O presente estudo teve como objetivo correlacionar a fetometria com a idade gestacional, através da ultrassonografia em ovelhas. Foram utilizadas 49 fêmeas da raça Hampshire Down. Os animais foram submetidos à inseminação artificial e selecionados para o exame ultrassonográfico 48 dias após, para diagnóstico de gestação. Foram feitas as medidas de úmero em 25 fetos e de fêmur em todos os 49 fetos estudados, além de 44 medidas de diâmetro biparietal (DBP) e 10 medidas de circunferência abdominal (CA). A ultrassonografia de gestação em modo-B acompanhou com bastante precisão diversas modificações ocorridas durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, apresentando R2 = 0,89 para medidas feitas para úmero, R2 = 0,96 para medidas realizadas para fêmur, R2 = 0,86 para medidas de diâmetro biparietal e R2 = 0,89 para medidas de circunferência abdominal, concluindo que o fêmur é mais apropriado para a correlação com a idade gestacional. Ao se mostrar uma medida bastante confiável, correlacionamos o comprimento do fêmur com a gestação ovina dividida em três fases (Fase I, 48-68 dias; Fase II, 69-120 dias; Fase III, 121-151 dias), onde a Fase I apresentou □ ± 1,4; desvio-padrão 0,20 e intervalo de confiança 1,25-1,55; para Fase II apresentou □ ± 3,1; desvio-padrão 0,92 e intervalo de confiança 2,53-3,67 e para Fase III apresentou □ ± 6,9; desvio-padrão 0,54 e intervalo de confiança 6,71-7,09. Com base nos resultados constata-se que a ultrassonografia modo-B é um método eficaz para obtenção do diagnóstico precoce de gestação. / This study aimed to correlate the fetometry with gestational age by ultrasonography in sheep. We used 49 females of the Hampshire Down. The animals were submitted to artificial insemination and selected ultrasound test 48 days for pregnancy diagnosis. Measures were made of the humerus in 25 fetuses, femur in all 49 fetuses, 44 measures of biparietal diameter (BPD) and 10 measures of waist circumference (WC). A pregnancy ultrasound B-mode followed quite accurately several changes during embryonic development, with R2 = 0.89 for measurements made in the humerus, R2 = 0.96 for measurements taken for the femur, R2 = 0.86 for measures biparietal diameter and R2 = 0.89 for waist circumference measures and concluded that the femur is more appropriate for correlation with gestational age. When you show a very reliable measure, we correlated the length of the femur with gestation sheep divided into three phases (Phase I, 48-68 days; Phase II, 69-120 days; Phase III, 121-151 days), where the Phase I had □ ± 1.4, standard deviation 0.20 and confidence interval 1,25-1,55; for Phase II had □ ± 3.1, standard deviation 0.92 and confidence interval 2.53 -- 3.67 and for Phase III had □ ± 6.9, standard deviation 0.54 and confidence interval 6,71-7,09. Based on the results it appears that the B-mode ultrasonography is an effective method for obtaining early diagnosis of pregnancy.

