<p>This thesis is an attempt to address issues of housingtransformation in informal settlements. Transformation ofhouses is seen to be associated with modernisation forceswhereby people adapt their houses to suit their needs anddesires. On one hand the desire to own a“modernhouse”may lead to deterioration of spatial qualities, onthe other hand fulfilment of the desire may contribute to themodernisation of urban settlements. The informal settlement ofHanna Nassif was chosen as a case study to illustrate theprocess of housing transformations in informal settlement.Knowledge on the transformation processes serves as animportant tool to address issues of spatial qualities, housingmodernisation, actors in the processes of transformation anduse of space.</p><p>The results show that there is a wide range oftransformation activities that have been taking place in termsof extensions and alterations. The desire to modernise theirhouses impels developers to use modern building materials. Insome instances houses constructed with traditional buildingmaterials are replaced with industrially produced materials.Through transformation processes new house types emerge. Thestudy identifies problems as well as positive aspectsassociated with the whole process of housing transformation.The positive aspects are those of increased indoor space,increase of rooms for renting and in other cases separation offunctions. The problems emerging from this process include:decrease of outdoor space, increase of housing density,blockage of ventilation and light in the transformedhouses.</p><p>The study concludes that housing transformation being oneway in which lowincome earners strive to get access to housingdeserves government support, particularly in the absence ofalternative housing supply. It is further observed that todatemany urban dwellers have managed to secure housing as a directresult of house extensions effected by house owners. The houseextensions are being carried out outside the established formalplanning regulations. It is in the light of these developmentsthat there is a cause for government intervention to guidehousing development processes in informal settlements.Professionals like planners and architects should also assume arole for quality and sustainability to prevail. The study alsosuggests specific problem areas for further investigation.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Tanzania, housing transformation, informalsettlements, modernisation, spatial qualities and housetypes.</p>

Cette th`ese se concentre sur des bases th´eoriques utiles pour l'analyse d'algorithmes et de protocoles<br />pour des syst`emes r´epartis modernes. Deux caract´eristiques importantes des mod`eles pour<br />ces syst`emes sont les probabilit´es et la mobilit´e typ´ee : des probabilit´es peuvent ˆetre utilis´ees pour<br />quantifier des comportements incertains ou impr´evisibles, et des types peuvent ˆetre utilis´es pour<br />garantir des comportements sˆurs dans des syst`emes mobiles. Dans cette th`ese nous d´eveloppons<br />des techniques alg´ebriques et des techniques bas´ees sur les types pour l'´etude comportementale des<br />processus probabilistes et mobiles.<br /><br />Dans la premi`ere partie de la th`ese nous ´etudions la th´eorie alg´ebrique d'un calcul de processus<br />qui combine les comportements non-d´eterministe et probabiliste dans le mod`ele des automates probabilistes<br />propos´es par Segala et Lynch. Nous consid´erons diverses ´equivalences comportementales<br />fortes et faibles, et nous fournissons des axiomatisations compl`etes pour des processus `a ´etats finis,<br />limit´ees `a la r´ecursion gard´ee dans le cas des ´equivalences faibles.<br /><br />Dans la deuxi`eme partie de la th`ese nous ´etudions la th´eorie alg´ebrique du -calcul en pr´esence<br />des types de capacit´es, qui sont tr`es utiles dans les calculs de processus mobiles. Les types de<br />capacit´es distinguent la capacit´e de lire sur un canal, la capacit´e d'´ecrire sur un canal, et la capacit´e<br />de lire et d'´ecrire `a la fois. Ils introduisent ´egalement une relation de sous-typage naturelle et<br />puissante. Nous consid´erons deux variantes de la bisimilarit´e typ´ee, dans leurs versions retard´ees<br />et anticip´ees. Pour les deux variantes, nous donnons des axiomatisations compl`etes pour les termes<br />ferm´es. Pour une des deux variantes, nous fournissons une axiomatisation compl`ete pour tous les<br />termes finis.<br /><br />Dans la derni`ere partie de la th`ese nous d´eveloppons des techniques bas´ees sur les types pour<br />v´erifier la propri´et´e de terminaison de certains processus mobiles. Nous fournissons quatre syst`emes<br />de types pour garantir cette propri´et´e. Les syst`emes de types sont obtenus par des am´eliorations<br />successives des types du -calcul simplement typ´e. Les preuves de terminaison utilisent des techniques<br />employ´ees dans les syst`emes de r´e´ecriture. Ces syst`emes de types peuvent ˆetre utilis´es pour<br />raisonner sur le comportement de terminaison de quelques exemples non triviaux : les codages des<br />fonctions r´ecursives primitives, le protocole pour coder le choix s´epar´e en terme de composition<br />parall`ele, une table de symboles implement´ee comme une chaˆıne dynamique de cellules.<br /><br />Ces r´esultats ´etablissent des bases pour une future ´etude de mod`eles plus avanc´es qui peuvent<br />combiner des probabilit´es avec des types. Ils soulignent ´egalement la robustesse des techniques<br />alg´ebriques et de celles bas´ees sur les types pour le raisonnement comportemental.

In the present master’s work, there is formulated the topic of evaluation of risk of audit. , there are analysed and systematised the theoretical and practical aspects of evaluation of risks of audit of various Lithuanian and foreign authors. There are provided methodologies of inborn, control and indetection risk evaluation, factors, influencing these risks, there are analysed the most recent sources of literature designated to types of audit risks and their evaluation matters. There is performed analysis of national and international audit standards associated with risks of audit and their evaluation. Considering theoretical aspects of evaluation of risk of audit, there were applied the following methods: analysis of studies of Lithuanian and foreign authors, as well as normative documents, comparison of information, specification and generalisation. On the grounds of sample of particular company, there were evaluated risks of audit using evaluation model, suggested by the author. Making research, there was applied a survey of employees, analysis of results and their synthesis. There is confirmed the hypothesis of research, formulated by the author, that systemic and consistent evaluation of inborn, control and indetection risks decreases general risk of audit and helps to reveal errors and frauds.

