The deficiency of sub-Saharan Africa urban land use planning regimes has received extensive discussion in the literature. As yet, little is known of the extent and magnitude of the economic impact of these planning regimes on the economic wellbeing of individuals and the society. This situation is further compounded by the lack of simplified and bespoke methodologies for calibrating economic impacts of planning policies even in the developed world where there are relatively huge volumes of organised data. This study aims to prescribe a simplified quantitative methodology, which is subsequently employed to gauge the economic impacts of these regimes. It proceeds on the central argument that planning regimes in the sub-region are weak with low compliance with planning regulations, partly because they do not provide incentives for property owners/developers/land users. The study adopts a cross-sectional survey strategywith questionnaires and administrative data extraction to procure the requisite data from Accra, Ghana to feed the devised methodological framework. The study establishes that Ghana’s urban land use planning regime, in its current form, imposes huge cost on residential property owners compared to its benefits; it creates a disincentive for property owners. A substantial amount of this cost emanates from pipe-borne water, and tarred roads and concrete drain infrastructural facilities. It is further established that the cost of title formalisation requirement constitutes a huge portion of the cost on express requirements under the planning regime. A major portion of this cost results from the cost other than official fees. However, on individual basis the requirement generates marginal net benefit. Incidental costs for the other express requirements, architectural design and building permit are also substantial. In terms of benefits, tarred roads and concrete drains, formalised title, electricity and pipe-borne water, individually, are found to generate the most benefits under the planning regime. The study makes a number of recommendations. These include formulation of planning policies on the basis of providing incentives to property owners/developer/land users, strategies for reduction of infrastructural and amenities costs, as well as incidental cost relating to compliance with the subject planning regime express requirements.

由於經濟快速發展及國際化、自由化的趨勢，導致城鄉發展的重新結構，也面臨愈來愈多非都市土地開發及農地變更的外來壓力及需求。農地除具有保障糧食安全功能外，尚具有保護自然生態環境、維持生態體系平衡、調和整體土地利用等「外部效益」，世界各國包括美國各洲、德國、日本等，均積極致力於農地保育，嚴格管制農地不得任意轉用；反觀我國土地使用管制及變更制度，自1930年土地法立法至1976年訂定非都市土地使用管制規則，農地係採取積極保護政策；然自1980年代起，由於積極發展工商業，致農業在國民經濟中之重要性日見下降，1995年宣佈實施「農地釋出方案」後，是為農地由分區管制之保護方式走向自由化之起步。2000年修正農業發展條例，放寬農地自由買賣，更將農地進一步推向自由化，然農地自由化仍有其限制，且應建立在嚴格的土地使用管制基礎上。 農地管制政策的放寬，讓許多標準農業區優良農田間，充斥著工廠及加油站、廢棄物處理廠等特定目的事業用地，形成環境污染的隱憂；雖為配合工商業及經濟發展所需，得釋出部份農地，然農業用地劃定或變更為非農業使用，仍應以「不影響農業生產環境之完整」為前提，基於「農地保護」觀點，為確保優良農田不受產業變更或經濟發展所帶來的衝擊或破壞，並維持完整之農業生產環境，確保糧食生產及農業之永續經營，對現行農牧用地變更使用問題，及其規範對現有農業生產環境之影響，實有探究之必要。 目前相關研究多就都市計畫農業區或整體農地資源（包括都市計畫內及非都市土地）之變更法制、管理制度面及回饋機制進行探討，惟就非都市土地農牧用地變更審議相關法令規範及各種型態包括不同面積、不同區位之變更審議規定之差異、後續管制方式及其對於農地資源保育、農業生產環境之影響並未有完整的「實證分析」，當前不同型態農牧用地變更規範，是否合理性？是否均能在「不影響農業生產環境」之前提下進行變更？對周邊農業生產環境之影響有何不同？亦未深入探討，本研究藉由桃園縣個案的實證分析、相關課題的探討及對公私部門及專家學者的深入訪談，以探析我國非都市土地農牧用地變更使用制度及農地保護措施；並以國外之農地保護政策為借鏡，進一步提出農牧用地變更使用制度及農地保護措施之建議改善策略，以別於其他研究。 / Due to fast economic development and the trends of globalization and liberalization, urban and rural development has been completely restructured, and there is a growing need for development of non-urban lands and conversion of farmlands. In addition to maintenance of food sufficiency, farmlands also have other “external benefits”, including preservation of the natural ecological environment, maintenance of an ecological balance, and balancing of overall use of lands. Many nations around the world, including the US, Germany, and Japan, have been devoted to preservation of farmlands through strict control of conversion of farmlands. In an overview of the domestic regulations on land use control and conversion, it can be found that since legislation of the Land Act in 1930 and Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control in 1976, our government had been engaged in protection of farmlands. After 1980, the importance of agriculture for the national economy gradually decreased due to promotion of industrial and commercial industries. In 1995, the “Farmland Release Policy” was implemented, ushering in liberalization of farmlands. In 2000, the Agricultural Development Act was amended to lift the ban on free trading of farmlands. The amendment of this act further liberalized the use of farmlands. However, liberalization of farmlands was bound to certain limitation and should be based on strict control of land use. The relaxation of the farmland control policy has made many standard agricultural zones filled with lands used for specific businesses, such