The use of the term “sophist” in Plato’s Statesman has been understood to apply to all rulers who are not statesmen. They do not have the statesman’s expert knowledge but they all imitate the statesman. This seems to be consistent with the idea that a sophist is a false imitator. I argue against this interpretation and instead insist that only the tyrant in the Statesman is a sophist. I base this argument on the final definition of the sophist in Plato’s Sophist and the discussion of imitation in the Sophist. The tyrant is an important figure in the Statesman, even though he is only mentioned briefly. He is the ruler who pretends to be a statesman so that he can rule with the statesman’s power which is above the law. I use my narrower interpretation of the term “sophist” in the Statesman to argue that Plato’s purpose in the discussion of laws and regimes in the Statesman is to protect the city from the tyrant as a sophist. This requires that the people of the city recognize their own ignorance and completely forbid any type of political leadership that would make the city vulnerable to the false statesman. Instead, they imitate the statesman by their complete obedience to the law. The idea of complete obedience to the law, without any room for modification or change, is not politically appealing. However, it is important that part of Plato’s solution to the problem of tyranny is self-awareness of our lack of political knowledge. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The use of the term “sophist” in Plato’s Statesman has been understood to apply to all rulers who are not statesmen. Instead, I argue that only the tyrant in the Statesman is a sophist. I base this argument on the final definition of the sophist in Plato’s Sophist and the discussion of imitation in the Sophist. I use my narrower interpretation of the term “sophist” in the Statesman to argue that Plato’s purpose in the discussion of laws and regimes in the Statesman is to protect the city from the tyrant as a sophist. This requires that the people of the city recognize their own ignorance and completely forbid any type of political leadership that would make the city vulnerable to a false statesman. This argument is important as it shows that part of Plato’s solution to the problem of tyranny is self-awareness of our lack of political knowledge.

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O comportamento de forrageamento dos tiranídeos (Aves, Tyrannidae) é caracterizado por um modo estereotipado de \"procura e captura\", com sutis variações interespecíficas relacionadas com fatores morfológicos e ecológicos. Estas aves são predominantemente insetívoras e podem alternar entre modos distintos de forrageamento de acordo com variações climáticas que alterem a disponibilidade de presas. Neste estudo, procuramos quantificar o comportamento de forrageamento de Alectrurus tricolor, Gubernetes yetapa, Xolmis cinereus e Xolmis velatus, durante as estações seca e chuvosa dos anos de 2012 e 2013, na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina. Nosso objetivo foi verificar quão plásticos são os modos de forrageamento destas espécies diante de mudanças nas condições ambientais em diferentes escalas temporais. Buscamos verificar se: i) Estas espécies alteram sazonalmente as proporções entre os modos de ataques, o tempo de procura por presas e a distância entre um poleiro sem sucesso para um novo poleiro? Considerando que a disponibilidade de artrópodes pode variar consideravelmente em pequenas escalas temporais e espaciais, testamos se: ii) Existem correlações entre medidas diárias de fatores meteorológicos, como temperatura, insolação, pluviosidade, umidade relativa do ar e vento, e os comportamentos de forrageamento? iii) Existem correlações entre os diferentes tipos de habitats utilizados pelas aves e os comportamentos de forrageamento? iv) Diferenças entre os sexos e a idade do indivíduo influenciam no forrageamento de Alectrurus tricolor? Nossos resultados indicaram que as aves alteram seus padrões de comportamento entre as estações seca e chuvosa de modo a melhor aproveitar as especificidades de cada estação. Ataques aéreos foram predominantemente utilizados por Alectrurus tricolor e Gubernetes yetapa ao longo das duas estações, mas apenas durante a estação chuvosa para Xolmis velatus. Ataques direcionados ao solo foram predominantemente utilizado por Xolmis cinereus durante as duas estações e por Xomis velatus durante a estação seca. Ataques aéreos foram correlacionados principalmente com altas temperaturas, mas também com baixa cobertura de nuvens, tipo de habitat, fase do dia, ventos leves, maior umidade relativa do ar e presença de chuva, com variações de acordo com a espécie estudada. O tempo de procura por presas variou principalmente com a estrutura do habitat, e os maiores valores foram encontrados quando as aves forrageavam em áreas abertas. Fatores que reduzem a disponibilidade de presas aéreas, como