Introdução: os estudos sobre flexibilidade vêm tentando compreender quais propriedades explicam o aumento da amplitude de movimento (ADM), além do aumento de extensibilidade muscular. Propriedades mecânicas passivas de outros tipos de tecido, como o tendão, vêm sendo avaliadas, para entender a sua interferência no aumento da ADM. Desenho do estudo: o estudo foi do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado. Objetivos: analisar, minuto a minuto, o deslocamento da junção miotendínea (JMT) do músculo gastrocnêmio medial com o tendão do calcâneo e o torque passivo durante uma sessão de 10 minutos de alongamento estático passivo de flexores plantares, e analisar a mudança destas e de outras propriedades passivas mecânicas da unidade músculo-tendínea (UMT) do tríceps sural antes e após essa intervenção, verificando se estas mudanças perduram após 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após o protocolo de alongamento. Métodos: 30 participantes saudáveis foram divididos em grupo controle, o qual permaneceu em repouso, e experimental, o qual realizou uma sessão de 10 minutos de alongamento estático passivo no dinamômetro isocinético. Os participantes realizaram os testes de ADM, torque passivo, deslocamento da JMT e histerese antes e após a intervenção (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos). A partir dessas variáveis, foram calculadas as medidas de rigidez tendínea, muscular e da UMT. Resultados: Cinco participantes não permaneceram relaxados durante os testes e foram excluídos após análise dos dados eletromiográficos. 25 participantes foram incluídos na análise. Os resultados foram divididos em dois estudos diferentes. No primeiro estudo, apenas os 12 participantes do grupo experimental foram incluídos e, ao longo da intervenção, foi encontrada uma redução significativa do torque passivo, com a principal diferença ocorrendo nos minutos cinco e sete. No segundo estudo, foram comparados os indivíduos do grupo controle (n=13) e do grupo experimental (n=12), com um período de follow up de 60 minutos após a intervenção. A ADM aumentou e permaneceu aumentada até uma hora após a intervenção em ambos os grupos. As variáveis de deslocamento da JMT, rigidez muscular e histerese aumentaram em alguns momentos ao longo do tempo, sem diferença entre os grupos. A rigidez tendínea não apresentou diferença nem para grupo e nem para tempo. As variáveis de torque passivo e rigidez da UMT apresentaram uma interação significativa entre grupo e tempo, com uma redução das duas ao longo do tempo no grupo experimental. Conclusões: há uma redução de torque passivo ao longo de uma sessão de alongamento estático de 10 minutos dos flexores plantares de tornozelo, e fazer parte do grupo experimental influenciou no comportamento do torque passivo e da rigidez da UMT, levando a uma maior redução das mesmas para o grupo que realizou o alongamento. A ADM aumentou e permaneceu aumentada até uma hora após a intervenção. / Background: studies on flexibility have attempted to understand which properties explain increased range of motion (ROM), in addition to increased muscle extensibility. Mechanical and passive properties of other types of tissue, such tendon tissue, have been evaluated in order to understand their interference in increased ROM. Study Design: randomized clinical trial. Objectives: to analyze, minute by minute, myotendinous junction (MTJ) displacement of the medial gastrocnemius muscle with Achilles tendon and passive torque during a 10-minute passive static stretching of the ankle plantar flexors. To analyze, also, the time course change of these and other muscle-tendon unit (MTU) mechanical properties of the triceps surae before and after the intervention, verifying if the changes persist after 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the stretching protocol. Methods: 30 healthy participants were divided into a control group, which remained at rest, and an experimental group, which performed a 10-minute passive static stretching on the isokinetic dynamometer. Participants performed tests of ROM, passive torque, MTJ displacement and hysteresis before and after the intervention (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes). From these variables, the measures of tendinous, muscular and MTU stiffness were calculated. Results: Five participants did not remain relaxed during the test and were excluded after electromyographic data analysis. 