters on the roughness was also studied. A statistically significant dependence was observed for the properties of the machined specimens as a function of the microstructure and the effect of these properties on the surface integrity is presented.

A maior parte dos produtos industrializados, principalmente na indústria metal mecânica, sofre algum tipo de processo de usinagem em alguma de suas etapas de produção. A máquina-ferramenta CNC, se destaca atualmente nessa indústria devido sua alta produtividade e precisão. Contudo, erros geométricos em peças usinadas podem prejudicar o desempenho da indústria causando perda de lotes, insatisfação do cliente e mal funcionamento do produto final. Entre as causas de erros geométricos em peças usinadas, erros térmicos da máquina-ferramenta correspondem a 70% do total. Esses podem ser reduzidos com a aplicação de uma estratégia de compensação térmica, a qual pode se basear em um modelo empírico, atuando em conjunto com a correção do sistema de coordenadas em máquinas CNC. Este trabalho obteve modelos de deformação térmica por meio de medições de posição e temperatura durante ciclos de aquecimento e ensaios de usinagem. Visando um modelo robusto com baixo número de sensores, os modelos foram classificados estatisticamente. Além disso seus comportamentos foram analisados segundo modos de erro térmico de cada componente principal da máquina ferramenta. O sistema de compensação foi desenvolvido, implementado e testado utilizando-se um centro de torneamento. / Most manufactured products, mainly in metalworking industry, have some kind of machining process included in their processing stages. The CNC machine tool plays na important role in the industry due to its high productivity and precision. However, geometrical erros in machined parts can decrease the performance of the industry, causing rejected batches, customer dissatisfaction and malfunction of the final product. Among the causes of geometric errors on machined parts, thermal errors of machine tool corresponding to 70% of the total. For CNC machines, these errors can be reduced by implementing a strategy of thermal compensation, wich may be based on an empirical model, working in parallel with the correction of the coordinate system. This research work led to the development of thermal deformation models obtained by measurements of position and temperature cycles for heating and machining tests. Targeting a robust design with a low number of sensors, the statistical models were ranked. In addition, the behavior of the models was analyzed according to the thermal error modes of each main component of the machine tool. The compensation system was developed, implemented and tested in a CNC turning center.

