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Resposta específica aos antígenos da vacina anti-HPV em homens infectados pelo HIV-1 / Specific response to antigens of the anti-HPV vaccine in men infected with HIV-1Fontes, Adriele Souza 18 August 2014 (has links)
Introdução: A infecção pelo Papiloma Virus Humano (HPV) vem sendo reportada como uma das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis com maior incidência na atualidade, porém a sua prevalência não é bem esclarecida em homens, principalmente devido a baixa presença de sintomas. Além disso, poucos estudos foram realizados nesta população até o momento para verificar a resposta imune pós-vacinação. As hipóteses testadas serão fundamentais para aprofundar o conhecimento da imunopatogênese, da resposta vacinal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV e colaborar no desenho e estratégias de vacinação anti-HPV na população infectada pelo HIV Objetivos: Analisar a resposta específica aos antígenos da vacina anti-HPV em homens infectados pelo HIV. Métodos: Um total de 24 pacientes infectados pelo HIV que preencheram os critérios de inclusão durante o período de coleta foram vacinados pela vacina anti-HPV bivalente em três doses nos períodos: zero, dois e seis meses. Os grupos foram divididos em: Grupo Controle (Cinco indivíduos sadios, com sorologia negativa para HIV); Grupo A (Nove pacientes com CD4 <500 celulas mm³); Grupo B (10 pacientes com CD4 >=500 celulas mm³). Foram realizados ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos Anti-HPV nos momentos pré e pós-vacinação nos grupos estudados; posteriormente realizamos nos mesmos o ensaio de cultura celular para detecção de citocinas (IFN?, IL17, TNF, IL6 e IL10) pela técnica de CBA . Resultados: Obtivemos soroconversão da primeira dose da vacina para o grupo A 55,6%, grupo B 30%, grupo controle 60%; na segunda dose obtivemos para o grupo A 88,8%, grupo B 80%, grupo controle 80%, e por final a terceira dose no grupo A 88,8%, grupo B 90%, grupo controle 100%. A citocina IL 6 (perfil TH2) demonstrou níveis mais elevados, comparados entre os grupos A, B e grupo controle (p<0.001). A partir da 3° dose da vacinação observamos baixos níveis de INF-? (perfil TH1) A e B (p<0.0006). O grupo controle apresentou produção de INF- ? quando comparado com grupos A e B (p<0.001). Conclusão: Os pacientes soropositivos e grupo controle foram respondedores a vacinação anti-HPV. Foi demonstrada uma elevada produção das citocinas entre os grupos sugerindo uma imunomodulação do grupo HIV+. Esse trabalho apresenta informações relevantes que estimulam a realização de novos estudos nessa população, avaliações de reações cruzada da vacina que pode resultar em proteção a outros tipos de HPV não presentes na vacina, além de analisar por mais tempo as titulações no soro desses pacientes. Os dados do nosso estudo podem corroborar para a vacinação nessa população, diminuindo assim o risco de uma infecção, mortalidade e morbidade das doenças causadas pelo HPV em homens. / Introduction: Infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been reported as one of the sexually transmitted diseases with a higher incidence nowadys, but its prevalence must be clarified in men, mainly due to low presence of symptoms. Moreover, few studies have been performed in this population until now to verify the immune response post-vaccination. The hypothesis here suggested will be the key for better understanding of the immunopathogenesis, the vaccine´s response in HIV-infected patients and collaborate in the design and strategies of vaccination against HPV in HIV-infected population. Objectives: Analyze the specific response to antigens of HPV vaccine in HIV-infected men. Methods: A total of 24 HIV-infected patients who were in accordance with the inclusion criteria during the data collection period were vaccinated with anti-HPV bivalent vaccine in three period doses: zero, two and six months. The groups were distributed in: Control group (five healthy subjects with negative serology against HIV); Group A (nine subjects with CD4 <500 cells/mm³; Group B (10 subjects with CD4 >500 cells/mm³). ELISA was performed to detect the level of antibodies anti-HPV before and after vaccination in the studied cohort. Postenarly, cells of these groups were submitted in culture to verify citokynes production (IFN?, IL17, TNF, IL6 and IL10) using CBA methodology. Results: We obtained seroconversion after the first dose of anti-HPV vaccine: control group 60%, group A 55,6% and group B 30%. In the second dose: control group 80%, group A 88,8% and Group B 80%. And at last, the third dose: Control Group 100%, Group A 88,8% and group B 90%. IL 6 citokyne (TH2 response) was detected in higher level when compared Control, A and B groups (p<0.001). IFN? citokyne (TH1 response) was detect in low level only after the third dose of vaccination, showing relevance between A and B groups (p<0.0006). Additionally, higher IFN? production was detected when compared the control with A and B groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: HIV patients and controls (HIV-) were responders to anti-HPV vaccination. It was clear that an elevated cytokine production was detected between groups, suggesting immunomodulation of HIV + group. This work suggests relevant information that challenge: new studies in this population, verification of cross-reactions of the vaccine resulting in protection of other HPV types not present in this vaccine, and analyze for longer period the titers of anti-HPV antibodies in these patients. All together, our data can corroborate for vaccination in this population, thus decreasing the risk of infection, mortality and morbidity of the disease caused by HPV in men.
