<p>This study aimed at looking at children&rsquo / s perceptions of violence, exploring the experiences on child violence and lastly perceptions of children about intervention strategies in children&rsquo / s homes. The participants were sourced from the rehabilitation centres, at the children&rsquo / s homes in Khayelitsha. A manageable group of between 8 participants was used in the study. The participants were adolescents aged between 14-16 years old. The data was collected through individual interviews and was analysed in terms of thematic analysis. Each interview was tape recorded and transcribed. The ethics was taken into considerations from the onset process of recruitment, and for this reason the consent and assent letters were be provided and signed by both participants and care givers. Counselling support was provided for the participants. The common belief in this study was that the majority of the violence is found in the areas of their origin, which were the townships where they grew up. Generally, the participants held different beliefs on their sense of safety, which was related in the current area in which they live. The ultimate conclusions that have been drawn from the findings, suggest that children experience various difficulties and challenges, in their lives within children&rsquo / s home. Despite these challenges and difficulties that are encountered, participants appear to remain relatively contented with life in the home. Moreover, the participants also appeared to demonstrate a greater preference for living within the home over that of the previous living conditions from which they originate.</p>

The aim of the study was to find out whether or not engagement in urban agriculture for individuals and households is a response to a lack of formal wage employment in the post-apartheid period. This period is characterised by changes in the economy of South Africa which led to an observed increase in poverty and unemployment and an increase in informal employment. The study utilised both quantitative and qualitative methods to look at urban farming issues in KwaZulu-Natal. The quantitative data came from the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Surveys (KIDS), which carried out surveys in three waves spanning the period of democratic transition over a 10-year period in 1993, 1998 and 2004. This data was analysed using the statistical package STATA and employed regression modelling techniques to investigate the odds of engagement in urban agriculture, given certain individual and household characteristics, which is a particular nuance for this study. Because of its potential in food production and income generation, a smaller-scale qualitative farmer survey was undertaken in two different communities, comparing three different categories of home gardening, community gardening and market gardening in KwaZulu-Natal, using a semi-structured questionnaire. This component sought to document, in farmers’ own words, their experiences and practice of farming in an urban environment and gave in-depth insights about the motivation of the people involved, the types of food crops grown, and so on. Key informant interviews were conducted with a community of professionals for illuminating their perspectives on the practice of urban agriculture in KwaZulu-Natal. The key findings of the study are that urban agriculture is an activity that is undertaken by people seeking a survival strategy when their preferred activity (such as formal employment) is not available and it can be an activity undertaken by entrepreneurs for income generation. According to their main activity status, the types of people that engage in urban agriculture include those in wage employment and the unemployed, as well as the non-economically active. The contribution of agricultural income to total household income represents miniscule amounts, at an average of less than one percent. Regression modelling results, combining person level and household level variables, predicted more likely odds of farming for women, by a factor of 1.67. Increase in the number of years of education decreased the odds by 0.90 times. If a person lost employment, this increased their odds of engaging in urban agriculture by 1.23 times. People in the age group 36-46 years predicted the highest likelihood for participation in urban agriculture, by a factor of 2.54. Larger household size predicted odds more likely to engage while poor households also predicted odds more likely to engage, by a factor of 2.07 times. Urban agriculture is vastly heterogeneous and is undertaken by all income groups. It is a result of both push and pull factors. People engage in it neither as a survival strategy nor an entrepreneurial strategy only. It is, however, an activity in which the poor are disproportionately represented. The potential of urban agriculture to generate employment is linked to the nature of support received from government and non-governmental organisations. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