The present study is a corpus-based study which examines social roles constructed in the British nineteenth-century courtroom. To discover the prevalent social roles in British nineteenth-century society the present study focuses on premodifying adjectives characterizing men and women. The method of classification is through semantic domains. The study shows that the social roles of men and women are more similar than the findings of previous research have demonstrated.

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">The objective of this study was to determine the hydrosalinity fluxes associated with overland and subsurface (vadose zone) flow for different soils and land uses. For this purpose, the following data were collected during 2005 and 2006 in a typical small scale catchment located near the town of Riebeeck-Wes: weather data, hydrological and water quality measurements, soil water contents and chemistry, and vegetation growth. The area is characterized by a Mediterranean climate receiving winter rainfall of approximately 300 mm a <font face="Times New Roman">catchment is conservative, with Na</font> <font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">+ </font></font><font face="Times New Roman">and Cl</font><font face="Times New Roman" size="1"><font face="Times New Roman" size="1">- </font></font><font face="Times New Roman">being the dominant ions.</font></p> </font></p>

Lamprey adults may be parasitic or non-parasitic, but the genetic basis of life history type is unknown. Although external differences between types are not apparent until metamorphosis, previous studies have suggested histological differences during ovarian differentiation. This study examined potential differences between parasitic chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus and non-parasitic northern brook lamprey I. fossor before, during, and after ovarian differentiation, using histological examination of the gonad, quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR, and RNA sequencing. There were no observable differences in the timing or nature of ovarian differentiation. However, there was evidence of differential expression of individual genes associated with growth, apoptosis, and fecundity and of sets of genes associated with energy and lipid metabolism. The sequence resources developed in this project will be useful for future examination of the genetic basis of lamprey life history type and of the genes controlling sex differentiation in these ancient vertebrates.

Storing the history of objects in a program is a common task. Web browsers remember which websites we have visited, drawing programs maintain a list of the images we have modified recently and the undo button in a wordprocessor allows us to go back to a previous state of a document. Maintaining the history of an object in a program has traditionally required programmers either to write specific code for handling the historical data, or to use a library which supports history logging. We propose that maintaining the history of objects in a program could be simplified by providing support at the language level for storing and manipulating the past versions of objects. History variables are variables in a programming language which store not only their current value, but also the values they have contained in the past. Some existing languages do provide support for history variables. However these languages typically have many limits and restrictions on use of history variables. In this thesis we discuss a complete implementation of history variables in an imperative programming language. We discuss the semantics of history variables for scalar types, arrays, pointers, strings, and user defined types. We also introduce an additional construct called an 'atomic block' which allows us to temporarily suspend the logging of a history variable. Using the mathematical system of Hoare logic we formally prove the correctness of our informal semantics for atomic blocks and each of the history variable types we introduce. Finally, we develop an experimental language and compiler with support for history variables. The language and compiler allow us to investigate the practical aspects of implementing history variables and to compare the performance of history variables with their non- history counterparts.

Humor has been identified as an important factor in the establishment of relationships. This study explores the use of humor in mental health therapy and how clients’ preferences for humor impact an evaluation of the therapy session. Forty-eight individuals currently receiving mental health therapy were examined along with the use of three forms of humor: positive, negative, and instrumental. There was a significant relationship between a preference for negative humor and session evaluation scores in which the more negative humor preferred, the lower the session ratings. Although not significant, other trends were noted between self-enhancing humor and session depth, aggressive humor and session depth, and affiliative humor and positivity. Gender differences and preference for humor were also examined with men reporting higher value on negative humor than women and women reporting greater post-session arousal than men. These findings are discussed in terms of the need for further research to consider factors that may have influenced the present study’s results.

Watershed planning and management relies on a diverse range of stakeholders. Collabora-tive planning can provide an opportunity for those stakeholders to equitably share their knowledge and learn from other participants, but such an outcome cannot be assumed. This re-search explores the potential for improved knowledge integration in watershed planning through research of a community-based watershed planning initiative in rural Saskatchewan, Canada. Us-ing semi-structured interviews and document review, this research identifies different knowledge types involved in watershed planning, explains how that knowledge is integrated through the planning process, and derives lessons for future watershed planning initiatives. Four general knowledge types identified in the analysis—bureaucratic, administrative, local, and scientific—were also evident in the literature. Specifically, this research affirms local knowledge characteris-tics—that it is spatially constrained, heterogeneous, generated through a relationship with place, and accrued over time—described in the literature. Results also reinforce claims that clearly de-fining boundaries between knowledge types is difficult and even undesirable. Differing from the descriptions in the literature of bureaucratic knowledge as including aspects of administrative knowledge, this research proposes that a greater delineation between the two is advantageous to ensure adequate knowledge is present to support the planning process. Two broad themes of how different types of knowledge influenced the planning initiative are presented: cooperation for long-term planning—highly influenced by administrative and bureaucratic knowledge; and set-ting and achieving goals—dominated by scientific knowledge as an ecological narrative through-out the process. These themes echo the collaborative planning literature on the importance of in-cluding as many knowledge types as possible throughout the process, while also revealing the necessity of ensuring that all participants are engaged in deliberations in order to contribute their knowledge. To meet this need, context-appropriate planning activities must be selected to sup-port collaborative planning; amendments to the planning process used in the community-based planning initiative are proposed to meet these needs.

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