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Resposta específica aos antígenos da vacina anti-HPV em homens infectados pelo HIV-1 / Specific response to antigens of the anti-HPV vaccine in men infected with HIV-1Adriele Souza Fontes 18 August 2014 (has links)
Introdução: A infecção pelo Papiloma Virus Humano (HPV) vem sendo reportada como uma das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis com maior incidência na atualidade, porém a sua prevalência não é bem esclarecida em homens, principalmente devido a baixa presença de sintomas. Além disso, poucos estudos foram realizados nesta população até o momento para verificar a resposta imune pós-vacinação. As hipóteses testadas serão fundamentais para aprofundar o conhecimento da imunopatogênese, da resposta vacinal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV e colaborar no desenho e estratégias de vacinação anti-HPV na população infectada pelo HIV Objetivos: Analisar a resposta específica aos antígenos da vacina anti-HPV em homens infectados pelo HIV. Métodos: Um total de 24 pacientes infectados pelo HIV que preencheram os critérios de inclusão durante o período de coleta foram vacinados pela vacina anti-HPV bivalente em três doses nos períodos: zero, dois e seis meses. Os grupos foram divididos em: Grupo Controle (Cinco indivíduos sadios, com sorologia negativa para HIV); Grupo A (Nove pacientes com CD4 <500 celulas mm³); Grupo B (10 pacientes com CD4 >=500 celulas mm³). Foram realizados ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos Anti-HPV nos momentos pré e pós-vacinação nos grupos estudados; posteriormente realizamos nos mesmos o ensaio de cultura celular para detecção de citocinas (IFN?, IL17, TNF, IL6 e IL10) pela técnica de CBA . Resultados: Obtivemos soroconversão da primeira dose da vacina para o grupo A 55,6%, grupo B 30%, grupo controle 60%; na segunda dose obtivemos para o grupo A 88,8%, grupo B 80%, grupo controle 80%, e por final a terceira dose no grupo A 88,8%, grupo B 90%, grupo controle 100%. A citocina IL 6 (perfil TH2) demonstrou níveis mais elevados, comparados entre os grupos A, B e grupo controle (p<0.001). A partir da 3° dose da vacinação observamos baixos níveis de INF-? (perfil TH1) A e B (p<0.0006). O grupo controle apresentou produção de INF- ? quando comparado com grupos A e B (p<0.001). Conclusão: Os pacientes soropositivos e grupo controle foram respondedores a vacinação anti-HPV. Foi demonstrada uma elevada produção das citocinas entre os grupos sugerindo uma imunomodulação do grupo HIV+. Esse trabalho apresenta informações relevantes que estimulam a realização de novos estudos nessa população, avaliações de reações cruzada da vacina que pode resultar em proteção a outros tipos de HPV não presentes na vacina, além de analisar por mais tempo as titulações no soro desses pacientes. Os dados do nosso estudo podem corroborar para a vacinação nessa população, diminuindo assim o risco de uma infecção, mortalidade e morbidade das doenças causadas pelo HPV em homens. / Introduction: Infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been reported as one of the sexually transmitted diseases with a higher incidence nowadys, but its prevalence must be clarified in men, mainly due to low presence of symptoms. Moreover, few studies have been performed in this population until now to verify the immune response post-vaccination. The hypothesis here suggested will be the key for better understanding of the immunopathogenesis, the vaccine´s response in HIV-infected patients and collaborate in the design and strategies of vaccination against HPV in HIV-infected population. Objectives: Analyze the specific response to antigens of HPV vaccine in HIV-infected men. Methods: A total of 24 HIV-infected patients who were in accordance with the inclusion criteria during the data collection period were vaccinated with anti-HPV bivalent vaccine in three period doses: zero, two and six months. The groups were distributed in: Control group (five healthy subjects with negative serology against HIV); Group A (nine subjects with CD4 <500 cells/mm³; Group B (10 subjects with CD4 >500 cells/mm³). ELISA was performed to detect the level of antibodies anti-HPV before and after vaccination in the studied cohort. Postenarly, cells of these groups were submitted in culture to verify citokynes production (IFN?, IL17, TNF, IL6 and IL10) using CBA methodology. Results: We obtained seroconversion after the first dose of anti-HPV vaccine: control group 60%, group A 55,6% and group B 30%. In the second dose: control group 80%, group A 88,8% and Group B 80%. And at last, the third dose: Control Group 100%, Group A 88,8% and group B 90%. IL 6 citokyne (TH2 response) was detected in higher level when compared Control, A and B groups (p<0.001). IFN? citokyne (TH1 response) was detect in low level only after the third dose of vaccination, showing relevance between A and B groups (p<0.0006). Additionally, higher IFN? production was detected when compared the control with A and B groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: HIV patients and controls (HIV-) were responders to anti-HPV vaccination. It was clear that an elevated cytokine production was detected between groups, suggesting immunomodulation of HIV + group. This work suggests relevant information that challenge: new studies in this population, verification of cross-reactions of the vaccine resulting in protection of other HPV types not present in this vaccine, and analyze for longer period the titers of anti-HPV antibodies in these patients. All together, our data can corroborate for vaccination in this population, thus decreasing the risk of infection, mortality and morbidity of the disease caused by HPV in men.