The study aims to investigate the current perceptions of the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIP) for domestic workers in a township called KwaNdengezi, a Durban Metro area, Pretoria section. The study used qualitative research methods to gather and interpret data. A sample consisting of 13 domestic workers, 10 employers of domestic workers, Department of Labour (UIF official) and representative from the South African Domestic and Allied Workers Union (SADAWU) were interviewed. The study found that there are negative perceptions about the policy due to the fact that people (employers and domestic workers) do not understand the policy objectives and how the policy tries to meet these objectives. The study also found that SADAWU was participated in setting the agenda for policy by identifying the problems of domestic workers and petitioning government to address them. Lastly, the study highlighted that the main problem with the implementation of the policy was that it was not communicated clearly enough which has led to many misinterpretations of the policy. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Magistro darbe yra nagrinėjama darbo rinkos samprata ir darbo rinkos pokyčiai, jų įtaka nedarbo ir ilgalaikio nedarbo atsiradimui. Taip pat darbe aptariamos ilgalaikio nedarbo atsiradimo priežastys bei pasekmės, ilgalaikių bedarbių integravimo į darbo rinką galimybės mokslinės literatūros pagrindu. Šis magistro darbas susideda iš trijų dalių: 1) Ilgalaikių bedarbių neįsidarbinimo priežastys ir grįžimo į darbo rinką galimybės teoriniu požiūriu; 2) Ilgalaikių bedarbių neįsidarbinimo priežasčių ir jų grįžimo į darbo rinką galimybių tyrimo metodologija; 3) Ilgalaikių bedarbių neįsidarbinimo priežasčių ir jų grįžimo į darbo rinką galimybių: kiekybinio tyrimo duomenys. Atliekant empirinį tyrimą buvo pasinaudota anketinės apklausos metodu. Vykdant ilgalaikių bedarbių anketinę apklausą buvo išdalinta 200 anketų, tačiau grąžinta 181. Tyrimo metu atliktoje apklausoje dalyvavo ilgalaikiai bedarbiai, kurie buvo registruoti Kelmės rajono darbo biržoje. Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad ilgalaikių bedarbių neįsidarbinimo priežastys yra įvairios. Jas galima būtų išskirti į subjektyvias ir objektyvias. Daugumai ilgalaikių bedarbių įsidarbinti trukdo darbdavių siūlomi maži darbo užmokesčiai už atliekamą darbą, mobilumo stoka, profesinės patirties stoka, trūkumas konkrečių žinių. Viena iš galimybių daugumai ilgalaikių bedarbių grįžti į darbo rinką yra aktyvios darbo rinkos politikos priemonės, kurias organizuoja darbo birža. Šios priemonės respondentų buvo įvertintos kaip... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The conception, chantes and their influence to unemployment and rise of long – term unemployment are analysed in this master’s study. There are discussed the reasons and outcomes of long – term unemployment, rise, integration of long – term unemployeds to the labour market on the scientific literature back ground. This master’s study in three partite: 1) The reasons of unemployment of long – term unemployeds and their possibilities to comeback to the labour market on the theoretical back ground. 2) Methodology of survey of the reasons of unemployment of long – term unemployeds and their possibilities to come back to the labour market; 3) Data of numerical survey of reasons of unemployment of long – term unemployeds and their possibilities to come back to the labour market. The questionnaire form method was used carring and this empirical survey. Implementing questioning 200 questionnaire former were distributed, but 181 were returned. In this questioning took part long – term unemployeds who were registered in Kelmė district labour market office. The outcomes of this survey shows that the reasons of unemployment are different. We can divide them to objective and subjective. Most part the unemployed people do not employ because of low salary, lack of mobility, professional experience and particular knowledge. One of possibilities to comeback to labour market is active actions of labour market policy what are organized by labour market office. ... [to full text]