as factories, gas stations, and waste processing plants, and caused public worries over environmental pollution. Although release of a portion of farmlands is necessary for commercial and economic development, planning of farmlands or conversion of farmlands for non-agricultural use should be carried out on the condition that “completeness of the agricultural production environment is unaffected”. Based on “farmland protection”, the impact or harm of agricultural changes and economic development on farmlands should be avoided, and the completeness of the agricultural production environment should be maintained, so as to ensure sustainable development of food production and agriculture. Therefore, investigation of issues concerning conversion of farming and grazing lands and regulations governing the impact of such conversion on the agricultural production environment is indeed necessary. In the present, most studies of related issues are focused on regulations on conversion, management, and feedback mechanisms of agricultural zones in urban plan or holistic farmland resources (including non-urban lands in urban plans). However, there is no comprehensive “empirical analysis” of regulations on review of conversion of non-urban farming and grazing lands, difference in regulations for various types of lands (including lands of different sizes and in different regions), subsequent control mechanisms, and the impact of the conversion on preservation of farmland resources or the agricultural production environment. Besides, issues such as whether the regulations on conversion of different types of farming and grazing lands is feasible, whether these lands can be converted on the condition that “the agricultural production environment is unaffected”, and whether conversion of these types of lands causes different effects on their surrounding agricultural production environments, have not been thoroughly investigated so far. Therefore, through an empirical analysis of cases in Taoyuan County, investigation of related issues, and interview with experts and public/private departments, this study aimed to explore the domestic regulations on conversion of use of non-urban farming and grazing lands and protective measures for farmlands. Further, based on farmland protection policies adopted in foreign nations, this study further proposed strategies for improving the current system and protective measures to distinguish itself from other existing studies.

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dacanal_Cristiane_D.pdf: 11178954 bytes, checksum: 264b1339c0c91df1787d0fd078e67c29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O processo de urbanização é causador de grandes impactos ambientais, dentre eles a extinção da vegetação nativa. Pouco se sabe sobre o efeito de fragmentos florestais no clima local urbano, apesar de haver um consenso em relação aos benefícios da vegetação na modificação do microclima e na melhoria dos níveis de conforto térmico humano. Este estudo tem como objetivos caracterizar o microclima de fragmentos florestais, remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, na cidade de Campinas-SP; quantificar a magnitude e a extensão do efeito de fragmentos florestais urbanos no clima do entorno edificado; e encontrar um percentual mínimo de área de fragmento florestal em relação à área total urbanizada que seja suficiente para modificar o clima local urbano. Para tanto, foram realizados monitoramentos fixos e móveis de variáveis climáticas na microescala e na escala local urbana. Os fragmentos florestais foram caracterizados por meio da abertura do dossel florestal, da área e com base em inventários. A paisagem urbana foi descrita a partir da classificação do uso do solo, sendo possível distinguir as zonas climáticas urbanas e o padrão da fronteira. Os resultados mostram que a estabilidade térmica aumenta com a área dos fragmentos florestais. Ocorrem diferenças térmicas e de umidade do ar no perfil vertical e horizontal das florestas, que são influenciadas pelo ambiente construído. Por outro lado, foi possível constatar que o efeito das florestas sobre a o clima local urbano aumenta com o percentual de área de floresta sobre o total urbanizado (A.V. / A.U.). Sugere-se uma porcentagem mínima de 20% de A.V. / A.U. No tecido urbano, recomenda-se a distribuição homogênea de fragmentos florestais, com formato regular, em uma distância de aproximadamente o dobro da largura média dos fragmentos / Abstract: The urbanization process causes major environmental impacts, among them the native vegetation extinction. Little is known about the effects of forest fragments in an urban environment, although there is a consensus regarding the benefits of vegetation in modifying the microclimate and improving the human thermal comfort. This study aims to characterize the microclimate of the forest