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Influência etária na resposta imunológica de bezerros à vacinação intranasal / Age influence on immune response of calves to intranasal vaccinationGomes, Renata Caminha 29 April 2016 (has links)
Devido à intensa oscilação de funções e mecanismos de defesa respiratórios evidenciados nos primeiros meses de vida dos bezerros, o discernimento do limiar etário para a resposta vacinal intranasal efetiva, atrelado ao risco de infecção e perfil da vacina são fundamentais para a pecuária racional. Diante disto, o estudo buscou comparar a resposta imune humoral e mediada por células, local e sistêmica, entre bezerros vacinados intranasalmente aos 15 ou 45 dias de vida com vacina polivalente contendo vírus sincicial respiratório bovino vivo modificado, cepas quimicamente alteradas de herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 e vírus da parainfluenza tipo 3, vírus da diarreia viral bovina tipos 1 e 2 inativados, além de culturas inativadas dos cinco sorotipos de Leptospira e adjuvante Quil-A. Foram utilizados 16 bezerros holandeses alocados em três grupos, o grupo GA composto por seis animais primovacinados aos 15 dias de idade, o grupo GB composto por cinco animais primovacinados aos 45 dias de idade e o grupo controle composto por cinco animais não vacinados. Os animais vacinados receberam uma segunda dose vacinal 21 dias após a primeira. Para avaliação da interferência da vacinação intranasal no estado geral dos bezerros, na expressão das populações leucocitárias, na capacidade fagocítica e microbicida, além da investigação de anticorpos humorais e locais, foram realizados exames clínicos e colhidas amostras de sangue e lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) antes da primeira e da segunda dose vacinal, bem como uma terceira colheita 21 dias após a segunda dose. Foi observado que após a vacinação a maioria dos animais vacinados apresentou manifestações clínicas respiratórias, acompanhadas de leucograma com declínio de leucócitos totais e linfócitos nos animais do GA em relação ao CTLA. Nos animais do GB além das manifestações clínicas, foi encontrada somente uma tendência ao aumento de neutrófilos em relação ao CTLB. Houve diminuição de macrófagos alveolares e aumento de neutrófilos sanguíneos e alveolares tanto na citologia do LBA quanto na imunofenotipagem dos animais do GA em relação ao CTLA e diminuição de macrófagos na citologia do LBA ao longo dos momentos do GA, enquanto que nos animais do GB houve diminuição de monócitos-like CD14+ ao longo dos momentos. Simultaneamente ao aumento de monócitos CD14+ ao longo dos momentos, foi notado o aumento de linfócitos TCD3+ CD4- CD8- nos animais do GA ao longo dos momentos e em relação ao CTLA. Além disso, a porcentagem de linfócitos sanguíneos TCD3+ aumentou no GA em relação ao CTLA, porém não acompanhada pelo aumento na porcentagem de células TCD4+ ou TCD8+ mas sim pelas populações TCD3+CD4-CD8- ao longo dos momentos e em relação ao CTLA e TCD3+ CD4+ CD8+ em relação ao CTLA. No LBA a porcentagem de células CD4+ diminuiu em relação ao CTLA. Nos animais do GB não houve diferença entre essas populações celulares, somente a diminuição de células CD4+ CD8+ em relação ao CTLB no LBA. Ao se avaliar as funções de fagocitose e microbicida dos grupos vacinados, foi constatada diminuição expressiva na maioria das avaliações após a vacinação, principalmente em relação ao GA. Em relação à resposta humoral por anticorpos, o estudo demonstrou que a resposta vacinal por via intranasal não sofreu influência de anticorpos colostrais, tampouco induziu imunidade sérica específica por anticorpos, no entanto, no LBA foi capaz de induzir aumento de IgA nos animais do GA e uma tendência ao aumento em animais do GB. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que: a resposta à vacina utilizada por via intranasal em bezerros com 15 dias de idade é diferente de quando utilizada aos 45 dias, e que causou alterações de exame clínico, leucograma e citologia do LBA mais intensas nos animais vacinados aos 15 dias de idade. Embora não apresente resposta anticorpo específica sistêmica em ambos os casos, aos 15 dias apresentou resposta neutrofílica e monocítica sistêmica acompanhada de aumento de linfócitos T duplo negativos e duplo positivos, enquanto a resposta local celular foi pobre em macrófagos e rica em neutrófilos e IgA, porém com comprometimento das funções celulares. Dessa forma, a vacina utilizada nesse período, por via intranasal, em especial aos 15 dias de idade pode predispor o animal a infecções bacterianas secundárias. No entanto, deve-se ficar claro que este resultado se aplica somente a estas condições de vacina, via e idade / Due to the intense oscillating of functions and respiratory defense mechanisms evidenced in the first months of life of calves, the discernment about the age threshold for the effective intranasal vaccine response, linked to the risk of infection and vaccines profile are fundamental to rational livestock. In view of this, the study aimed to compare the humoral immune response and local and systemic cell-mediated among calves vaccinated intranasally to 15 or 45 days of life with polyvalent vaccine containing bovine respiratory syncytial modified live virus, chemically altered strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and parainfluenza virus type 3, inactivated bovine viral diarrhea types 1 and 2, inactivated cultures of five Leptospira serovars and Quil-A adjuvant. 