25 participants were included in the analysis. Results were divided into two different studies. In the first one, only 12 participants of experimental group were included and during the intervention, a significant reduction of the passive torque was found, with the main difference occurring in minutes five and seven. In the second study, individuals from control group (n=13) and experimental group (n=12) were compared, with a 60 minute follow-up period after the intervention. ADM increased and remained increased up to one hour after the intervention. The variables of MTJ displacement, muscular stiffness and hysteresis increased at some moments over time, with no difference between the groups. The tendinous stiffness showed no difference neither for group nor for time. The variables of passive torque and MTU stiffness showed a significant interaction between group and time, with a reduction of the two over time in the experimental group. Conclusions: passive torque decreased throughout a 10-minute passive static stretching of the ankle plantar flexors, and being part of the experimental group influenced the behavior of the passive torque and the MTU stiffness, leading to a greater reduction of the same for the group who performed the stretching.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de medir in vivo as dimensões da próstata, pelo exame ultra-sonográfico, de cães de diferentes tamanhos, com idade entre 1 e 5 anos. Foram realizados exames em 47 cães, sem processos patológicos aparentes. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade, Grupo 1: cães entre 12 e 30 meses e Grupo 2: cães entre 31 e 60 meses. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três subgrupos de acordo com o peso. Subgrupos 1 e 4 com animais até 10kg, Subgrupos 2 e 5 com animais entre 11 e 25kg e Subgrupos 3 e 6 com animais acima de 25kg sendo que os Subgrupos 1 a 3 pertencem ao Grupo 1 e os Subgrupos 4 a 6 pertencem ao Grupo 2. As imagens em corte longitudinal e transversal permitiram a observação da próstata, localizada caudalmente à bexiga urinária, de formato arredondado, de contornos regulares e definidos e de ecogenicidade maior que a do baço. Comprimento e altura foram mensurados no plano longitudinal, já a largura foi medida no plano transversal. O Subgrupo 1 apresentou medidas prostáticas de comprimento: 1,19 (±0,16cm); de altura: 1,17 (±0,2cm) e de largura: 1,41 (±0,24cm), valores menores que os obtidos no Subgrupo 4 que apresentou comprimento: 2,14 (±0,13cm); altura: 2,12 (±0,16cm) e largura de 2,59 (±0,21cm). O Subgrupo 2 apresentou valores prostáticos de comprimento: 2,17 (±0,11cm); de altura: 2,04 (±0,15cm) e de largura: 2,64 (±0,13cm), valores menores que os obtidos no Subgrupo 5 que apresentou comprimento: 2,81 (±0,44cm); altura 3,73: (±0,37cm) e largura de 3,29 (±0,38cm). O Subgrupo 3 apresentou valores prostáticos de comprimento 3,09 (±0,21cm); de altura: 2,93 (±0,21cm) e de largura: 3,63 (±0,19cm), valores menores que os obtidos no Subgrupo 6 que apresentou comprimento: 3,47 (±0,31cm); altura: 3,35 (±0,35cm) e largura de 4,03 (±0,28cm). A correlação foi forte entre os valores prostáticos determinados e a massa corpórea dos cães estudados. / The aim of this study was ultrasonographically assess the prostatic dimensions in dogs of different sizes, aging from 1 to 5 years-old. Forty-seven examinations were done, in dogs with no clinical diseases. The patients were divided into two groups according to their ages, such as: Group 1 - from 12 to 30 months-old and Group 2 ? from 31 to 60 months-old. Each group was divided into 3 other groups according to their weight. Subgroup 1 and 4: up to 10 Kg, subgroup 2 and 5: from 11 to 25 Kg and subgroups 3 and 6: over 25 Kg (subgroups 1 to 3 were inserted in Group 1 and subgroups 4 to 6 were inserted in Group 2). The sagittal and transverse planes on ultrasonographic examination provided the entire visualization of the prostate, which was round to normal-shaped, lies caudally to the urinary bladder, with smooth margins and hyperechoic to the spleen. Their length and height were measured on sagittal plane and the width was measured on transverse plane. Regarding the subgroup 1, the mean prostatic length was 1,19 cm (± 0,16 cm), the mean prostatic height was 1,17 cm (± 0,2 cm) and the mean prostatic width was 1,41 cm (± 0,24 cm), and these measurements showed to be shorter than the ones from subgroup 4, such as 2,14 cm (± 0,13) as for the mean length, 2,12 cm (± 0,16 cm) as for the mean height and finally 2,59 cm (± 0,21 cm) as for the mean width. Regarding the subgroup 2, the mean prostatic length was 2,17 cm (± 0,11), the mean height was 2,04 (± 0,15 cm) and the mean width was 2,64 cm (± 0,13), and these measurements showed to be shorter than the ones from subgroup 5, such as 2,81 cm (± 0,44) as for mean length, 3,73 cm (± 0,37 cm) as for the mean height and finally 3,29 cm (± 0,38 cm) as for the mean width. Regarding the subgroup 3, the mean prostatic length was 3,09 cm (± 0,21), the mean height was 2,93 (± 0,21 cm) and the mean width was 3,63 cm (± 0,19), and these measurements showed to be shorter than the ones from subgroup 6, such as 3,47 cm (± 0,31) as for mean length, 3,35 cm (± 0,35 cm) as for the mean height and finally 4,03 cm (± 0,28 cm) as for the mean width. There was a high correlation between the prostatic dimensions and the body mass of theses dogs.

