This thesis explores the ways in which the concept of &ldquo / city junction&rdquo / has been considered as an element of the urban image within the network of circulation. The aim of this study is to make an historical analysis of urban transformation in In&ouml / n&uuml / Square at Ankara, instigated by the respect to recent traffic problem-centered nodal interventions in the area. Akay Junction, which is thought as 1930&rsquo / s representative space also having historical power as well as being a node where two significant axis intersect, is studied in its social, cultural and political context, through written and visual historical sources, with its relevant physical spatial components and relations to space and its nearby environment. Presenting the interactions within the historical process and considering the traffic based physical transformation, the role of the concept of city junction in the formation of urban public space in terms of architecture is questioned. Based on the material research the thesis presents the existing and the possible alternative models together with a proposal, regarding the further possible transformations especially with the extension planned for the underground rail transport to the area. The alternatives indicate the qualitatively different results that will be got with respect to providing a viable urban public space as such a node.

Diferentemente dos estudos tradicionais sobre as festas realizados pela História Social, pela Sociologia ou pela Antropologia, a presente tese tem como objeto de estudo as festas públicas no espaço urbano de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo espacializado e discutido em função dos impactos dessas práticas na cidade na longa duração, pois somente assim são perceptíveis as rupturas e continuidades. Nossa baliza cronológica inicial é o ano de 1711, marco de São Paulo enquanto cidade e momento em que a urbe apresenta uma vida urbana mais intensa, com um degradé social mais acentuado. Analisamos as festas públicas de realização e de frequência obrigatórias, espacializando seus espaços em meio à paisagem urbana e social. Procuramos compreender seu significado e função para os diversos grupos, entrevendo as práticas através das representações, e conflitos nas entrelinhas das normas e obrigações. Interpretamos o Império como período de transição na direção de um crescente processo de laicização nos usos dos espaços urbanos públicos e momento em que as festas deixaram de ser de realização obrigatória, isentando os moradores dos seus encargos de outrora. Procuramos mostrar como os Códigos de Posturas passaram a encarar as festas, levando em alguns casos à perda de suas funções simbólicas intrínsecas e de seu espaço na paisagem urbana. Nossa principal contribuição reside no exame mais detalhado do período republicano, quando o Brasil é decretado território laico, tendo a Igreja oficialmente se separado do Estado, mas mantendo-se a união em situações estratégicas e ideologicamente oportunas para a construção e fortalecimento do ideário e poder do novo regime em curso. Buscamos então compreender o espaço das festas e seus significados em meio às transformações materiais e sociais por que passava a cidade, especialmente no seu perímetro central. Entrevimos um descompasso entre a dimensão do espaço material em transformação e as festas. A área central da cidade transformou-se brutalmente em volumetria, mas se manteve muito semelhante em planimetria, tornando-se pequena e dominada por outros usos menos interessados nas grandes festas públicas, expulsando, recolhendo ou encolhendo algumas delas, ofuscando outras. Nossa baliza cronológica final é o ano de 1935, marco da ruptura na forma como as festas vinham sendo tratadas, deixando de ser controladas por seus impactos urbanísticos e passando a ser encaradas pela municipalidade mais como recreação do que propriamente como um problema relacionado com a própria feitura da cidade. Assim, a partir da análise de fontes primárias civis e eclesiásticas como Atas, Correspondências, Pedidos de Alvarás e Licenças, Livros de Tombo da Igreja e outras fontes oficiais comprometidas com o interesse de quem estava no poder, procuramos compreender o espaço da festa na paisagem urbana da cidade de São Paulo. O caso paulistano é um entre tantos outros e o estudo dos pormenores do processo, com seus ritmos por vezes contraditórios, com sua cadência ao sabor dos interesses, e seus descompassos inevitáveis, permitiu entrever o jogo das práticas em meio às representações, longe de ser um processo linear e tampouco rápido e sem conflitos. / Unlike traditional studies about parties conducted by Social History, Sociology or Anthropology, this thesis has as object of study the public parties in the urban area of São Paulo. This is a spatialized study and discussed in light of the impacts of these practices in the city in the long