This essay intervenes in the politics of urban segregation in Stockholm. The main aim of the essay is to analyze and describe how advanced marginality and territorial stigmatization are expressed in the lived experiences of four unemployed youths, that have participated in a labor market training program located in the “social vulnerable” area Rågsved. With a theoretical framework based in Henri Lefebvre’s production of social space the empirical findings are interpreted in regard to how the youths produce social space in dialectical interplay with urban politics, advanced marginality, territorial stigmatization, and their local neighborhood. The empirical material in the study was collected through qualitative interviews with the youths. The method of interviewing, analyzing, and presenting the result is grounded in a phenomenological approach. The historical background for the essay is the politics of urban segregation that has emerged in the metropolitan areas of Sweden. The post-industrial society and advanced sectors in the economy are transforming the labor market, city landscape, and the requirements on workers. This deep transformation process has resulted in social exclusion and inequalities between different groups in the urban city. Unemployment and poverty has been concentrated to the urban periphery of the metropolitan city. The urban periphery is marginalized areas with high concentration of immigrant residents with post-colonial status. The Swedish Metropolitan Committee committed a proposal 1998 for a new urban politics in the beginning of the millennium, which main purpose was to intervene in the ongoing process of ethnic and socioeconomic segregation in the urban landscape. This political-institutional background, within the context of post-industrial society and neoliberal politics, situates the historical framework for the present study. The result in the study points out that the youths are in an insecure position in the contemporary labor market, and constantly reflect their ways of living through the dominated norms of active labor market policies. The youths participation in the labor market training program Rågsved Community Center are described as a positive experience, and they describe how they are fully recognized as individual subjects of the employees. Within the geography of urban segregation, the youths are constantly in a process of mental negotiating about how to determine the space of Rågsved. The space of the “social vulnerable” suburb Rågsved is produced by the youths in the conflict of territorial stigmatization and their feelings of belonging.  The main result from the study is that the youths lived experiences of participation in Rågsved Community Center reflects a political need for something different. They discredit the way that Arbetsförmedlingen approach them as unemployed and lack confidence in their methods. In the social space of Rågsved Community Center the youths are recognized as individuals and are also taking initiative to help their friends in Rågsved to find a way out of unemployment. These spatial practices in Rågsved produce a social space and constitute a local institution that could be an embryo for collective representation and organization in relation to urban segregation and youth unemployment in the urban periphery.

No description available.

Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjama jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos įgyvendinimo koncepcija. Minimoje koncepcijoje identifikuojama jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos kaip viešosios politikos bei viešojo administravimo srities samprata. Apibrėžtas jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos įgyvendinimas, įvairios priežastys sąlygojančios nedarbą bei jaunimo užimtumo skatinimo būdai. Antroje darbo dalyje įvardijami jaunimo integracijos į darbo rinką politikos įgyvendinimo analizės rezultatai, kurie įvardina situaciją Lietuvoje bei Šiaulių mieste. Vadovaujantis teisės aktų bei jaunimo politikos formavimo ir įgyvendinimo institucinės struktūros analize, susipažįstama su politikos situacija Lietuvoje. Tuo tarpu, atlikto empirinio tyrimo metu nustatytos jaunimo nedarbo priežastys. Minimos priežastys įvardijamos kaip menka darbo patirtis, kvalifikacijos neįgijimas ar žemas išsilavinimo lygis. Visi minimi veiksniai labiausiai įtakoja jaunimo nedarbo priežastis. Taigi, vadovaujantis susisteminta informacija identifikuoti problemos mažinimo būdai, metodai, tobulinimo galimybės, atsižvelgiant į jaunimo reikalų tarybos vykdomą vaidmenį vietos lygmeniu. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad bendradarbiavimo principu, t.y. jaunimo ir įvairių organizacijų, institucijų, teikiamos tam tikros žinios, pagalba, suteiks didesnę naudą jaunimui, siekiančiam integruotis į darbo rinką. Efektyviai vykdomos užimtumo programos, teikiamos specialistų konsultacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theoretical part about integration of young people into the labor market policy concept is Bachelor's thesis. The conception identified the youth into the labor market policy as a public policy and public administration concepts. Integration of young people into the labor market policies are defined leading to various causes unemployment and youth employment promotion techniques. The