O ultra-som é um recurso imaginológico relativamente recente, que foi desenvolvido primeiramente para utilização submarina, e só depois fundamentada na área da Saúde. Esse sistema utiliza ondas ultra-sônicas, que são produzidas em um dispositivo denominado transdutor, responsável também por enviá-las ao tecido a ser avaliado; é também o responsável por receber os ecos sonoros que são refletidos pelas estruturas que possuem diferentes impedâncias acústicas, obtendo-se assim os resultados. As primeiras gerações de US (modo-A) utilizavam um sistema numérico pouco atrativo para a interpretação dos resultados. Somente com o advento do modo-B, que apresenta imagens tomográficas, o ultra-som começou a se tornar um método imaginológico mais utilizado. Com a evolução dos aparelhos, a técnica permitia que as imagens fossem processadas a uma velocidade suficientemente rápida para deixar passar a percepção de movimento. É possível por meio do Doppler colorido, caracterizado pela associação das imagens em movimento em tempo real, mapear o fluxo vascular. Pela revisão da literatura, concluímos que: o ultra-som é um exame imaginológico recente; é um método auxiliar na elaboração do diagnóstico, não invasivo, indolor e sem nenhum efeito deletério conhecido até os dias atuais; é um exame imaginológico com alta especificidade para tecidos moles; é um recurso capaz de detectar, delimitar 9 (inclusive em profundidade) e avaliar o conteúdo interno, tanto na normalidade quanto nas alterações do complexo dento-maxilo-cervico-facial; a interpretação pode ser feita em tempo real, sendo passível de repetição, sempre que necessário; é operador-dependente e tem ampla aplicação nas diferentes Especialidades Odontológicas. / The Ultrasound (US) is a relatively recent imaginologic resource that was first developed for submarine use, and then applied in the Health area. This system makes use of ultrasonic waves, produced in a device called transducer, which is also responsible for sending them to the tissue to be evaluated. The transducer is responsible for receiving the eco sounds that are reflected by structures that possess different acoustic impedances, thus obtaining results. The first generations of US (A-mode) used a numerical system that was not very attractive for results interpretation. Only with the discovery of the B-mode, which presents tomographic images, the ultrasound started to become a more utilized method. As devices evolved, the technique allowed images to be processed in such a high velocity that would let the perception of movement pass. It is possible to map the vascular flux in real time by using Coloured Doppler, characterized by the association of moving images. By literature review, we concluded that: the ultrasound is a recent imaginologic exam; it is a non-invasive, painless, auxiliary diagnostic method and has shown no known side effects until the present date; it is a high-specificity imaginologic exam for soft tissues; it is a resource capable to detect, delimitate (including in depth), and evaluate the internal content in normality as much as in dento-maxilo-cervico-facial alterations; the interpretation can be made in real time, and repetition is always 11 possible when necessary; it is operator-dependent and has a wide application in different odontological specialities.