16 Holstein calves were allocated in three groups, the GA group consisting of six animals vaccinated at 15 days of age, the GB group consisting of five animals vaccinated at 45 days of age and the control group of five animals not vaccinated. Vaccinated animals received a second immunization dose 21 days after the first one. To evaluate the impact of intranasal vaccination in the general condition of the calves, in the expression of leukocyte populations, phagocytic and microbicide capacity, as well as research of humoral and local antibodies, clinical examinations were performed and blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected before the first and second vaccine vaccination, as well as a third sample 21 days after the second dose. It was observed that after vaccination most vaccinated animals showed respiratory clinical manifestations, accompanied by white blood cell count with decline of total leukocytes and lymphocytes in GA animals compared to CTLA. In GB animals beyond the clinical manifestations, it was only found a tendency to increase in neutrophils in relation to CTLB. There was a decrease in alveolar macrophages and increased blood and alveolar neutrophils in both BAL cytology and immunophenotyping of GA animals compared to the CTLA and reduction of macrophages in BAL cytology over the times in GA animals, whereas in GB animals there was a decreased in CD14+ monocyte-like along time. Simultaneously with the increase in CD14+ monocytes over the time, it was noted an increase in TCD3+CD4-CD8- lymphocytes in GA animals along time and compared to CTLA. Furthermore, the percentage of TCD3+ blood lymphocytes increased in GA compared to the CTLA but it was not accompanied by an increase in the percentage of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells but by TCD3+ CD4- CD8- population along time and compared to the CTLA and TCD3+ CD4+ CD8+ cells compared to CTLA. In BAL the percentage of CD4+ cells decreased compared to CTLA. In animals GB there was no difference between these cell populations, only the reduction of CD4+ CD8+ BAL cells compared to CTLB. When evaluating the phagocytosis and microbicidal functions of the vaccinated groups it was observed significant decrease in most evaluations after vaccination, especially in relation to GA. Regarding the humoral antibody response, the study demonstrated that the vaccine response by intranasally rout was not influenced by colostral antibodies, either induced serum specific immunity antibodies, however, in BAL was able to induce increase of IgA in GA animals and a tendency to increase in GB animals. Given the results, it is concluded that: the response to the vaccine used intranasally in 15 days old calves is different than when used at 45 days, and it caused clinical examination, WBC and BAL fluid cytology more intense changes in animals vaccinated at 15 days of age. Although it has not systemic specific antibody response in both cases, after 15 days showed neutrophilic and monocytic systemic response accompanied by increase of double negative and double positive T lymphocytes, while the local cell response was poor in macrophages and rich in neutrophils and IgA, but with impairment of cellular functions. Thus, the vaccine used intranasally in that period, particularly at 15 days of age may predispose an animal to secondary bacterial infections. However, it should be clear that this result applies only to these conditions of vaccine, route and age
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Estrogen-Induced Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune FunctionMasseoud, Feda N 30 April 2009 (has links)
Host defense against infection and disease relies on the reciprocal communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems where sex hormones exert negative and positive feedback actions on immune functions. Indeed, sex hormones have been implicated in gender dimorphic immune response and in the potentiation of immune-related disorders. The female hormone estrogen plays a role as an immunomodulator and may exert immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. Though many studies focus on estrogen’s role in immunity within the female reproductive tract and autoimmunity, the modulatory effects of estrogen on vaccine responses are largely unexplored. The insufficient efficacy of some vaccines in certain target populations, as for example the elderly population, is well recognized. Hormones fluctuate throughout an individual’s life, and females in particular undergo several necessary reproductive (pregnancy and menopause) and lifestyle (oral contraceptive use) changes which involve sex hormones. Vaccine efficacy might be influenced by endogenous estrogen levels or by exogenous estrogen administration. Therefore, in the pursuit of improved vaccine efficacy, it is necessary to consider such hormonal factors and their contribution to immune status. We have studied estrogen’s role in modulation of vaccine responses using a mouse ovariectomy model where exogenous estrogen delivery can be controlled. Our studies included two different types of vaccines, a bacterial toxoid formulation and a bacterial secreted protein formulation. Results from these studies indicate that estrogen enhances vaccine-specific antibody production by likely supporting a general TH2 pathway and also modulates expression of genes encoding molecules critical in innate immune signaling and required for development of proper adaptive immune responses and antigen clearance through antibody-mediated mechanisms. The level at which estrogen modulates antibody responses appears to be dependent on the route of vaccine administration. The enhancement of specific humoral responses may involve mechanisms involving TLR2 and antibody Fc receptor expression on macrophages, cells that link innate and adaptive immune responses. Advances in our understanding of the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system may provide new insights into the mechanisms by which hormones act and thus may be exploited to guide the design of future vaccine strategies.