duration, because only in this manner the ruptures and continuities are perceptive. Our initial chronological line is the year 1711, mark of Sao Paulo as town and moment when the metropolis presents a more intense urban life, with a more pronounced social gradient. We analyzed the public parties of mandatory frequency and realization, spatializing their spaces amid the urban and social landscape. We tried to understand their meaning and function for the different groups, glimpsing practices through representations, and conflicts between the lines of the rules and obligations. We interpreted the Empire as the transitional period toward a growing secularization process in the uses of public urban spaces and moment when the parties ceased to be of compulsory realization, exempting residentes from their burden of yore. We tried to show how the Codes of Postures began to face up to the parties, leading in some cases to the loss of their intrinsic symbolic functions and of their space in the urban landscape. Our main contribution lies in the closer examination of the Republican period, when Brazil is declared secular territory, having the Church officially separated itself from the State, but keeping the union at strategic situations and ideologically appropriated to the building and strengthening of ideology and power of the new regime underway. Then, we tried to understand the space of parties and their meanings mid material and social transformations that the city passed by, especially in its central perimeter. We glimpsed a mismatch between the dimension of the material space in transformation and the parties. The downtown area was brutally transformed in volumetry, but it remained very similar in planimetry, becoming small and dominated by some other uses less interested in the major public parties, expelling, retiring or shrinking some of them, overshadowing others. Our final chronological line is the year 1935, mark of the rupture in the way as parties were being treated, ceasing to be controlled by their urban impacts and starting to be faced up by municipality more as recreation than as a problem associated to the own mode of making of the city. Then, from the analysis of ecclesiastical and civil primary sources such as Minutes, Correspondences, Requests of charters and licenses, \"Livros de Tombo\" of the Church and other official sources committed to the interests of whose were in power, we tried to understand the space of the party in the urban landscape of São Paulo city. The case of São Paulo city is one among many others, and the study of the details of the process, with its rhythms sometimes contradictory, with its cadence according to the interests, and with its inevitable mismatches, allowed a glimpse the practices game amid representations, far from being a linear process neither fast and nor without conflicts.

No description available.

Abstract Black women are disproportionately affected by adverse health conditions, such as obesity and heart disease. For example, more black women currently die from complications associated with diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure than any other ethnic group in the United States (Gourdine 2011). There are however, increasing numbers of everyday black women who defy these statistics and are positive role models for all women. One such group of women is the New Orleans chapter of Sistas On The Move (SOTM), an all-female running group that emphasizes the importance of black women’s health and builds community around physical activity. Through field interviews and participant observation, I examine the following questions: What motivates these women to run, walk and lead healthy lifestyles in New Orleans? How do SOTM members claim and utilize space in New Orleans for their physical health and social activities?

Partant d'une considération sur le paysage configuré au quotidien par les pratiques individuelles et collectives qu'il accueille et qui lui donnent forme, ce travail de thèse en architecture s'intéresse à la transformation ordinaire des lieux et interroge les manières dont nous pouvons l'appréhender pour penser leur devenir. Comment prendre en compte la dynamique de l'ambiance pour penser la conception d'un lieu ? Cette recherche interroge dans ce sens la portée du film (comme médium, comme pratique et dans sa réception) dans ce qu'il permet de comprendre de la transformation ordinaire des lieux. Il s'agit ainsi de questionner les potentialités des images audiovisuelles quant à la perception, la représentation et la conception partagée d'espaces publics urbains. En quoi et comment le film peut-il permettre de saisir les états et transitions des relations entre espace et corps percevants autant que pratiquants ? Pour cela, un protocole méthodologique croisé, à l'écoute d'une hétérogénéité des usages du film dans la compréhension et la constitution du fait urbain, a