by Liu Kin Hung. / Thesis submitted in: Dec, 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-95). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Venous anatomy --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Arterial anatomy --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Deep vein thrombosis --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Clinical Examination --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Contrast Venogram --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Color duplex ultrasound --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Arterial resistance --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Basis for study --- p.28 / Chapter 3 --- Method --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Equipments --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Procedure --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Arterial resistance changes in different groups --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Symptomatic with no DVT versus asymtomatic with no DVT --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Symptomatic with DVT versus symptomatic with no DVT --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Symptomatic acute DVT versus symptomatic chronic DVT --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Symptomatic proximal-DVT versus symptomatic calf-DVT --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- symptomatic occlusive DVT versus symptomatic non- occlusive DVT --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Diagnosis of DVT by arterial resistance changes --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Detection of presence of symptomatic DVT --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Differentiation of characteristics of symptomatic DVT --- p.60 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1 --- Investigation of arterial resistance changes --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Symptomatic with no DVT versus asymtomatic with no DVT --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Symptomatic with DVT versus symptomatic with no DVT --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Symptomatic acute DVT versus symptomatic chronic DVT --- p.72 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Symptomatic proximal-DVT versus symptomatic calf-DVT --- p.74 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- symptomatic occlusive DVT versus symptomatic non- occlusive DVT --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2 --- Detection and differentiation of DVT by arterial resistance --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Detection of symptomatic DVT --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Differentiation of occlusive DVT from non-occlusive DVT --- p.82 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.87

Gao Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-194). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract in English --- p.i / Abstract in Chinese --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Introduction --- p.vi / Contents --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xiv / List of figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter One --- Literature Review / Chapter 1.1 --- Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stenos --- p.is / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Prevalence of atherosclerotic MCA stenosis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Methods for diagnosis of MCA stenosis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Possible mechanism and course of stroke with MCA stenosis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Treatment and prevention of stroke in patients with MCA stenosis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Microembolic Signal (MES) Detection / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Technology --- p.9 / Characteristics of MES / Factors that affect MES detection / Problems of technology / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Clinical application --- p.15 / MES originating from atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis / MES detection in internal carotid endarterectomy (CEA) / MES detection in patients with MCA stenosis / Predicting value and application in therapeutic trial / References --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter Two --- General Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Diagnosis for Intracranial Artery Stenosis / Chapter 2.1.1 --- TCD spectrum and common parameters --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Emitting and receiving transducers --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Pulsitility index (PI) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Insonation depth and flow direction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Continuous wave (CW) and pulsed wave (PW) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Normal intracranial arteries through temporal and suboccipital window --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Normal intracranial arteries through orbital window --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Normal extracranial arteries --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- TCD diagnosis for intracranial artery stenosis --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.10 --- Example of multiple intracranial arteries stenosis --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Microembolic Signal (MES) Detection / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Device of MES monitoring --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Insonated artery and depth --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Axis