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Influência etária na resposta imunológica de bezerros à vacinação intranasal / Age influence on immune response of calves to intranasal vaccinationRenata Caminha Gomes 29 April 2016 (has links)
Devido à intensa oscilação de funções e mecanismos de defesa respiratórios evidenciados nos primeiros meses de vida dos bezerros, o discernimento do limiar etário para a resposta vacinal intranasal efetiva, atrelado ao risco de infecção e perfil da vacina são fundamentais para a pecuária racional. Diante disto, o estudo buscou comparar a resposta imune humoral e mediada por células, local e sistêmica, entre bezerros vacinados intranasalmente aos 15 ou 45 dias de vida com vacina polivalente contendo vírus sincicial respiratório bovino vivo modificado, cepas quimicamente alteradas de herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 e vírus da parainfluenza tipo 3, vírus da diarreia viral bovina tipos 1 e 2 inativados, além de culturas inativadas dos cinco sorotipos de Leptospira e adjuvante Quil-A. Foram utilizados 16 bezerros holandeses alocados em três grupos, o grupo GA composto por seis animais primovacinados aos 15 dias de idade, o grupo GB composto por cinco animais primovacinados aos 45 dias de idade e o grupo controle composto por cinco animais não vacinados. Os animais vacinados receberam uma segunda dose vacinal 21 dias após a primeira. Para avaliação da interferência da vacinação intranasal no estado geral dos bezerros, na expressão das populações leucocitárias, na capacidade fagocítica e microbicida, além da investigação de anticorpos humorais e locais, foram realizados exames clínicos e colhidas amostras de sangue e lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) antes da primeira e da segunda dose vacinal, bem como uma terceira colheita 21 dias após a segunda dose. Foi observado que após a vacinação a maioria dos animais vacinados apresentou manifestações clínicas respiratórias, acompanhadas de leucograma com declínio de leucócitos totais e linfócitos nos animais do GA em relação ao CTLA. Nos animais do GB além das manifestações clínicas, foi encontrada somente uma tendência ao aumento de neutrófilos em relação ao CTLB. Houve diminuição de macrófagos alveolares e aumento de neutrófilos sanguíneos e alveolares tanto na citologia do LBA quanto na imunofenotipagem dos animais do GA em relação ao CTLA e diminuição de macrófagos na citologia do LBA ao longo dos momentos do GA, enquanto que nos animais do GB houve diminuição de monócitos-like CD14+ ao longo dos momentos. Simultaneamente ao aumento de monócitos CD14+ ao longo dos momentos, foi notado o aumento de linfócitos TCD3+ CD4- CD8- nos animais do GA ao longo dos momentos e em relação ao CTLA. Além disso, a porcentagem de linfócitos sanguíneos TCD3+ aumentou no GA em relação ao CTLA, porém não acompanhada pelo aumento na porcentagem de células TCD4+ ou TCD8+ mas sim pelas populações TCD3+CD4-CD8- ao longo dos momentos e em relação ao CTLA e TCD3+ CD4+ CD8+ em relação ao CTLA. No LBA a porcentagem de células CD4+ diminuiu em relação ao CTLA. Nos animais do GB não houve diferença entre essas populações celulares, somente a diminuição de células CD4+ CD8+ em relação ao CTLB no LBA. Ao se avaliar as funções de fagocitose e microbicida dos grupos vacinados, foi constatada diminuição expressiva na maioria das avaliações após a vacinação, principalmente em relação ao GA. Em relação à resposta humoral por anticorpos, o estudo demonstrou que a resposta vacinal por via intranasal não sofreu influência de anticorpos colostrais, tampouco induziu imunidade sérica específica por anticorpos, no entanto, no LBA foi capaz de induzir aumento de IgA nos animais do GA e uma tendência ao aumento em animais do GB. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que: a resposta à vacina utilizada por via intranasal em bezerros com 15 dias de idade é diferente de quando utilizada aos 45 dias, e que causou alterações de exame clínico, leucograma e citologia do LBA mais intensas nos animais vacinados aos 15 dias de idade. Embora não apresente resposta anticorpo específica sistêmica em ambos os casos, aos 15 dias apresentou resposta neutrofílica e monocítica sistêmica acompanhada de aumento de linfócitos T duplo negativos e duplo positivos, enquanto a resposta local celular foi pobre em macrófagos e rica em neutrófilos e IgA, porém com comprometimento das funções celulares. Dessa forma, a vacina utilizada nesse período, por via intranasal, em especial aos 15 dias de idade pode predispor o animal a infecções bacterianas secundárias. No entanto, deve-se ficar claro que este resultado se aplica somente a estas condições de vacina, via e idade / Due to the intense oscillating of functions and respiratory defense mechanisms evidenced in the first months of life of calves, the discernment about the age threshold for the effective intranasal vaccine response, linked to the risk of infection and vaccines profile are fundamental to rational livestock. In view of this, the study aimed to compare the humoral immune response and local and systemic cell-mediated among calves vaccinated intranasally to 15 or 45 days of life with polyvalent vaccine containing bovine respiratory syncytial modified live virus, chemically altered strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and parainfluenza virus type 3, inactivated bovine viral diarrhea types 1 and 2, inactivated cultures of five Leptospira serovars and Quil-A adjuvant. 