donné lieu à la construction et à l'analyse de quatre corpus de travail : 1. Recueil et sélection de films existants ; 2. Observation et suivi d'une mission vidéo dans un cadre opérationnel ; 3. Réalisation d'un film de commande ; 4. Expérimentation pédagogique auprès d'étudiants en architecture. Ces quatre corpus considèrent à plusieurs égards la problématique de la fabrication de films : statut et enjeu du recours au film, engagement dans le terrain (dans l'espace, le temps et la relation à l'Autre) par la pratique filmique, postures filmiques et rapports au monde. Notre recherche soulève, dans un second temps, la question de la réception filmique. C'est ainsi à partir d'une expérience d'audio-vision collective que le film devient le support d'un dialogue entre différents interlocuteurs conviés à mettre en partage et en débat leurs expériences. La pluralité des registres mis au travail au cours de la réception des films et de leur discussion (à savoir le sensible, le perceptif, l'interprétatif, le critique et le créatif) devient le support à l'élaboration d'un commun. De ces considérations sur la portée du film émerge en toile de fond l'importance du sensible et de l'improvisation collective dans l'appréhension et la conception de l'espace public urbain. / Starting from a consideration of the landscape, as it is configured daily by individual and collective practices which are supported by the landscape and from which the landscape is being shaped, this PhD thesis in architecture focuses on the ordinary transformation of places and questions the ways through which we can understand it in order to think out the becoming of these places. How can we take into account the dynamic of the ambiance in order to think about the design of a place? In that perspective, this research questions the scope of film (as a medium, as a practice and in its reception): what does filming allow us to understand of the ordinary transformation of places? This work investigates the potential of audiovisual images in terms of perception, representation and shared designing of urban public spaces. How can film facilitate the understanding of the states and transitions of the relationship between space and bodies – considering that bodies perceive and act at the same time? In order to study that question, a specific methodological protocol, open to heterogeneous uses of film for the understanding and the designing of cities, was worked out. It led us to the analysis of four frameworks: 1. Collecting and selecting existing films; 2. Observing a video project within the context of an urban study; 3. Filmmaking; 4. Experimenting film practice with architecture students. These four frameworks address the question of filmmaking in different ways: status and stakes of the use of film, involvement in fieldwork through film practice (involvement in space, in time and in relation with others), film postures and relations to the world. Secondly, our research raises the question of film reception. It is, then, from a collective experience of reception that film becomes the base of a dialogue between people who are invited to share and debate about their own experiences. The plurality of registers coming from the film reception and its discussion (what is sensible, perceptive, interpretive, critical and creative) becomes the base to work out a common design. From these considerations of the scope of film, it appears in the background that the sensible register and collective improvisations are of paramount importance in the understanding and designing of urban public spaces.

The diploma thesis was developed as an architectural study. The subject of the proposal is a new synagogue for Jewish community of Brno, which is designed in the plot where the original The Great Synagogue was located. The object of the synagogue is supplemented by a museum and a community centre and all buildings together create a comprehensive complex of buildings. A new urban public space is created among these objects. By this is the Jewish centre integrated into the structure of the city. The base of architectural and constructional design is simplicity and functionality, but the proposal also respects Jewish traditions and typology.

This thesis was prepared as an architectural study. The subject proposal is solved newly built synagogue for the Jewish Community of Brno. The plot is on the site of the Great Synagogue, which was burned by the Nazis in 1939. Synagogue building a new building is completed administration of the Jewish community, museums and kosher restaurant. Together form a single unit construction that combines residential garden - a private space. Public space is in front of the museum building, allowing connection of urban green space with stray and outdoor areas. By separating the public and private zones is achieved the desired closed environment for the Jewish community.