O estudo de usinabilidade de um material é muito importante para a determinação das características de fabricação por usinagem. Este estudo se aplica ao aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 420 C endurecido, usado na fabricação de peças de alta precisão, instrumentos cirúrgicos, eixos, turbinas e cutelaria. Deste modo, realizaram-se investigações utilizando corpos de prova endurecidos (têmpera e revenimento) com durezas de (48  1) e (53  2) HRC no torneamento a seco utilizando ferramentas de metal-duro classe ISO S com grãos extrafinos e revestimento PVD. Para estes corpos de prova variaram-se a velocidade de corte e o avanço e avaliaram-se as forças de usinagem e as tensões residuais geradas na peça. Para o material com 53 HRC, também foram analisadas a vida da ferramenta e a rugosidade. Na análise dos resultados obtidos para o material com 48 HRC, as tensões residuais tornaram-se menos compressivas (circunferencial) e mais trativas (axial) com o aumento do avanço. Além disso, os menores valores de tensão residual foram gerados utilizando menor avanço com maior velocidade de corte. Nos ensaios para o material a 53 HRC, o tempo de vida da ferramenta ficou entre 100 e 350 min para as condições ensaiadas. Os desgastes de flanco e entalhe foram evidenciados em todas as situações. O flanco da ferramenta também apresentou adesão de material da peça em todas as condições. Ao analisar os insertos em seu fim de vida, constatou-se que os mecanismos de desgastes predominantes foram a abrasão e o atrittion. Nas condições mais severas, a superfície da ferramenta exibiu trincas mecânicas e a camada subsuperficial da peça apresentou modificações microestruturais. Os perfis e os parâmetros de rugosidade registrados foram afetados pelo desgaste ao longo da vida da ferramenta. Com relação às tensões residuais circunferenciais geradas com a ferramenta nova, estas foram, em sua maioria, tensões de compressão. Com a progressão do desgaste de flanco, houve um aumento dos valores das tensões (de compressivas para menos compressivas ou até mesmo trativas). Já para as tensões axiais, os valores mostraram a tendência de se manterem compressivos. Observou-se para os perfis de tensões analisados que as tensões residuais foram compressivas e dependeram da profundidade da camada subsuperficial. Portanto, dentro das condições estudadas, conclui-se que peças de AISI 420 C endurecido podem ser fabricadas por torneamento de acabamento com ferramentas de metal-duro, permitindo obter vida longa para a ferramenta de corte, baixos valores de rugosidade, bem como valores de tensão residual compressiva, que são dados de usinabilidade importantes para esse material. / The study of the material’s machinability is very important for the determination of important machining properties. This logic applies to hardened martensitic stainless steel AISI 420 C used in the manufacture of high precision parts, surgical instruments, shafts, turbines and cutlery. In this way, investigations were carried out using hardened workpieces (quenching and tempering) with hardness of (48  1) and (53  2 HRC) in dry turning using ISO-S grade carbide tools with extra-fine grains and PVD coating. For these workpieces, the cutting speed and the feed rate were varied and the machining forces and the residual stresses generated in the part were evaluated. For the material with 53 HRC, the tool-life and the surface roughness were also analyzed. In the analysis of the results obtained for the material with 48 HRC, residual stresses become less compressive (circumferential direction) and more tensile (axial direction) with increasing feed-rate. Moreover, smaller values of residual stress were generated using lower feed-rate at higher cutting speed. In the tests for the material at 53 HRC, the tool-life was between 100 and 350 min for the conditions tested. Flank and notch wear were evidenced in all situations. The flank face of the tool also showed adhesion of the workpiece material under all cutting conditions. When analyzing the inserts at their end of life, it was verified that the main mechanisms of tool wear were abrasion and attrition. In addition, under the most severe cutting conditions, the flank face of the tool exhibited mechanical cracks and the subsurface layer of the workpieces presented microstructural modifications. The registered profiles and roughness parameters were affected by wear during the tool-life. With respect to the circumferential residual stresses generated with the fresh tool, these were mostly compressive stresses. With the progression of tool flank wear, there was an increase in the values of the residual stress (from compressive to less compressive or even tractive). For the axial residual stresses, the values showed a tendency to remain compressive. It was observed for the residual stress profiles analyzed that the residual stresses were compressive and depended on the depth of subsurface layer. Therefore, within the cutting conditions considered, it can be concluded that hardened martensitic stainless steel AISI 420 C parts can be manufactured by finishing turning with carbide tools, allowing long tool-life, low surface roughness values, as well as compressive residual stress values, which are important machinability information for this material.

<p>U radu je izvršeno eksperimentalno istraživanje procesa obrade struganjem u cilju saznanja o obradivosti termički obrađenog čelika Izvršeno je modeliranje funkcija obradivosti preko izmerenih karakteristika stanja procesa: sila rezanja, hrapavosti obrađene površine, temperature u procesu rezanja i habanja alata. Modeliranje funkcija obradljivosti je izvršeno pomoću faktornog plana eksperimenta, kao i primenom veštačkih neuronskih mreža. Analiziran je uticaj režima rezanja, geometrije alata, vrste materijala alata i habanja alata na pomenute izlazne parametre procesa.</p> / <p>The experimental study of the process of turning is carried out in order to learn about the machinability of thermally treated steel. The modeling of the machinability functions through the measured characteristics of the process state is carried out: the cutting force, the roughness of the machined surface, the temperature in the cutting process and tool wear. The modeling of the machinability functions was done using the experimental factor design, as well as the application of artificial neural networks. Tool geometry, tool material and wear influence on output parameters was analised</p>