16 Holstein calves were allocated in three groups, the GA group consisting of six animals vaccinated at 15 days of age, the GB group consisting of five animals vaccinated at 45 days of age and the control group of five animals not vaccinated. Vaccinated animals received a second immunization dose 21 days after the first one. To evaluate the impact of intranasal vaccination in the general condition of the calves, in the expression of leukocyte populations, phagocytic and microbicide capacity, as well as research of humoral and local antibodies, clinical examinations were performed and blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected before the first and second vaccine vaccination, as well as a third sample 21 days after the second dose. It was observed that after vaccination most vaccinated animals showed respiratory clinical manifestations, accompanied by white blood cell count with decline of total leukocytes and lymphocytes in GA animals compared to CTLA. In GB animals beyond the clinical manifestations, it was only found a tendency to increase in neutrophils in relation to CTLB. There was a decrease in alveolar macrophages and increased blood and alveolar neutrophils in both BAL cytology and immunophenotyping of GA animals compared to the CTLA and reduction of macrophages in BAL cytology over the times in GA animals, whereas in GB animals there was a decreased in CD14+ monocyte-like along time. Simultaneously with the increase in CD14+ monocytes over the time, it was noted an increase in TCD3+CD4-CD8- lymphocytes in GA animals along time and compared to CTLA. Furthermore, the percentage of TCD3+ blood lymphocytes increased in GA compared to the CTLA but it was not accompanied by an increase in the percentage of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells but by TCD3+ CD4- CD8- population along time and compared to the CTLA and TCD3+ CD4+ CD8+ cells compared to CTLA. In BAL the percentage of CD4+ cells decreased compared to CTLA. In animals GB there was no difference between these cell populations, only the reduction of CD4+ CD8+ BAL cells compared to CTLB. When evaluating the phagocytosis and microbicidal functions of the vaccinated groups it was observed significant decrease in most evaluations after vaccination, especially in relation to GA. Regarding the humoral antibody response, the study demonstrated that the vaccine response by intranasally rout was not influenced by colostral antibodies, either induced serum specific immunity antibodies, however, in BAL was able to induce increase of IgA in GA animals and a tendency to increase in GB animals. Given the results, it is concluded that: the response to the vaccine used intranasally in 15 days old calves is different than when used at 45 days, and it caused clinical examination, WBC and BAL fluid cytology more intense changes in animals vaccinated at 15 days of age. Although it has not systemic specific antibody response in both cases, after 15 days showed neutrophilic and monocytic systemic response accompanied by increase of double negative and double positive T lymphocytes, while the local cell response was poor in macrophages and rich in neutrophils and IgA, but with impairment of cellular functions. Thus, the vaccine used intranasally in that period, particularly at 15 days of age may predispose an animal to secondary bacterial infections. However, it should be clear that this result applies only to these conditions of vaccine, route and age
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Immune Exhaustion and Immune Senescence: Two Distinct Pathways for HBV Vaccine Failure During HCV and/or HIV InfectionYao, Zhi Q., Moorman, Jonathan P. 01 June 2013 (has links)
Given the shared risk factors for transmission, co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is quite common, and may lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. As such, HBV vaccine is recommended as the primary means to prevent HBV super-infection in HCV- and/or HIV-infected individuals. However, vaccine response (sero-conversion with a hepatitis B surface antibody titer >10 IU/L) in this setting is often blunted, with poor response rates to standard HBV vaccinations in virally infected individuals when compared with the healthy subjects. This phenomenon also occurs to other vaccines in adults, such as pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, in other immunocompromised hosts who are really at risk for opportunistic infections, such as individuals with hemodialysis, transplant, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms involving vaccine failure in these conditions, focusing on immune exhaustion and immune senescence - two distinct signaling pathways regulating cell function and fate. We raise the possibility that blocking these negative signaling pathways might improve success rates of immunizations in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Immune Exhaustion and Immune Senescence: Two Distinct Pathways for HBV Vaccine Failure During HCV and/or HIV InfectionYao, Zhi Q., Moorman, Jonathan P. 01 June 2013 (has links)