Various researches across the world have established that graffiti writing is a universal social practice. The actual occurrence or manifestation of graffiti is however far from being universal cross-culturally. It varies based on a wide array of social variables. This research therefore set out to interrogate the occurrence of graffiti writing as a unique social practice in Zimbabwean urban areas. Three Zimbabwean urban areas (Harare, Chitungwiza and Gweru) were specifically sampled for the collection of graffiti inscriptions on various surfaces which included toilet walls, durawalls as well as road signs. Graffiti data collected from the various surfaces was complemented by reader feedback contributions from The Herald and Newsday. Focus group discussions provided a third tier of data aimed at establishing participants’ multiple reactions towards the practice of graffiti. Analysis of data was done based on three significant sections of participants’ attitudes towards graffiti, urban street protest graffiti as well as educational graffiti collected from various toilet surfaces in urban areas. Participants’ attitudes towards graffiti revealed varied reactions towards the practice of graffiti. The reactions were partly influenced by the participants’ ages as well as levels of education and maturity. Age and maturity proved to be predictors of the extent to which participants were willing to be pragmatic in so far as the appreciation of graffiti writing is concerned. Older and more experienced and mature participants were thus willing to look past the ‘deviant’ nature of graffiti writing to consider the various pressures that force writers to take to the wall. Urban street protest graffiti is a term coined in this research to capture the unique type of graffiti that is written on various surfaces along streets in urban areas. This highly textual graffiti is drastically different from the post-graffiti commonly found in Western urban cities and is aptly referred to as street art. Urban street protest mainly manifested itself in Zimbabwean urban areas in two main themes of protest inscriptions directed towards the operations of Zimbabwe’s electrical energy supplier (commonly referred to by its former name of the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority - ZESA) as well as through political inscriptions. Political inscriptions expose a high degree of nuances that have not been hitherto discussed in literature on political graffiti inscriptions. The research analysed how graffiti writing can be employed for both pro-hegemonic and anti-hegemonic purposes. Inscriptions in high schools and tertiary institutions highlighted a differential construction of discourse on a gendered basis. Inscriptions in female toilets indicated a tendency of graffiti writers to perpetuate dominant educational, health, traditional and religious discourses which assert male dominance. The inscriptions show a major preoccupation with restricting or policing of female sexuality by fellow students mainly through the discursive usages of social corrective Shona labels such as hure (prostitute) and gaba ([big] tin). These are labels that are virtually absent in graffiti inscriptions in male toilets which is suggestive of a situation whereby female inscriptions are conservative. A consequence of such conservatism in inscriptions in female toilets is that no new sexualities are reconstructed and negotiated through discourses in discursive spaces provided by the inherently private nature of toilets in general. Thus, cultural and religious normative expectations are regarded as still weighing heavily on female high school writers in the construction and negotiation of sexuality and gendered behaviours, attitudes, norms and values through discourses constructed through graffiti. In contrast, male inscriptions highlight a major subversion of dominant discourses on abstinence and responsible sexual behaviours and attitudes. Corrective social labels such as ngochani (gay person) are mainly employed to pressure males into indulging and engaging in heterosexual behaviours. Discourses constructed through graffiti inscriptions in male toilets also demonstrate how sexuality is constructed through debate on the appropriateness of marginalised sexualities such as masturbation and homosexuality. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Various researches across the world have established that graffiti writing is a universal social practice. The actual occurrence or manifestation of graffiti is however far from being universal cross-culturally. It varies based on a wide array of social variables. This research therefore set out to interrogate the occurrence of graffiti writing as a unique social practice in Zimbabwean urban areas. Three Zimbabwean urban areas (Harare, Chitungwiza and Gweru) were specifically sampled for the collection of graffiti inscriptions on various surfaces which included toilet walls, durawalls as well as road signs. Graffiti data collected from the various surfaces was complemented by reader feedback contributions from The Herald and Newsday. Focus group discussions provided a third tier of data aimed at establishing participants’ multiple reactions towards the practice of graffiti. Analysis of data was done based on three significant sections of participants’ attitudes towards graffiti, urban street protest graffiti as well as educational graffiti collected from various toilet surfaces in urban areas. Participants’ attitudes towards graffiti revealed varied reactions towards the practice of graffiti. The reactions were partly influenced by the participants’ ages as well as levels of education and maturity. Age and maturity proved to be predictors of the extent to which participants were willing to be pragmatic