A análise e construção de um sistema computacional utilizando conceitos de frameworks, para simulação do fluxo de peças em Sistemas Flexíveis de Fabricação são apresentados. A criação da estrutura de dados para descrição completa do Sistema Flexível de Fabricação e a simulação da etapa de torneamento, durante o fluxo da peça são implementados. O método de simulação no framework é baseado na modelagem geométrica e funcional da placa de fixação durante a operação de torneamento. Para a escolha da melhor fixação durante o torneamento, é utilizado um índice calculado pelo sistema computacional, de acordo com a qualidade da fixação. No processo de desenvolvimento do framework são utilizados conceitos de Reuso de Software, associações entre Frameworks e uma estrutura de persistência de dados utilizando um banco de dados relacional, com um modelo de armazenamento desvinculado dos tipos de dados e tabelas especificas, permitindo assim implementações de novos métodos para simulação de outros meios produtivos. / Analysis and construction of a computer system using concepts of frameworks, for simulation of the workflow pieces in flexible manufacturing systems are presented. The creation of a database to fully describe the flexible manufacturing system and the simulation of the turning stage, during the workflow pieces are implemented. The method of simulation in the framework is based on geometric modeling and functional of the mounting plate during the turning operation. To choose the best mounting during the turning operation, its assigned an index calculated by the computer system, according to the quality of mounting. In the process of development of the framework were used concepts of software reuse, frameworks and associations between a structure of data persistence using relational database, with a detached storage model data types and specific tables, allowing implementation of new methods to simulate other productive means.

<p>This thesis, titled “Change, choice and conditions”, is written by Lina Skantze and Bianca Zandén. The study explores the process in which individuals’ attempt to end their criminal career, focusing on the interplay between path of life, choices, and conditions. The method is qualitative, and the empirical material consists of interviews with four young adults that all have experience of criminality. The empirical material is analyzed within a theoretical framework based on social construction, Antonovskys “Sense of coherence, SOC” and Giddens “Structuration theory” as well as existential philosophy. The authors suggest a theoretically and empirically based model illustrating the change process.</p><p>The model, developed through abduction, suggests that the process in changing ones life radically includes a number of steps such as; distance to everyday life and its habits, existential choices, new conditions, reflection around former situations and experiences, formulating a life story, new habits and routines, new and/or re-established social relationships, orientation towards new goals and a sense of meaning in life, as well as hopes and ideas about the future.</p><p>The authors conclude that there are no absolute turning points in the lives of the interviewees. Instead change happens in a complex process best described as incremental, consisting of small – and sometimes incoherent – steps. However, certain situations during the process are crucial and offer opportunity for fundamental existential choices.</p>

<p>The purpose with this studie was to examine how individuals with experience of a long-term drugabuse describe their transformationprocess, and if this process has contributed to a change in their selfdescription. The studie was delimit to examine the transformationprocess, not in relation to what sort of abuse the informants had, or in relation to gender. The studie anwered questions concerning motivation to stop abusing, how the informants started the drugcareer, and how life as an abuser is described. In the studie qualitative method was used, five semi-structured interviewes were made with individuals who had a long-term addiction in the past. Symbolic Interactionism was the theoretical frame of referense that was used for analyse. Results showed that the description of the turningpoint either was as one specific event, or like a process connected to kumulative treatement experiences, and to other experienses described as positive. Results has also shown that the transformationprocess requiers time, and that it takes place both as a socialisation process and as an inner personal develpment. Important factors that affected the development was the relation to other human beeings, to have an onest relation to oneself, to participate in fellowships, personal sucess, to achieve a positive change in the view of themselves.</p>

This thesis, titled “Change, choice and conditions”, is written by Lina Skantze and Bianca Zandén. The study explores the process in which individuals’ attempt to end their criminal career, focusing on the interplay between path of life, choices, and conditions. The method is qualitative, and the empirical material consists of interviews with four young adults that all have experience of criminality. The empirical material is analyzed within a theoretical framework based on social construction, Antonovskys “Sense of coherence, SOC” and Giddens “Structuration theory” as well as existential philosophy. The authors suggest a theoretically and empirically based model illustrating the change process. The model, developed through abduction, suggests that the process in changing ones life radically includes a number of steps such as; distance to everyday life and its habits, existential choices, new conditions, reflection around former situations and experiences, formulating a life story, new habits and routines, new and/or re-established social relationships, orientation towards new goals and a sense of meaning in life, as well as hopes and ideas about the future. The authors conclude that there are no absolute turning points in the lives of the interviewees. Instead change happens in a complex process best described as incremental, consisting of small – and sometimes incoherent – steps. However, certain situations during the process are crucial and offer opportunity for fundamental existential choices.