Given the shared risk factors for transmission, co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is quite common, and may lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. As such, HBV vaccine is recommended as the primary means to prevent HBV super-infection in HCV- and/or HIV-infected individuals. However, vaccine response (sero-conversion with a hepatitis B surface antibody titer >10 IU/L) in this setting is often blunted, with poor response rates to standard HBV vaccinations in virally infected individuals when compared with the healthy subjects. This phenomenon also occurs to other vaccines in adults, such as pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, in other immunocompromised hosts who are really at risk for opportunistic infections, such as individuals with hemodialysis, transplant, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms involving vaccine failure in these conditions, focusing on immune exhaustion and immune senescence - two distinct signaling pathways regulating cell function and fate. We raise the possibility that blocking these negative signaling pathways might improve success rates of immunizations in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Caractérisation du profil lymphocytaire B et de la réponse vaccinale des enfants exposés non infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaineRaymond Marchand, Laurence 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Senescência e exaustão de células T e resposta vacinal em crianças infectadas perinatalmente pelo HIV / cell senescence and exhaustion and vaccine response in perinatally HIV infected children (PHIC)Thomé, Beatriz da Costa 02 July 2019 (has links)
Introdução: Como a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) atualmente permite que um número maior de crianças infectadas pelo HIV atinja a idade adulta, passam ser relevante questões como a imunossenescência precoce e a exaustão celular, semelhante ao observado em adultos infectados pelo HIV. Objetivos: Avaliar se a idade de início da TARV modifica os padrões de ativação imune, senescência e resposta vacinal em crianças infectadas perinatalmente pelo HIV. Desenho do estudo: Estudo transversal, exploratório. Métodos: Obtivemos dados de prontuários de pacientes e cartões de imunização e coletamos sangue para sorologias e isolamento de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP). Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram: idade < 18 anos, TARV por pelo menos 6 meses e carga viral < 50 cópias/mL. Anticorpos de proteção (Ac) para Hepatite A e B, Rubéola e Caxumba foram medidos. Células T com marcadores de senescência (CD57 +), anergia (CD28-), apoptose (CD95 +), ativação (CD38 +, CCR5 +, HLA-DR +) e exaustão (PD-1 +) foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: foram incluídas 56 crianças, com idade mediana de 12 anos e tempo mediano de TARV de 9 anos. A mediana das contagens de LTCD4 + foi de 1010 células/mm3 (%mediano = 36,7%) e a média da razão LTCD4+/LTCD8+ foi de 1,6. A proteção das vacinas foi a seguinte: 80% para Hepatite A, 64% para Hepatite B, 57% para Rubéola e 44% para Caxumba. A idade mais precoce de início da TARV se correlacionou negativamente com LTCD4+ mais altos, LTCD4+ Nadir mais alto, maior razão LTCD4+/LTCD8+ e maiores títulos de Ac para a caxumba e a rubéola. Houve correlação positiva da idade de início de TARV e marcadores de ativação, apoptose, senescência e exaustão em LTCD4+ e LTCD8+. Tais marcadores se relacionaram com pior resposta vacinal. Houve benefício em crianças iniciando TARV < 6m na preservação da homeostase e resposta imune. Conclusão: Houve benefícios do início precoce da TARV na preservação de LTCD4+ e da resposta vacinal, e na prevenção da maturação e senescência imune neste grupo de crianças perinatalmente infectadas pelo HIV. / Background: As successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows a larger number of HIV-infected children to reach adulthood, issues such as early immune senescence and exhaustion arise, similar to what is seen in HIV-infected adults. Objectives: To evaluate whether time of ART initiation modified patterns of immune activation, senescence and vaccine response in PHIC Design: Cross-sectional, exploratory study. Methods: We obtained data from patient charts and immunization cards, and collected blood for serology and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolation. Eligibility criteria included age < 18 years, ART for at least 6 months and viral load < 50 RNA copies/mL. Protective antibodies (Ab) for Hepatitis A and B, Rubella and Mumps were measured. T cells with markers for senescence (CD57+), anergy (CD28-), apoptosis (CD95+), activation (CD38+, CCR5+, HLA-DR+) and exhaustion (PD-1+) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: 56 children were included: their median age was 12 years and median time on ART was 9 years. Median LTCD4+ counts were 1010 cells/mm3 (median % 36,7%) and mean LTCD4+/LTCD8+ ratio was 1.6. Vaccine protection was as follows: 80% for Hepatitis A, 64% for Hepatitis B, 57% for Rubella and 44% for Mumps. Earlier age at ART initiation was negatively correlated with higher LTCD4+, higher nadir LTCD4+, higher LTCD4+/LTCD8+ ratio, and higher Ab titers for Mumps and Rubella. There was positive correlation of age at ART initiation and activation, apoptosis, senescence and exhaustion markers in LTCD4+ and LTCD8+. Markers correlated with poorer vaccine response. There was benefit in children starting ART < 6m in preserving immune homeostasis and response. Conclusion: There were benefits of early ART initiation in preserving LTCD4+ and vaccine response, and in preventing immune maturation and senescence in this group of PHIC
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Effect of naturally contaminated diet with deoxynivalenol (don) on vaccine response against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis virus in broiler chickenHamadi, Solaman 12 1900 (has links)
