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In the introduction, I discuss the problems scholars experience in trying to define the concept of Roman friendship. I argue that amicitia cannot be equated with patronage, and present justification based on some primary literature. Brief words are then offered on the sociology of friendship, and an attempt is made to relate ideas from modern sociology to ancient friendship. The first chapter is based on the Letters of Pliny the Younger, and begins with an analysis of the vocabulary employed by Pliny in describing his friendships. This is considered in conjunction with prosopographical data in order to establish the connection between vocabulary and practice. The derived results are used to conclude that friendship in the Roman world was more involved than simply patronage, and that it was one of the driving forces behind Roman social behaviour as it helps to integrate different levels of society. Chapter two follows a similar methodology, with the correspondence of Fronto as its focus. The conclusions drawn in this chapter are used to reinforce the arguments presented in the first. Also included in chapter two is a brief discussion of the ancient philosophical approaches to friendship, and a solution is presented to resolve the differences between philosophical ideals and the reality of friendship. The third chapter begins with an examination of the secondary literature on the concept of friendship with the emperor. I maintain that scholarship is lacking in this field because it neglects the personal nuances such relationships could have. The chapter then turns to Pliny’s Panegyricus to determine his attitude regarding this issue, which is used as evidence against some modern interpretations of aristocratic perceptions of the emperor. Pliny’s exchanges with Trajan are subsequently analyzed, and it is argued that it was as subject/ruler that Pliny and Trajan defined their association. Chapter four discusses the relationship Fronto shared with the Antonine emperors. I contend that Fronto related differently with each and experienced different levels of intimacy, which points to the importance of personal connections, even with people as uniquely powerful as emperors. I also conclude from this that even emperors were not above the rules and practices of friendship. The concluding remarks draw attention to the advantages of exploring Roman social relationships through the prism of friendship, as opposed to the traditional perspective of patronage. Some future avenues of research are also suggested.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal a apresentação de uma tradução para a língua portuguesa do discurso conhecido como Panegírico de Trajano de Plínio, o Jovem. A presente tradução foi realizada tendo como base o texto latino estabelecido por R. A. B. Mynors (1964), e com consulta a outras edições, tais como M. Dury (1938), R. Moreno Soldevila (2010) e D. Lassandro (1992), entre outras. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta um breve estudo introdutório sobre o Panegírico de Trajano no qual se discutem questões relativas à elaboração do discurso e seus propósitos, bem como o seu enquadramento no gênero epidítico. Dessa forma, pretende-se abordar o modo como o autor relaciona a tradição romana da gratiarum actio com o tipo de encômio dirigido aos imperadores conhecido como basilikos lógos, o que, em grande parte, contribuiu para que este texto de Plínio se tornasse a primeira gratiarum actio a ser preservada para a posteridade. / This master\'s thesis has as main objective the presentation of a translation into the Portuguese language of the discourse known as Panegyric of Trajan of Pliny the Younger. The present translation was performed based on the Latin text established by RAB Mynors (1964), and in consultation with other editions, such as M. Dury (1938), R. Moreno Soldevila (2010) and D. Lassandro (1992), among others. In addition, this paper presents a brief introductory study on the Panegyric of Trajan in which questions are discussed concerning the elaboration of the discourse and its purposes, as well as its framing in the epidictic genre. This way, it is tried to approach the way in which the author relates the Roman tradition of the gratiarum actio with the type of enkomion directed to the emperors known like basilikos logos, which, in great part, contributed to this text of Pliny became the first Gratiarum actio to be preserved for posterity.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal a apresentação de uma tradução para a língua portuguesa do discurso conhecido como Panegírico de Trajano de Plínio, o Jovem. A presente tradução foi realizada tendo como base o texto latino estabelecido por R. A. B. Mynors (1964), e com consulta a outras edições, tais como M. Dury (1938), R. Moreno Soldevila (2010) e D. Lassandro (1992), entre outras. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta um breve estudo introdutório sobre o Panegírico de Trajano no qual se discutem questões relativas à elaboração do discurso e seus propósitos, bem como o seu enquadramento no gênero epidítico. Dessa forma, pretende-se abordar o modo como o autor relaciona a tradição romana da gratiarum actio com o tipo de encômio dirigido aos imperadores conhecido como basilikos lógos, o que, em grande parte, contribuiu para que este texto de Plínio se tornasse a primeira gratiarum actio a ser preservada para a posteridade. / This master\'s thesis has as main objective the presentation of a translation into the Portuguese language of the discourse known as Panegyric of Trajan of Pliny the Younger. The present translation was performed based on the Latin text established by RAB Mynors (1964), and in consultation with other editions, such as M. Dury (1938), R. Moreno Soldevila (2010) and D. Lassandro (1992), among others. In addition, this paper presents a brief introductory study on the Panegyric of Trajan in which questions are discussed concerning the elaboration of the discourse and its purposes, as well as its framing in the epidictic genre. This way, it is tried to approach the way in which the author relates the Roman tradition of the gratiarum actio with the type of enkomion directed to the emperors known like basilikos logos, which, in great part, contributed to this text of Pliny became the first Gratiarum actio to be preserved for posterity.