baixas temperaturas, baixa insolação e vento moderado, foram correlacionados com as maiores distâncias percorridas entre poleiros. Porém, quando consideramos uma maior escala temporal, encontramos maiores valores de distâncias percorridas durante a estação chuvosa para Alectrurus tricolor e Xolmis velatus, quando as condições ambientais são mais favoráveis, o que pode estar relacionado com os requerimentos da fase reprodutiva. Assim, podemos observar que a interação entre fatores meteorológicos e estrutura do habitat influenciam os padrões de comportamento destas aves / The foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) is characterized by a stereotyped way of \"search-and-capture\" with subtle interspecific variations related to morphological and ecological factors. These birds are mainly insectivorous and can switch between different foraging modes according to weather variations that alter the availability of prey. In this study, we seek to quantify the foraging behavior of Alectrurus tricolor, Gubernetes yetapa, Xolmis cinereus and Xolmis velatus in the dry and wet seasons of the years 2012 and 2013, at the Ecological Station of Itirapina. The objectives of this study were to determine how plastics the foraging modes of these species are against environmental changing of conditions at different time scales. It seeks to determine whether: i) These species use foraging maneuvers, search time and the distances moved from one unsuccessful perch to a new perch (give-up flight) in different proportions between the two seasons? Arthropod availability may vary considerably in small spatial and temporal scales, then we tested whether ii) There is correlation between daily weather measurements, such as temperature, cloud cover, rainfall, relative humidity and wind, and the foraging behavior? iii) There are correlations between the different habitats used by birds and foraging behavior? iv) The foraging behavior of Alectrurus tricolor is influenced by sex and age of the individual? Our results indicated the birds change their behavior between the dry and wet seasons in order to benefit from specific features of each season. Aerial hawking was predominantly used by Alectrurus tricolor and Gubernetes yetapa during both seasons, but by Xolmis velatus only during the wet season. Perch-to-ground was the predominant hunting strategy for Xolmis cinereus during both seasons and for Xomis velatus during the dry season. Aerial hawking was mainly correlated with high temperatures, but also with lower cloud cover, habitat type, time of day, low wind speed, higher relative humidity and the rain, with variations according to the studied species. Search time varied mainly with habitat structure, and the highest values when the birds were foraging in open areas. Factors reducing the availability of aerial prey, such as low temperature, low insolation and moderate wind, were correlated with longer distances traveled between perches. However, when we consider a larger time scale, we fond Alectrurus tricolor and Xolmis velatus covered greater distances the wet season (when environmental conditions are more favorable) what may be related to breeding requirements. Thus, the interaction between weather and habitat structure influences the behavioral patterns of those birds

O comportamento de forrageamento dos tiranídeos (Aves, Tyrannidae) é caracterizado por um modo estereotipado de \"procura e captura\", com sutis variações interespecíficas relacionadas com fatores morfológicos e ecológicos. Estas aves são predominantemente insetívoras e podem alternar entre modos distintos de forrageamento de acordo com variações climáticas que alterem a disponibilidade de presas. Neste estudo, procuramos quantificar o comportamento de forrageamento de Alectrurus tricolor, Gubernetes yetapa, Xolmis cinereus e Xolmis velatus, durante as estações seca e chuvosa dos anos de 2012 e 2013, na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina. Nosso objetivo foi verificar quão plásticos são os modos de forrageamento destas espécies diante de mudanças nas condições ambientais em diferentes escalas temporais. Buscamos verificar se: i) Estas espécies alteram sazonalmente as proporções entre os modos de ataques, o tempo de procura por presas e a distância entre um poleiro sem sucesso para um novo poleiro? Considerando que a disponibilidade de artrópodes pode variar consideravelmente em pequenas escalas temporais e espaciais, testamos se: ii) Existem correlações entre medidas diárias de fatores meteorológicos, como temperatura, insolação, pluviosidade, umidade relativa do ar e vento, e os comportamentos de forrageamento? iii) Existem correlações entre os diferentes tipos de habitats utilizados pelas aves e os comportamentos de forrageamento? iv) Diferenças entre os sexos e a idade do indivíduo influenciam no forrageamento de Alectrurus tricolor? Nossos resultados indicaram que as aves alteram seus padrões de comportamento entre as estações