length of the sample volume --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) time window overlap --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Distinguishing embolic signal and artifact with two-gate transducer --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Measurements of embolic signal and threshold --- p.47 / References --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Microembolic Signal (MES) in Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stenosis / Chapter 3.1 --- Abstract --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Introduction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methodology --- p.51 / Patients / Severity of stroke and clinical course / Diagnosis for middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis / Microembolic signal (MES) detection / Statistical analysis / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.55 / Baseline information of patients / Prevalence of MES / Relationship between presence of MES and severity of MCA stenosis / Correlation between presence of MES and clinical course in 85 symptomatic patients / Correlation between the count of MES and clinical course in 85 symptomatic patients / Correlation between the presence of MES and further ischemic stroke / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.63 / Prevalence of MES / Association between severity of stroke and presence or the number of MES / Predictive value of MES for further stroke / References --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Mechanisms of Acute Cerebral Infarction in Patients with Cerebral Artery Stenosis: a Diffusion-weighted Imaging and Microemboli Monitoring study / Chapter 4.1 --- Abstract / Chapter 4.2 --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology --- p.73 / Patients / Microembolic signal (MES) detection by transcranial Doppler (TCD) / "Magnetic resonance imaging (DWI, MRI and MRA)" / Statistical analysis / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.77 / Severity of MCA stenosis on MRA and pattern of infarct on DWI / Frequency and count of MES and its relationship with multiple and borderzone infarction on DWI / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Frequency of MES / Pattern of cerebral infarcts on DWI / Relationship between MES and multiple infarcts on DWI / References --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter Five / Chapter Chapter Five-I --- Novel Observations of the Characteristics of Real Time Genesis of Thromboembolism in Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis Detected by Transcranial Doppler / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Abstract --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Methodology --- p.91 / Characteristics of patients / "MRA, DWI and conventional TCD data" / MES monitoring method and overall data / Neuroimaging and MES monitoring data in all five patients / Signal analysis in off-line / Confirmation test for the origin of MES / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Results --- p.104 / Frequency of three special phenomena / Characteristics of three special phenomena / Results of confirmation test for embolic source / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Discussion --- p.133 / Occurrence of MES with flow velocity change simultaneously / MES splatter / Bi-directional low frequency (S-velocity) vibration / Testing for source of MES detected from MCA stenosis / References --- p.139 / Chapter Chapter Five-II --- Characteristics of Microembolic Signals Detected near Its Origin from the Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Abstract --- p.143 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Introduction --- p.144 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Methodology --- p.144 / Patients / Microembolic signal (MES) detection / Classification of MES / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Results --- p.145 / Types of MES detected from MCA stenosis / Characteristics of three types of MES / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Discussion --- p.157 / Emboli moving from vessel wall to the center / Emboli vibration / About calculating the time delay between two channels / References --- p.160 / Chapter Chapter Five-III --- "Hemodynamic change,microembolic signal counts and use of antithrombotic treatments" / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Abstract --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Introduction --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Methodology --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Results / "The relationship among flow velocity, the number of MES and time since symptom onset" --- p.165 / Patient one / Patient two / Patient three / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Discussion / Association between flow velocity or MES change and different anticoagulants in acute stage / Progression of MCA stenosis after acute stage / Stability of MCA atherosclerotic stenosis / References --- p.173 / Chapter Chapter Six --- The Optimal Values of Flow Velocity on Transcranial Dopplerin Grading Severity of Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis in Comparison With Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Chapter 6.1 --- Abstract --- p.179 / Chapter 6.2 --- Introduction --- p.180 / Chapter 6.3 --- Methodology --- p.180 / Patients / TCD examination / Grading of MCA stenosis on MRA / Statistical analysis / Chapter 6.4 --- Results --- p.182 / Detection of >50% MCA stenosis according to flow velocity / Grading severity of MCA stenosis by flow velocity / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.186 / Reliability of TCD diagnosis for MCA stenosis / Grading MCA stenosis according to flow velocity on TCD / References / Abbreviations --- p.189 / Publications --- p.191