Traditionally Latin prose letters have been classified in one of two ways: often they are seen as historical documents to be mined for political, historical and social information; otherwise they are viewed as literature, to be read with a consideration of the role of rhetoric and persuasion. These letters are only rarely approached as letters, and classical scholars have only just begun to discover the benefits of applying epistolary theory to these texts. My thesis examines epistolary exchange within the context of Roman power relations, offering a new interpretation of the correspondences between the most powerful political figure in a given period and one from among the senatorial class. Cicero, Pliny the Younger, Fronto and Symmachus each conducted an epistolary exchange with a powerful figure with whom he hoped to gain influence, and despite the significant differences between them in terms of political and social circumstances, each uses his letters in similar ways to that end. I approach these texts, never before treated together in a comparative study, with a consideration of epistolarity, ‘the use of the letter’s formal properties to create meaning’, a concept developed by J. G. Altman (1982). These properties are identified and examined by means of detailed stylistic analysis of the Latin text. The act of writing a letter is an act of self-definition; the sender constructs a self defined necessarily in relation to a particular addressee. Thus the letter also affords a sender the opportunity to define the You, to whom he addresses himself. In the context of power relations in Roman politics, the letter then becomes a flexible tool of self-fashioning, by which a senator may attempt to influence the emperor.

The Roman Emperor Trajan, who ruled the Roman Empire from 98 CE – 117 CE has always been remembered as one of the good Emperors. The few ancient sources that mention Trajan, namely Pliny the Younger and Cassius Dio, compose a glowing portrait of the Emperor when describing his deeds and abilities. Part of the explanation for such a positive portrayal can surely be accounted for by the comparison of Trajan to one of his predecessors Domitian (who ruled from 51 CE – 96 CE). Domitian came to be memorialized as one of the most hated Emperor of the Principate, especially because of his scornful and suspicious attitude towards the Senate and his pillaging of the Roman provinces for the purpose of his own profit. In a time when the empire was expanding and expert diplomatic and strategic capability was necessary for an Emperor to possess, Domitian’s shortcomings were particularly harmful to Rome and her subjects. Thus when Trajan took control, many Romans must have looked to him to continue the improvements initiated by Domitian’s brief successor Nerva and repair the damage done to the empire. Pliny the younger, an influential and wealthy senatorial aristocrat, was one such Roman who looked to the new Emperor with hope and ambition for better times. During Pliny’s tenure as governor of the province of Bithynia and Pontus from roughly 110-112/3 CE, he exchanged many letters with Trajan which were subsequently collected and published as the tenth book of Pliny’s Letters. These letters generally take the form of advice sought by Pliny about the governance of the province, followed by a concise reply from the Emperor directing Pliny’s actions (or, at times, suggesting that Pliny himself choose the best way to proceed). Previous scholarship has primarily addressed the letters as a “self-fashioning text” (cf. Carlos Noreña and Philip Stadter, among others), but generally ignores the very active role Pliny plays in carefully constructing a particular representation of Trajan. Using this correspondence as a platform on which to create an image of the Princeps, Pliny expertly invents a particular portrait of Trajan that portrays the Emperor as a master at senatorial relations and management of the provinces. By allowing Trajan to perform this role, as is evidenced in the letters of Book 10, Pliny creates our most complete and compelling portrayal of this Emperor which serves both Pliny and Trajan’s interests for posterity. / text

Orientador: Margarida Maria de Carvalho / Resumo: Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar as cortes de justiça senatorial e imperial, através das obras Cartas e Panegírico a Trajano escritas por Plínio, o Jovem, e Diálogo dos Oradores, Agrícola, Histórias e Anais I-VI de Tácito. A organização judiciária da cidade de Roma, durante o Principado, contava com diferentes cortes de justiça. Apesar de perpassar a jurisdição de diferentes cortes de justiça, a presente tese irá se centrar na interpretação das acusações de maiestas e repetundae, relatadas por esses dois senadores romanos, que foram instauradas perante as cortes senatorial e imperial. Ambas as cortes se configuraram como ambientes privilegiados para a análise das negociações entre o Senado e o princeps e, por esta razão, serão objetos do nosso estudo. Veremos como a escolha de uma corte de justiça e os procedimentos empregados no julgamento dos processos eram permeados por negociações entre o Senado e os imperadores atuantes. Como discorremos, Tácito e Plínio centraram suas narrativas no (des)equilíbrio da distribuição das funções e dos poderes jurídicos e político-administrativos entre o Senado e o princeps. Assim, investigaremos a hipótese da existência de um entrelaçamento entre as práticas político-administrativas e as práticas jurídicas durante o Principado. Nesse sentido, partiremos do estudo das acusações de repetundae e maiestas identificadas em nossa documentação. O crimen repetundarum e o crimen maiestatis, de modo geral, criminalizavam, respectivamente, o su... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study’s goal is to analyze the senatorial and imperial law courts through Pliny the Younger’s works Letters and Panegyric to Trajan, as well as Tacitus' works Dialogue on Oratory, Agricola, Histories and Annals I-VI. The judiciary structure of the city of Rome, during the Principate, featured different law courts. Although it encompasses the jurisdiction of different law courts, this thesis will focus on the interpretation of the accusations of maiestas and repetundae reported by these two Roman senators that were installed in the senatorial and imperial law courts. Both courts of justice became privileged environments for the analysis of the negotiations between the Senate and the princeps, and, for this reason, they are the objects of our study. We will see how the choice for a law court and the procedures employed in the trials of the processes were permeated by negotiations between the Senate and the regent emperors. As discussed, Tacitus and Pliny centered their narratives around the (im)balance of function distribution and legal and political-administrative powers between the Senate and the princeps. Thus, we will investigate the hypothesis of an interweaving between the political-administrative practices and the legal practices during the Principate. In this way, we will proceed to the study of the accusations of repetundae and maiestas identified in our sources. The crimen repetundarum and the crimen maiestatis, in a broad manner, criminalized, respectively, brib... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Résumé: Cette étude vise à analyser les cours sénatoriales et impériales, à travers les oeuvres Correspondance et Panégyrique de Trajan, écrites par Pline le Jeune et le Dialogue des orateurs, la Vie d’Agricola, les Histoires et les Annales I-VI de Tacite. L’organisation judiciaire de la ville de Rome, pendant le Principat, avait différentes cours de justice. Malgré aborder la juridiction des différentes cours de justice, cette thèse se concentra sur l’interpretation des accusations de maiestas et de repentundae, rapportées par ces deux sénateurs romains, qui ont été instaurées devant les cours sénatorial et impérial. Les deux cours ont été configurées comme des environnements privilégies pour l’analyse des négociations entre le Sénat et le princeps et, pour cette raison, feront l’objet de notre étude. Nous verrons comment le choix d’une cour de justice et les procédures suivies lors du procès ont été imprégnés de négociations entre le Sénat et les empereurs actifs. Comme nous avons discouru, Tacite et Pline ont centré leur récit sur le (dés)équilibre de la répartition des fonctions et des pouvoirs juridiques et politico-administratifs entre le Sénat et le princeps. Ainsi, nous étudierons l’hypothèse de l’existence d’une imbrication entre pratiques politico-administratifs et pratiques juridiques pendant le Principat. En ce sens, nous commencerons par l’étude des accusations de repetundae et maiestas identifiées dans notre documentation. Le crimen repetundarum et le crimen maiestatis,... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_da_me_assis_parcial.pdf: 54774 bytes, checksum: d766c143bca0c004bcecebbd9cc9a048 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-11-14T12:16:57Z: souza_da_me_assis_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-11-14T12:17:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000638477.pdf: 729122 bytes, checksum: 3041b976b775470280bae3f35a83a9b9 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Essa dissertação concebe uma breve reconstituição da situação dos estudos plinianos no Brasil e no mundo, apresentando os principais pesquisadores da referida área. Aborda a problemática da representação de homem político de acordo com o discurso apresentado por Plínio, o Jovem em seus livros de I à IX. Por meio desse epistolário faz uma análise da contribuição da fides e da virtus, bem como da imagem que o autor constói de si e do princeps na constituição do modelo de homem político durante o período de 96 a 113 d.C. Para tanto, utilizase dos pressupostos advindo das contribuições metodológicas elaboradas pela Histórica Cultural, em especial pelo conceito de representação adotado por Roger Chartier / This dissertation conceives a brief reconstitution of studies about Pliny, the Younger in Brazil and in the World, showing the majors researchers of this area. Approach problematic of the civil man’s representation according to the discourse presented by Pliny, the Younger in him books I to IX. Through this epistolary, we make a analysis of the contribution of the fides and the virtus, as well as the image created by the autor about himself and about the princeps in the constitution of the civic man’s model while 96 to 113 a. D. For this, we used the assumptions coming of methodological contributions prepared by the Cultural History, in special the representation’s concept adopted by Roger Chartier