second part identifies the integration of young people into the labor market policy analysis to name the situation in Lithuania and Siauliai city. Become acquainted with political situation in Lithuania in accordance with the law and youth policy-making and implementation of the institutional structure of the analysis. Meanwhile, an empirical study determined youth unemployment causes. The aforementioned reasons are identified as poor work experience, qualifications or failure to acquire low level of education. All the factors mentioned most influence causes of youth unemployment. Identify ways which to reduce the problem, methods, opportunities for improvement, according to the Youth Affairs Council of the role of the local level. The study found that the principle of cooperation, young people and various organizations, institutions, provided that certain knowledge; help provide greater benefits to young people seeking to integrate into the labor market. Effectively the employment program, providing specialist advice, training activities will promote more favorable employment opportunities... [to full text]

NARKOTIKŲ VARTOTOJŲ ILGALAIKIS NEDARBAS IR SOCIALINĖ ATSKIRTIS. KLAIPĖDA, 2000 - 2008 M. SANTRAUKA Narkomanija – ypatingai aktuali problema Klaipėdos uostamiestyje. Apžvelgiant 2000 - 2008 metus, šiame mieste registruojamas narkotikų vartotojų skaičius nuo 2000 - ųjų m. vis didėjo ir būtina pažymėti, kad ŽIV paplitimo rodiklis 2008 m. lyginant Lietuvos miestus buvo didžiausias. Priklausomybė nuo psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų nulemia daugelį ne tik medicininių, bet ir psichologinių bei socialinių problemų. Silpni ryšiai su artimaisiais, neigiamas visuomenės požiūris į šiuos asmenis, nedarbas, išsilavinimo stoka, socialinio pobūdžio problemos – tai priežastys, dažniausiai lemiančios asmenų, priklausomų nuo narkotinių medžiagų socialinę atskirtį. Siekiant išvengti narkomanijos sukeliamų padarinių, būtina suteikti sąlygas šiems žmonėms pasveikti ir sugrįžti į pilnavertį gyvenimą. Todėl šiuo magistro darbu buvo siekta atskleisti veiksnius, lemiančius narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį bei jų integracijos į visuomenę galimybes Klaipėdoje. Tuo tikslu buvo iškelta darbo tezė ir dvi hipotezės. Darbo tezė: pagrindiniai veiksniai, lemiantys narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį Klaipėdoje yra ilgalaikis nedarbas, finansinės, kriminalinės, nakvynės, sveikatos problemos, konfliktai su šeima ir aplinkiniais, socialinės integracijos galimybių stoka bei neigiamas visuomenės požiūris. Hipotezės: 1. Ilgalaikis nedarbas labiausiai įtakoja Klaipėdos narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį. 2... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / LONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF DRUG ADDICTS (KLAIPĖDA, 2000-2008) SUMMARY Drug addiction is an especially relevant issue in Klaipėda Port. If reviewing the years 2000-2008, the number of drug users registered in this city had been increasing since the year 2000, and it should be noted that the HIV prevalence rate in 2008 was the highest in comparison with other Lithuanian cities. Addiction to psychoactive substances determines many social problems, not only medical, but also psychological. Weak relations with close relatives, the negative attitude of the society towards these persons, unemployment, lack of education, and problems of social nature are causes that mostly condition the social exclusion of persons addicted to narcotic substances. In order to prevent consequences caused by drug addiction it is necessary to provide for these persons proper conditions to recover and to return to a full-rate life. Therefore, this Master thesis sought to reveal factors determining the social exclusion of drug users and possibilities for their integration into society in Klaipėda. For this purpose there were raised a thesis and two hypotheses. Thesis: main factors determining the social exclusion of drug users in Klaipėda are long-term unemployment, financial, criminal, night-stay and health problems, conflicts with family and the people round about, lack of possibilities for social integration and negative attitude of the society. Hypotheses: 1. Long-term unemployment... [to full text]