by Young Lee Kei, Ricky. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-207). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Statement of Originality --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Anatomy of liver --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Anatomical Implications --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background / Chapter 2.1 --- Common focal hepatic lesions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Imaging techniques --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Characterization by sonography --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Color Power Angiography --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Hypothesis & Aims / Chapter 3.1 --- Hypothesis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Aims & Objectives --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Material and Methods / Chapter 4.1 --- Materials --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mode of confirmation --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Final number of subjects recruited --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Method for obtaining CD and CPA image --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Method for image analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results / Chapter 5.1 --- Qualitative CD and CPA images assessment --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- Interobserver qualitative analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3 --- Spectral analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 5.4 --- Semi-quantitative signal parameters --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- Dominance of quantified signals --- p.91 / Chapter 5.6 --- Distribution of signals in various lesions (graphical presentation) --- p.97 / Chapter 5.7 --- Penetrating vessel --- p.103 / Chapter 5.8 --- Relationship between size of lesion and quantified signal parameters --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion / Chapter 6.1 --- Study Review --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methods of quantitation --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3 --- Value of quantitation --- p.111 / Chapter 6.4 --- Instrumentation --- p.112 / Chapter 6.5 --- Subjects --- p.114 / Chapter 6.6 --- Image analysis --- p.115 / Chapter 6.7 --- Results --- p.117 / Chapter 6.8 --- Relationship between size and amount of signals --- p.131 / Chapter 6.9 --- Differentiation of focal hepatic lesions --- p.132 / Chapter 6.10 --- Origin of CPA signals in small hyperechoic lesions --- p.144 / Chapter 6.11 --- Limitations of CPA in focal hepatic lesion imaging --- p.146 / Chapter 6.12 --- Comparison with similar studies --- p.151 / Chapter 6.13 --- Validation of quantitation results --- p.158 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.159 / References --- p.162 / Legends --- p.176 / Tables --- p.186 / Glossary of abbreviations --- p.193 / Selected publications relevant to thesis --- p.197 / Appendix --- p.198 / Bibliography --- p.205

by Xiang Shao hua. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-[248]). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

No presente trabalho foi avaliada a técnica de ultra-sonografia em tempo real como ferramenta para predição da área de olho-de-lombo (AOL) e espessura da camada de gordura subcutânea (ECG) a partir de imagens tomadas em animais vivos. Foram utilizados 115 bovinos jovens (30 ½ Angus x Nelore; 30 ½ Canchim x Nelore; 30 ½ Simental x Nelore e 25 Nelores), peso inicial médio de 329 kg, de dois tamanhos à maturidade (pequeno e grande) no sistema de produção do novilho superprecoce. As medidas de ultra-sonografia foram realizadas a cada 28 dias totalizando quatro medições até o final do confinamento. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a precisão da predição aumentou em função da proximidade com a data do abate, sendo máxima na quarta medida (R 2 de 0,68 para AOL e 0,82 para ECG com as mesmas medidas na carcaça). O efeito de grupo genético e as medidas ultra-sonográficas foram significativos (P<0,05) para ECG, enquanto que na carcaça ambas medidas foram significativas. A AOL da ultra-sonografia por 100 kilogramas (kg) de peso vivo (AOL4PKG) foi significativamente (P<0,05) influenciada pelo grupo genético, mas não pelo tamanho corporal. Em relação à AOL da carcaça por 100 kg de carcaça (AOLPCAR), todos os grupos genéticos alcançaram o valor ideal apontado pela literatura como indicativo de bom rendimento de cortes cárneos. Não foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) na composição entre os dois grupos de tamanho corporal provavelmente devido à pequena variação existente entre eles. Os mestiços Simental apresentaram a maior porcentagem de músculo na carcaça, e os animais Nelore o menor valor (P<0,05). Os animais Nelore, mestiços Canchim e Angus tenderam a acumular maior porcentagem de gordura na carcaça quando comparados aos mestiços Simental (P<0,05). A AOL por ultra-sonografia apresentou correlações positivas com a quantidade de músculo (0,49), de cortes cárneos (0,42) e porcentagem de tecido muscular estimada da carcaça (0,30). A ECG por ultra-som foi positivamente correlacionada com a porcentagem (0,49) e a quantidade de tecido adiposo estimada na carcaça (0,52), e negativamente correlacionada com a porcentagem de traseiro (-0,49). O rendimento de cortes cárneos só apresentou correlações significativas com a medida de AOLPCAR (0,26), o peso vivo dos animais (-0,45) e o peso da carcaça quente (-0,44). As medidas ultra-sonográficas nos animais vivos não mostraram alta precisão na predição da AOL na carcaça. Em