in so far as the appreciation of graffiti writing is concerned. Older and more experienced and mature participants were thus willing to look past the ‘deviant’ nature of graffiti writing to consider the various pressures that force writers to take to the wall. Urban street protest graffiti is a term coined in this research to capture the unique type of graffiti that is written on various surfaces along streets in urban areas. This highly textual graffiti is drastically different from the post-graffiti commonly found in Western urban cities and is aptly referred to as street art. Urban street protest mainly manifested itself in Zimbabwean urban areas in two main themes of protest inscriptions directed towards the operations of Zimbabwe’s electrical energy supplier (commonly referred to by its former name of the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority - ZESA) as well as through political inscriptions. Political inscriptions expose a high degree of nuances that have not been hitherto discussed in literature on political graffiti inscriptions. The research analysed how graffiti writing can be employed for both pro-hegemonic and anti-hegemonic purposes. Inscriptions in high schools and tertiary institutions highlighted a differential construction of discourse on a gendered basis. Inscriptions in female toilets indicated a tendency of graffiti writers to perpetuate dominant educational, health, traditional and religious discourses which assert male dominance. The inscriptions show a major preoccupation with restricting or policing of female sexuality by fellow students mainly through the discursive usages of social corrective Shona labels such as hure (prostitute) and gaba ([big] tin). These are labels that are virtually absent in graffiti inscriptions in male toilets which is suggestive of a situation whereby female inscriptions are conservative. A consequence of such conservatism in inscriptions in female toilets is that no new sexualities are reconstructed and negotiated through discourses in discursive spaces provided by the inherently private nature of toilets in general. Thus, cultural and religious normative expectations are regarded as still weighing heavily on female high school writers in the construction and negotiation of sexuality and gendered behaviours, attitudes, norms and values through discourses constructed through graffiti. In contrast, male inscriptions highlight a major subversion of dominant discourses on abstinence and responsible sexual behaviours and attitudes. Corrective social labels such as ngochani (gay person) are mainly employed to pressure males into indulging and engaging in heterosexual behaviours. Discourses constructed through graffiti inscriptions in male toilets also demonstrate how sexuality is constructed through debate on the appropriateness of marginalised sexualities such as masturbation and homosexuality. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

[pt] MultipliCidades Cariocas: termo que sintetiza e evidencia a vasta e diversificada paisagem urbana, cultural e social da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O espírito carioca promove a ideia de integração e convivência, onde a mistura é vista como uma fonte de vitalidade e riqueza para a cidade. Essa essência, que abraça e celebra suas Múltiplas Cidades, torna o Rio uma Lugar verdadeiramente único e cativante. O trabalho teve como tema central o impacto dos Espaços Públicos Urbanos de Convívio – EPUCs do Rio no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida dos cidadãos com a proposta de incentivar o entendimento sobre sua importância. Foi abordada a necessidade de considerarmos o Espaço Urbano também como um território de intervenção do Design, bem como a relevância de revisitarmos projetos periodicamente. O embasamento teórico se aprofundou na forma como os agentes envolvidos em projetos urbanos concebem a cidade para além do ato de projetar, identificando lacunas entre teoria e prática. A contribuição do Design Participativo nesse processo foi apresentada, enfatizando a importância da transdisciplinaridade para compreendermos sistemas complexos como cidades e sociedades. O trabalho abordou a dificuldade na concepção e implementação desses espaços, destacando a importância do envolvimento da comunidade desde as fases iniciais do processo de projetos. O desenvolvimento e a avaliação de estratégias eficazes para a implementação de metodologias participativas nas fases iniciais de projetos, visando a criação de soluções que reflitam de maneira autêntica as demandas das comunidades locais, foi o ponto principal de investigação. Mas como viabilizar a participação popular efetiva nas decisões relacionadas aos EPUCs? As metodologias de pesquisa participativas referentes à Ergonomia no Ambiente Construído – EAC são ferramentas com grande potencial para orientar positivamente as fases iniciais de diagnóstico de projetos, com foco no cidadão e sustentáveis, ou seja, que se sustentem a longo prazo. A partir de uma metodologia mista, foram realizadas Oficinas de Cocriação com dois grupos distintos. As oficinas com usuários tiveram como ferramenta de análise principal o Diagrama do Lugar, enquanto as oficinas com especialistas os Cartões de Previsão. Estas ferramentas foram selecionadas, adaptadas e aplicadas com a intenção de promover a colaboração e inovação na busca por soluções eficazes. Essa abordagem colaborativa visou promover a troca de ideias entre diferentes perspectivas, enriquecendo a qualidade dos dados coletados e proporcionando uma compreensão mais holística das questões urbanas em estudo. A pesquisa conseguiu atingir seu objetivo demonstrando que através de dinâmicas cocriativas e de metodologias participativas em contextos de pequena escala, podemos engajar