Unemployment is a major problem in South Africa that has the potential to erode the democratic future of this country. In general, the main economic approaches that deal with unemployment are informed by neo-liberal and neo-Marxist perspectives. The problem is that these perspectives are in a dialectical tension with each other and can increase conflict and unemployment. This dialectical tension is reflected in language that can be informed by the reductionist aspects of the ontologies perspectives. The purpose of this study is to inquire whether the deconstruction of Jacques Derrida can provide an alternative perspective for the dialectical tension present between neo-liberal and neo-Marxist approaches that are being used to address the problem of unemployment in the South African context. In this regard, the critique of the language of reductionist ontologies by deconstruction provides a means to move beyond the tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism, because deconstruction uncovers the ambivalence of the language of both perspectives, but without constructing a new synthesis that may result in new reductions of reality. This reduction of reality is evident in the use of “growth momentum”, referred to by Rodrik (2008:3), as a suggestion of a neo-liberal solution to the problem of unemployment. Growth is a reference to natural processes that can become a means to hide the mechanical structure of the economic cycle, which again has the potential to restrict growth through extreme forms of inequality and greed. Neo-Marxist perspectives utilise references to “equality” and “government intervention” to deal with injustice. This can result in extreme forms of control that diminish human dignity. The role of deconstruction for the language of economic theory is illustrated by Jacques Derrida’s use of the word “Gift”. A gift is ambivalent because it contains a tension between self-interest and justice, which Jacques Derrida refers to as “hospitable narcissism”. It will be argued that this ambivalence is present in the language of the economic theory of John Maynard Keynes, which may provide important sustainable economic perspectives for dealing with unemployment in South Africa, thus providing a practical application of hospitable narcissism. In this regard, deconstruction is helpful to develop sensitivity to the language used and the ontologies that inform the language when addressing unemployment. The gift advances human dignity through responsible governance that is critical of 5 uncontrolled self-interest, greed and corruption. This happens through engagement with unemployed people – an act of accountability. In this regard, the study aims at researching the following goals: Firstly, it aims to argue that unemployment in general is perpetuated by the dialectical tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism; secondly, the deconstruction of language provides a critical perspective on reality that opens new perspectives for discussing the possibility of sustainable economic language, with reference to the word “gift”; thirdly, an aspect of “the gift” is present in the economic theory of Keynes that may provide sustainable perspectives for unemployment in the South African context. In order to reach these goals, a praxis methodology is followed in which the practical reality of unemployment and the dialectical tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism in South Africa are the points of departure. The implication is that the economic reality of unemployment and the political tension between neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism form the basis for further philosophical reflection. To do this, a deconstructive approach is followed as a means to explore the ontology of neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism. This is followed by a deconstructive reading of the economic theory that John Maynard Keynes follows in order to provide alternative perspectives for the problem of unemployment in South Africa. The following resources were consulted in the research: Library catalogue of the North-West University, research articles through the database of Ebsco-host, statistics of unemployment from Statistics South Africa, and newspaper articles. This mini-dissertation is presented in the form of an article, in accordance with rule A.7.2.5 of the “General Academic Rules” of the North-West University. The article will be presented for publication in the journal Acta Academica, at a later stage. In this regard, the guidelines for publication of this journal are included in the appendix. The article contains the following subdivisions: 1. Introduction 2. Neo-liberalism and neo-Marxism: Contemporary research of unemployment in South Africa 3. Deconstruction and “the gift” 4. John Maynard Keynes and unemployment 5. “The gift” and unemployment in the South African context 6. Conclusion In the next section, the research article is presented with a bibliography and a summary of the article in English and Afrikaans, in accordance with the prescriptions of Acta Academica. In the final sections of the document some general conclusions, the limitations of the study and recommendations for further research, are presented. This is followed by the appendix with prescriptions for research articles submitted to Acta Academica. / Thesis (MPhil)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.