Le déoxynivalénol (DON) est l'une des mycotoxines trichothécènes les plus abondantes et les plus importantes produites par les espèces de Fusarium. Les aliments contaminés par les mycotoxines peuvent affecter négativement la santé des poulets de chair. La présente étude a été menée pour évaluer les effets du déoxynivalénol (DON) sur les performances des poulets de chair, le poids des organes, les paramètres biochimiques sériques, la réponse immunitaire et l'histologie intestinale. L’expérience a permis d’évaluer l'efficacité d'un additif alimentaire commercial, basé sur les synbiotiques (SFA), et ayant la capacité d'oxyder le DON. Au total, six cents poussins mâles d'un jour d'une souche commerciale (Ross 308) ont été vaccinés avec un vaccin vivant combiné contre le virus de la maladie de Newcastle (NDV) et le virus de la bronchite infectieuse (IBV) et ont été répartis de façon aléatoire entre 6 traitements (100 oiseaux dans chaque groupe) pour 5 semaines. Ces groupes ont été nourris avec la même nourritures naturellement contaminés par DON mais à des concentrations différentes : < 0,5 (régime témoin), 1,5 et 3 mg/kg avec et sans SFA à 250 g/tonne. Les paramètres, y compris le poids corporel, la consommation d'aliments, et le taux de mortalité, ont été enregistrés sur une base hebdomadaire. De plus, des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur quatre oiseaux de chaque groupe pour déterminer les caractéristiques biochimiques sériques, et les titres d'anticorps contre NDV et IBV. Au cours de la semaine 5, quatre des poulets sélectionnés ont été euthanasiés, et les organes, coeur, foie, rate, bourse de Fabricius, ont été pesés. Des tissus de l'intestin, segments de 2 cm du duodénum, du jéjunum, de l'iléon et du cæcum, et de la bourse de Fabricius et thymus ont été prélevés pour des examens histologiques. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que les oiseaux dont l’alimentation était contaminée au DON présentaient une diminution (P < 0,05) du poids moyen aux jours 28 et 35 par rapport aux groupe témoin et groupes traités avec le SFA. De plus, l'inclusion de DON dans l'alimentation a réduit le titre d'anticorps contre le NDV (P < 0,05) et l'IBV (P < 0,001). Les paramètres biochimiques sériques, et le poids des organes pendant toute la période expérimentale (P > 0,05) n’ont pas montré de différences significatives. De plus, chez les oiseaux nourris avec des aliments contaminés, le DON a provoqué un processus de nécrose au niveau des villosités du duodénum et du thymus. Cependant, cela n'a pas modifié la morphométrie du tissu intestinal et de la bourse de Fabricius. Il a été conclu que les performances des poulets de chair, ainsi que la réponse vaccinale et paramètres histologiques, étaient négativement affectées par une alimentation contaminée par le DON. La supplémentation alimentaire avec un additif alimentaire à base de synbiotiques, serait une alternative pour atténuer les effets causés par cette mycotoxine chez les oiseaux. / Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species. Mycotoxin-contaminated feeds may negatively affect broiler chickens’ health, a sustainable approach to achieve mycotoxin elimination is necessary. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the performance of broilers, organ weights, serum biochemical parameters, immune response, and intestinal histology and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial feed additive, based on synbiotics (SFA), with the ability to deepoxidize DON. In total, six hundred 1-d-old male broiler of a commercial strain (Ross 308) were vaccinated with combined live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine and were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments (100 birds in each group) for 5 wk. These groups were fed 3 diets naturally contaminated with DON at concentrations of < 0.5 (control diet), 1.5, and 3 mg/kg with and without SFA at 250 g/ton. The parameters including body weight, feed intake, and mortality rate were recorded on a weekly basis. In addition, weekly blood samples were collected from four birds in each group to determine serum biochemical characteristics and antibody titers to NDV and IBV. In week 5, four selected chickens were euthanized, and organs (heart, liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius) were weighed. Tissues from intestine (2-cm segments of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum) and immune system (bursa of Fabricius and thymus) were collected for further histological examinations. The results indicated that DON-challenged birds had decreased (P < 0.05) average body weight (ABW) at days 28 and 35 as compared to control and treated groups with SFA. Furthermore, the inclusion of DON in the diet reduced antibody titer against NDV (P < 0.05), and IBV (P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical parameters and organs weight during the whole experimental period (P > 0.05). Moreover, in birds fed contaminated diets, DON caused necrosis in duodenum villus and in the thymus but did not alter the intestinal or the immune system morphometrics. It was concluded that broiler performance, histological, and immunological parameters were adversely affected by feeding diets contaminated with DON. However, the dietary supplementation with Synbiotics as a detoxifying agent would be an alternative to alleviate adverse effects on birds.
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