geral os coeficientes de determinação das equações regressão para predição das características da composição da carcaça pelas medidas ultra-sonográficas são similares ou superiores àqueles obtidos nas equações que utilizaram as mesmas medidas após o abate. Este fato indica que o erro na predição da AOL não necessariamente se deve a uma falha na técnica de ultra-sonografia, mas também pode ser causada por diferenças naturais entre as medidas tomadas na carcaça e no animal vivo. / In the present study real time ultrasonography was used to predict the ribeye area (AOL) and the subcutaneous fat thickness (ECG) in live animals. A total of 115 yearling steers from four genetic groups (30 ½ Angus x Nelore; 30 ½ Canchim x Nelore; 30 ½ Simental x Nelore e 25 Nelores), with 329 kg initial average weight, and two different finishing frame sizes (small and large) were used. Animals were kept in a feedlot during the whole study. Four ultrasonographic measurements were taken every 28 days until slaughter. AOL and ECG were measured in the carcasses and compared to the measurements made in the live animals. Predictive accuracy of the ultrasonographic measurements increased as the animals approached slaughter date, reaching the maximum value at the last one (R 2 = 0.68 and 0.82 for AOL and ECG, respectively). Genetic group influenced (P<0.05) AOL and ECG measurements in the carcass but only the ECG was significant with the ultrasound (P<0.05). AOL ultrasonographic measurements showed a significant difference (P<0.05) among the genetic groups when body weight (per 100 Kg of carcass) was taken into account (AOL4PKG). AOL per 100 kg of carcass (AOLPCAR) for all genetic groups showed higher values than those suggested by the literature. Frame size did not influence AOL or ECG probably due to the small, but distinctive differences between the two groups. The Simental crossed animals had higher (P<0.05) carcass muscle percentage, and the Nelore steers had the lowest. The Nelore, Canchim and Angus crossed animals showed higher carcass fattissue percentage (P<0.05) as compared to the Simental crosses. The ultrasound AOL showed a positive correlation (0.49) with muscle weight, carcass cutability (0.42) and muscle carcass percentage (0.30). The ultrasound ECG was positively correlated with fattissue percentage (0.49) and carcass total fat tissue amount (0.52) and negatively correlated with the hind cut yield (-0.49). Carcass meat yield was correlated only with AOLPCAR (0,26), live weight (-0.45) and hot carcass weight (0.44). The ultrasound AOL had a low prediction accuracy for the carcass AOL. Overall, the accuracy of the carcass composition’s predictive equations by ultrasound were similar or greater than the one obtained by direct carcass measurements. This suggests that the difference in AOL measurements by ultrasonography and in the carcass does not necessarily mean a faulty ultrasonographic measurement for differences can be expected when measurements are made in the carcass or in the live animal.

A coledocolitíase residual representa grande desafio na avaliação diagnóstica e proposta terapêutica. Neste contexto, realizamos estudo retrospectivo com o objetivo de avaliar critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e métodos de imagem para o seu diagnóstico; avaliar o resultado do tratamento através de procedimentos endoscópicos e cirúrgicos, bem como a ocorrência de complicações e sua repercussão no período de internação. Foram estudados 32 (trinta e dois) pacientes portadores de coledocolitíase residual internados na Clínica Cirúrgica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás, no período de janeiro de 1995 a julho de 2001. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos previamente a colecistectomia, nos quais o diagnóstico de coledocolitíase foi feito posteriormente (pela não realização de colangiografia trans-operatória) ou no próprio curso da colecistectomia, porém postergando-se o tratamento. Pudemos concluir: a maioria dos pacientes portadores de coledocolitíase residual tem como sintoma principal a icterícia; a ultra-sonografia não é um método diagnóstico eficaz, uma vez que demonstrou alteração de via biliar em cerca de 50% dos pacientes; tanto o procedimento endoscópico como o cirúrgico mostraram alto índice de clareamento da via biliar (acima de 90%), sendo a morbidade baixa e mortalidade nula em ambos os procedimentos; o período de internação foi menor quando o procedimento endoscópico foi realizado / Choledocholithiasis represents a great challenge in diagnostic evaluation and therapeutics. Because of it we\'ve proposed a retrospective study to analise the clinical and laboratorial criteria and image studies to the diagnosis of such condition. It was possible to evaluate the treatment (endoscopic or surgical) and complications with these information. Thus, with this aim, 32 (thirty-two) patients were evaluated. They were suffering from residual choledocholithiasis and were admitted on the Surgical Unit of the General Hospital of the Medical School of University of Goiás, from january 1995 to july 2001. It was included patients that were performed on a previous cholecistectomy. The diagnose of choledocholithiasis was get either during the surgery, although the definitive treatment had been postponed, or on the follow-up. We concluded that most part of the patients with residual choledocholithiasis were icteric and that the ultrasound study is not an effective method to detect residual choledocholithiasis (positive around 50%). Besides, both therapeutic procedures (endoscopic and surgical) were successful in the cleaning of biliary ducts (above 90%), had low morbidity and no mortality. The discharge of the patient was faster in case of endoscopic procedure