fragments, remnants of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, in the city of Campinas; to quantify the magnitude and extent of the effect of urban forest fragments in the climate of the surrounding buildings; and to find a minimum percentage of forest fragmentation area in relation to the total urbanized area which is sufficient to modify the local urban climate. Thus, observations of climate variables in both micro and local scales were made. The forest fragments were characterized by measurements of forest canopy openness, area and inventories. The urban landscape was described based on land use classification, being possible to distinguish the climatic urban zones and the frontier pattern. The results show that thermal stability increases with the area of forest fragments. There were differences of thermal and air humidity in the vertical and horizontal profile of forests, which are influenced by the built environment. On the other hand, it was possible to conclude that the effect of forests on the local urban climate increases along with the percentage of forest area over the total urbanized area (A.V. / A.U.). It was suggested a minimum percentage of 20% of A.V./A.U. It was recommended a homogenous distribution of forest fragments through the city, in a distance about a double of the medium fragments width / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Urban water use arises from a mix of scale-dependent biophysical and socioeconomic factors. In Portland, Oregon, single-family residential water use exhibits a tightly coupled relationship with summertime weather, although this relationship varies with land use patterns across households and neighborhoods. This thesis developed a multilevel regression model to evaluate the relative importance of weather variability, parcel land use characteristics, and neighborhood geographic context in explaining single-family residential water demand patterns in the Portland metropolitan area. The model drew on a high-resolution panel dataset of weekly mean summer water use over five years (2001-2005) for a sample of 460 single-family households spanning an urban-to-suburban gradient. Water use was found to be most elastic with respect to parcel-scale building size. Building age was negatively related to water use at both the parcel and neighborhood scale. Half the variation in water use can be attributed to between-household factors. Between-neighborhood variation exerted a modest but statistically significant effect. The analysis decomposed household temperature sensitivity into four components: a fixed effect common to all households, a household-specific deviation from the fixed effect, a separate extreme heat effect, and a land use effect, where lot size exaggerated the effect of temperature on water use. Results suggested that land use planning may be an effective non-price mechanism for long-range management of peak demand, as land use decisions have water use implications. The combined effects of population growth, urbanization, and climate change expose water providers to risk of water stress. Modeling fine-grain relationships among heat, land use, and water use across scales plays a role in long-range climate change planning and adaptation.

This dissertation tests the proposition that the spatial structure of street networks affects the distribution of urban land use. Specifically, it examines patterns of commercial land use utilizing parcel based data on retail and service businesses location. While previous studies report a correlation between spatial structure and patterns of commercial land use, these studies do not typically control for the effect of key variables likely to contribute to the spatial distribution of retail and service establishments. In order to redress this balance, and using the City of Buenos Aires as a case study, this dissertation studies the correlation between commercial land use frontage and street connectivity measures, while controlling for street widths, density of population and employment, interstore externalities, zoning regulations, and distance to transit stations. Buenos Aires is chosen for its regular plan radiating from a well-defined CBD, a plan which would be expected to conform to standard urban attraction models of retail location. Results of multiple regression models indicate that, after controlling for these variables, measures of street connectivity account for key aspects of the distribution of retail, including linear distributions along major radial and peripheral streets at a distance from the CBD. Thus, the dissertation supports the thesis that "urban attraction" should not be conceptualized in terms of distances from a unique central location, or a number of central locations, but rather in terms of a model of distributed centrality governed by the structure of street networks.