seca e chuvosa de modo a melhor aproveitar as especificidades de cada estação. Ataques aéreos foram predominantemente utilizados por Alectrurus tricolor e Gubernetes yetapa ao longo das duas estações, mas apenas durante a estação chuvosa para Xolmis velatus. Ataques direcionados ao solo foram predominantemente utilizado por Xolmis cinereus durante as duas estações e por Xomis velatus durante a estação seca. Ataques aéreos foram correlacionados principalmente com altas temperaturas, mas também com baixa cobertura de nuvens, tipo de habitat, fase do dia, ventos leves, maior umidade relativa do ar e presença de chuva, com variações de acordo com a espécie estudada. O tempo de procura por presas variou principalmente com a estrutura do habitat, e os maiores valores foram encontrados quando as aves forrageavam em áreas abertas. Fatores que reduzem a disponibilidade de presas aéreas, como baixas temperaturas, baixa insolação e vento moderado, foram correlacionados com as maiores distâncias percorridas entre poleiros. Porém, quando consideramos uma maior escala temporal, encontramos maiores valores de distâncias percorridas durante a estação chuvosa para Alectrurus tricolor e Xolmis velatus, quando as condições ambientais são mais favoráveis, o que pode estar relacionado com os requerimentos da fase reprodutiva. Assim, podemos observar que a interação entre fatores meteorológicos e estrutura do habitat influenciam os padrões de comportamento destas aves / The foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) is characterized by a stereotyped way of \"search-and-capture\" with subtle interspecific variations related to morphological and ecological factors. These birds are mainly insectivorous and can switch between different foraging modes according to weather variations that alter the availability of prey. In this study, we seek to quantify the foraging behavior of Alectrurus tricolor, Gubernetes yetapa, Xolmis cinereus and Xolmis velatus in the dry and wet seasons of the years 2012 and 2013, at the Ecological Station of Itirapina. The objectives of this study were to determine how plastics the foraging modes of these species are against environmental changing of conditions at different time scales. It seeks to determine whether: i) These species use foraging maneuvers, search time and the distances moved from one unsuccessful perch to a new perch (give-up flight) in different proportions between the two seasons? Arthropod availability may vary considerably in small spatial and temporal scales, then we tested whether ii) There is correlation between daily weather measurements, such as temperature, cloud cover, rainfall, relative humidity and wind, and the foraging behavior? iii) There are correlations between the different habitats used by birds and foraging behavior? iv) The foraging behavior of Alectrurus tricolor is influenced by sex and age of the individual? Our results indicated the birds change their behavior between the dry and wet seasons in order to benefit from specific features of each season. Aerial hawking was predominantly used by Alectrurus tricolor and Gubernetes yetapa during both seasons, but by Xolmis velatus only during the wet season. Perch-to-ground was the predominant hunting strategy for Xolmis cinereus during both seasons and for Xomis velatus during the dry season. Aerial hawking was mainly correlated with high temperatures, but also with lower cloud cover, habitat type, time of day, low wind speed, higher relative humidity and the rain, with variations according to the studied species. Search time varied mainly with habitat structure, and the highest values when the birds were foraging in open areas. Factors reducing the availability of aerial prey, such as low temperature, low insolation and moderate wind, were correlated with longer distances traveled between perches. However, when we consider a larger time scale, we fond Alectrurus tricolor and Xolmis velatus covered greater distances the wet season (when environmental conditions are more favorable) what may be related to breeding requirements. Thus, the interaction between weather and habitat structure influences the behavioral patterns of those birds

Artus de Bretagne est un roman du XIVe siècle conservé dans de nombreux manuscrits, ce qui établit son succès. Le fils d'un duc de Bretagne y gagne le royaume de Sorrolois, devenant ainsi le roi Artus. Il existe des continuations du roman au XVe siècle, conservées dans quatre manuscrits. Ils contiennent des textes proches qui constituent une version longue du roman. La thèse édite les 229 premiers folios du manuscrit BnF fr 19 163. Le texte est établi grâce aux trois autres manuscrits et au manuscrit BnF fr 761 qui contient la version courte. Le texte pose peu de problèmes de lecture et utilise le moyen français de manière régulière, avec un vocabulaire déjà connu par ailleurs, même si plusieurs copistes ont travaillé. L'analyse littéraire s'intéresse aux problèmes