a comunidade e obter dados que contribuam na compreensão dos desafios existentes e que orientem antigos e novos projetos locais. Os dados coletados foram comparados e analisados para identificar padrões e novas ideias que pudessem validar a hipótese da pesquisa de que se aplicarmos metodologias participativas em comunidades locais, poderemos articular saberes que contribuam para as fases de diagnóstico urbano e orientar ações de projeto mais eficazes. Os resultados também ratificaram o problema de pesquisa quanto ao desafio em implementar metodologias participativas nas fases preliminares de projetos de EPUCs que viabilizem soluções pautadas nos desejos e demandas de suas comunidades locais. O trabalho ofereceu uma contribuição metodológica importante, destacando as vantagens da combinação de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos para compreender ambientes complexos. Além disso, sugeriu formas de aprimorar a metodologia, como a integração de especialistas e usuários em atividades colaborativas. Reconhece-se que as cidades são compostas por uma variedade de perfis socioeconômicos, culturais e geográficos, e que é necessário adotar uma abordagem flexível e adaptável para atender às necessidades de todos os cidadãos. Acredito que espaços públicos devem ser inclusivos, acessíveis e capazes de refletir e atender às necessidades variadas de uma população diversificada. Percebo a Cidade do Rio de Janeiro como um organismo vivo em constante evolução, composto por Múltiplas Cidades que se conectam e formam essa Cidade Múltipla, vibrante e inspiradora. / [en] Cariocas MultipliCities: a term that synthesizes and highlights the vast and diversified urban, cultural, and social landscape of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The Carioca spirit promotes the idea of integration and coexistence, where mixing is seen as a source of vitality and richness for the city. This essence, which embraces and celebrates its Multiple Cities, makes Rio a truly unique and captivating place. The central theme of the work was the impact of Rio s Urban Public Spaces of Coexistence – UPSCs on citizens well-being and quality of life, with the proposal to encourage understanding of their importance. The need to consider Urban Space as a territory for Design intervention was addressed, as well as the relevance of periodically revisiting projects. The theoretical framework delved into how the agents involved in urban projects conceive the city beyond the act of designing, identifying gaps between theory and practice. The contribution of Participatory Design in this process was presented, emphasizing the importance of transdisciplinarity in understanding complex systems such as cities and societies. The work addressed the difficulty in conceiving and implementing these spaces, highlighting the importance of community involvement from the initial stages of the design process. The development and evaluation of effective strategies for the implementation of participatory methodologies in the initial stages of projects, aiming at creating solutions that authentically reflect the demands of local communities, was the main point of investigation. But how to enable effective popular participation in decisions related to UPSCs? Participatory research methodologies related to Ergonomics in the Built Environment – EAC are tools with great potential to positively guide the initial diagnosis phases of projects, focusing on citizen and sustainable perspectives, that is, solutions that are sustainable in the long term. Through a mixed methodology, Co-creation Workshops were conducted with two distinct groups. The workshops with users used the Place Diagram as the main analysis tool, while the workshops with specialists used Envisioning Cards. These tools were selected, adapted, and applied with the intention of promoting collaboration and innovation in the search for effective solutions. This collaborative approach aimed to promote the exchange of ideas among different perspectives, enriching the quality of the collected data and providing a more holistic understanding of the urban issues under study. The research achieved its objective by demonstrating that through co-creative dynamics and participatory methodologies in small-scale contexts, we can engage the community and obtain data that contribute to understanding existing challenges and guiding old and new local projects. The collected data were compared and analyzed to identify patterns and new ideas that could validate the research hypothesis that if we apply participatory methodologies in local communities, we can articulate knowledge that contributes to urban diagnosis phases and guide more effective project actions. The results also confirmed the research problem regarding the challenge of implementing participatory methodologies in the preliminary stages of UPSC projects that enable solutions based on the desires and demands of their local communities. The work offered an important methodological contribution, highlighting the advantages of combining quantitative and qualitative methods to understand complex environments. Additionally, it suggested ways to improve the methodology, such as integrating specialists and users into collaborative activities. It is recognized that cities are composed of a variety of socioeconomic, cultural, and geographical profiles, and that a flexible and adaptable approach is necessary to meet the needs of all citizens. I believe that public spaces should be inclusive, accessible, and able to reflect and meet the varied needs of a diversified population. I perceive the City of Rio de Janeiro as a living organism in constant evolution, composed of Multiple Cities that connect and form this vibrant and inspiring a City that is Multiple.