Global warming and climate change is believed to increase the hydro-meteorological natural disasters. Floods, the most widespread of natural hazards, are expected to occur more frequently and severely in the near future. This means that urban areas of Turkey are likely to be under intensive threat of floods, the adverse impacts of which are already considered only next to that of earthquakes. The recent disaster policy of United Nations together with contemporary interpretations of risk society shifted to capacity building and risk management prior to hazards, rather than preparations for relief after disasters. This historical turn in policy demands a more comprehensive and integrated form of planning for the mitigation of risks in the riverain cities of Turkey than existing approaches. Turkey&amp / #8217 / s current flood protection structure seems to be based on the surveys and assessments of a central authority and on its limited powers of intervention. The local municipal administrations are under different interests and pressures for development and land-use. It seems essential to integrate flood risk mitigation efforts with the local planning system and to involve municipalities in their estimations of risks and its declaration on official duty, as contemporary international approaches indicate. This conviction is based on a sample survey of four cases of riverine cities in Turkey, and on a review of current approaches in a sample of international cases. Findings on four riverain case cities indicate that river floods turn into destructive disasters mainly due to tolerant land-use decisions. Inaccurate and discrete implementations and developments in and through the river basins are a second source of flood losses. Currently, neither urban development plans nor available flood plans are equipped with necessary measures to mitigate risks. Findings indicate that current vulnerabilities are greater in value than investments made to curb flood risks. Independent and discrete efforts of mitigation seem to generate illusory feelings of safety, which aggravates vulnerabilities. The compulsory declaration of flood vulnerabilities by municipalities themselves in their entitlement for special subsidies could raise the general level of awareness, could curb further vulnerabilities, and contribute to the articulation of planning methods in the more effective mitigation control.

This doctoral thesis analyses the role of historical urban agriculture in a long-time perspective, through a combination of overarching surveys of Swedish towns and detailed studies of one town – Uppsala in east-central Sweden. The study shows how agricultural land – town land – of various sizes was donated to towns repeatedly during medieval times and in the 16th and 17th centuries. The study examines urban food production at three points in time, and concludes that grain production and, later, potato production as well was substantial in many towns, indicating high levels of urban self-sufficiency. This allows new perspectives concerning the interpretation of urban food provision, as urban dependency on countryside food production might have varied considerably between towns. In addition, the study shows how urban agriculture was connected to social welfare systems, in particular aiming at supporting urban widows. The results in this thesis provide an historical context to the increasing discussions about present-day urban agriculture globally, and identify a number of factors that may create or counteract opportunities for urban agriculture.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 98-103).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5561.pdf: 4325885 bytes, checksum: 17098e745fb832216ed81c3a3af560d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-15 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The present work consisted in the application of a method for environmental sustainability analysis for land use and soil occupation of Ilha Comprida city, located in the southern state of São Paulo, the estuarine-lagoon complex Iguape-Cananéia- Paranaguá, region of Vale do Ribeira de Iguape. Land use and soil occupation of Ilha Comprida and the concept of sustainability as a theoretical, technical and empirical supporting body were studied. This work used a methodology based on a Method developed by a Study Group from UFSCar (Federal University of São Carlos) called Strategic Planning and Sustainable Urban Environment (PESMU), which incorporates the sustainability issue in the analysis and evaluation of urban context projects. Therefore, the methodology makes use of flow charts, interaction matrices, characterization sheets, used together, directing the analysis of environmental sustainability in the city, pointing favorable, neutral or unfavorable trends to environmental sustainability. Practical applications of the method in different areas of the city were carried out, showing the land use and soil occupation as the action variable (street construction layout, plot, deployment of building plots, urban uses and buildings geometries) and environmental issues as control variables. Comprising an easy applicability methodology, it proved to be feasible, and can be added other possible information and more complex analysis