posés par l'écriture de continuation. Comment l'auteur de la version longue d'Artus de Bretagne les a-t-il résolus ? L'auteur commence son texte avant la fin de la version courte et en reprend la matière sans différence significative. Il faut penser qu'il y a là de quoi intéresser le lecteur médiéval, grand amateur de variations sur le même sujet. Pour autant comment ne pas lasser ? La thèse s'attache à étudier les solutions mises en oeuvre par l'auteur qui conduisent à s'interroger sur une nouvelle esthétique fondée sur le mélange des matières - antique, bretonne, française - et le mélange de l'épique, du merveilleux, du lyrisme. Le roman est aussi un roman favorable à la France et aux Français qu'il valorise, considérant le roi Artus comme un Français.. Le roman se révèle aussi porteur d'une vision du monde qui permet au XVe siècle de mieux se vivre et de préserver une image favorable de lui-même / Artus de Bretagne is a 14th century novel. Its presence in several manuscripts helped establish its popularity. The narrative follows Artus, the son of a duke from Brittany, winning the kingdom of Sorrolois and therefor becoming king Arthus. There are sequel to the novel dating from the 15th century disseminated in four manuscripts. They contain stories close that constitute a longer version of the original novel. This thesis edits the first 229 folios of the BnF fr 19 163 manuscript. This text is based on three other manuscript and the short version of the novel, contained in the BnF fr 761 manuscript. The BnF fr 19163 text is easily readable and uses moyen français throughout ; the vocabulary is known even though several copists worked on it. The literary analysis focuses on the problems surfacing from continuation writing. How did the author of the long version of Artus de Bretagne overcome them? The author starts the text before the end of the short version and uses the content without any significant differences. There is enough to interest medieval readers, fond of variations on the same subjects. However, this raises the question, how to keeo the audience engaged? This thesis aims at studying solutions used by the author and how they lead to a reflexion on new aesthetics based on merging genres: antiquity, breton, french - and styles, epic, fantasy and lyrism. The novel is also complimentary towards France and French people, valorised through Artus being considered French. The novel reveals itself as the bearer of a vision of the world allowing the 15th century to live better

Gaius Julius Caesar is not only the most well-known figure in Roman history, but he is also one of the most difficult to understand. Since his assassination, Caesar has played an important role in discussions of political power, imperial government, tyranny, and tyrannicide. While there have been literary treatments of Caesar from William Shakespeare to the present, little has been done to trace the image of Caesar through the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. The present work attempts to fill that hole by examining portrayals of Caesar in medieval and early Renaissance texts. An examination of specific authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, John of Salisbury, Thomas Aquinas, Dante, Petrarch, Salutati, and Bruni, clearly demonstrates that Caesar was consistently portrayed as the first emperor and used to represent the Roman Empire. As the first emperor, representations of Caesar figured significantly in debates about the power of the Church and the Empire, the benefits and downfalls of imperial government, and tyrannicide. Authors were influenced in their portrayals of Caesar by the classical portrayals found in the works of Vergil, Lucan, and Suetonius. Each author's interpretation of Caesar was also impacted by the political and intellectual milieu in which he flourished. Analysis of Caesar's image over this time period serves not only as a part of Caesar historiography, but also provides insight into the ways that scholars write history to understand the world around them.

Η μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή αναφέρεται στις ποικίλες εκφάνσεις του θεϊκού νόμου στην Αντιγόνη και στον Οιδίποδα Τύραννο του Σοφοκλή. Στα συγκεκριμένα έργα η θεολογική διάσταση συνιστά μια αυτοτελή οπτική, είτε αυτή ενυλώνεται έμμεσα, μέσω των χρησμών και των οιωνών και της εκπλήρωσής τους είτε άμεσα μέσω των υπέρλογων δυνάμεων της άτης και της τύχης. / Diploma thesis refers to the variety of facets of divine law in Antigone and Oedipus Tyrannus of Sophocles. In these specific dramas, theological dimension can be an independent view either exists indirectly via oracles and omens either directly via irrational - supernatural powers of ate and destiny.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Spanish and Portuguese, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF document. Abstract in English, text in Spanish. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-77).