tools to enable the expansion of its applicability. / O presente trabalho se constituiu na aplicação de um método para análise da sustentabilidade ambiental do uso e ocupação do solo do Município de Ilha Comprida, localizado no extremo sul do estado de São Paulo, no Complexo estuarino-lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá, região do Vale do Ribeira de Iguape. Para tanto foram estudados: o uso e ocupação do solo do município de Ilha Comprida e o conceito de sustentabilidade como corpo de sustentação teórico, técnico e empírico. No presente trabalho, é feita a utilização de uma metodologia baseada em um Método desenvolvido pelo Grupo de estudos em Planejamento Estratégico e Sustentável do Meio Urbano (PESMU) da UFSCar, o qual incorpora a questão da sustentabilidade na análise e avaliação de projetos no contexto urbano. Assim, a metodologia faz uso de fluxogramas, matrizes de interações, fichas de caracterizações, utilizadas conjuntamente, direcionando a análise da sustentabilidade ambiental do Município, apontando tendências favoráveis, desfavoráveis ou neutras à sustentabilidade ambiental. Foram realizadas aplicações práticas do método em diferentes áreas do município, evidenciando o uso e ocupação do solo como a variável de ação (arruamento, lote, implantação de loteamentos, usos urbanos e geometrias das edificações) e os aspectos ambientais como as variáveis de controle. Compreendendo uma metodologia de fácil aplicabilidade, mostrou-se viável, podendo ser introduzidas eventuais informações e instrumentos mais complexos de análises que possibilitem a ampliação da sua aplicabilidade.

Orientador: Evandro Ziggiatti Monteiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freire_RodrigoArgenton_M.pdf: 29226603 bytes, checksum: ac62b4b0b434410de07161e36ee4d9be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O processo de desenvolvimento urbano compacto é associado à sustentabilidade e tem como aspectos principais o uso eficiente do solo e a vitalidade urbana em diferentes períodos do dia. Essas características relacionam-se a duas dimensões: densidade e diversidade. No entanto, existe uma tendência de dispersão e fragmentação do tecido urbano evidenciada nas cidades latino-americanas. Essa evidência é, no entanto, geral, e portanto deve-se compreender como os diferentes níveis de compacidade existem no território e como se traduzem em termos de forma urbana. Parte-se do pressuposto que diferentes áreas apresentam diferentes níveis de densidade e formas de ocupação do solo. O objetivo da pesquisa é relacionar as dimensões de compacidade e forma urbana de três municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Campinas (Hortolândia, Valinhos e Campinas). A pesquisa, de caráter exploratório, é estruturada por meio do estudo de caso dos três municípios. A caracterização é realizada por meio da identificação dos níveis de densidade e diversidade dos setores censitários, utilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), e consequente agrupamento desses para composição de recortes espaciais. Em seguida, é proposta a leitura morfológica de cada recorte buscando-se associar os níveis de densidade e diversidade com os aspectos morfológicos. Os resultados encontrados permitem identificar que não existe uma relação direta entre os níveis de densidade e diversidade, mas permitem o estabelecimento de relações entre ambas as dimensões e os aspectos morfológicos, sendo que a forma urbana acaba por representar alto grau significância na caracterização dos níveis de compacidade e impacta, diretamente, na sustentabilidade urbana / Abstract: Compact urban development is constantly associated to sustainability and has as main characteristics, land use efficiency and urban vitality in different periods of the day. Both aspects are related to two dimensions: density and diversity. Meanwhile, there is a tendency for urban dispersion and fragmentation that can be noticed on Latin American cities. This evidence is, indeed general. It is necessary that the different levels of compactness are understood in an intra-urban context, i.e., how they are distributed within a metropolitan region and what it means in morphological terms. We depart from the assumption that different areas will present different aspects of density and diversity. Therefore, the aim to the research is to relate both compactness dimensions: density and diversity, the urban form from three cities of Campinas Metropolitan Region (RMC) ¿ Brazil, (Hortolândia, Valinhos e Campinas). The characterization is realized by identifying the levels of density in the census tract used by the Brazilian census bureau (IBGE), and consequently grouping of those areas in order to determine spatial areas of analysis. Afterwards, these intraurban areas are read in terms of its morphological aspects. The results show that there is not direct relation between the levels of density and diversity within the cities. However, urban form seems to be closely related to both dimensions, as they present specific characteristics depending on the level of compactness. In addition to that, both dimensions are closely related to urban sustainability / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestre em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade