Le MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted, Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) est une technique protéomique qui est utilisée en routine pour l’identification des microorganismes dans les laboratoires de microbiologie. Ainsi, dans ce travail nous avons évalué le MALDI-TOF MS pour l’identification du repas sanguin des moustiques. Dans la première partie de notre travail, une revue bibliographique a été effectuée sur les différentes méthodes (sérologiques, biologie moléculaire) connues dans les études de préférence trophiques des arthropodes. La deuxième partie fut l’optimisation du MALDI-TOF MS pour l’identification de l’origine du repas sanguin des moustiques. Pour l’optimisation, Anopheles gambiae Giles et Aedes albopictus ont été artificiellement nourris sur le sang de plusieurs hôtes vertébrés en utilisant l’appareil Hemotek durant deux heures sous les conditions standard. Nos résultats ont montré que la comparaison des spectres provenant des moustiques nourris sur le même type de sang révèle une grande reproductibilité des profils protéiques. L’interrogation des MS spectres contre la base de données a révélé une identification correcte de l'origine du repas sanguin pour les spécimens collectés moins de 24 heures après la prise du repas sanguin. Pour les échantillons collectés sur le terrain, le MALDI-TOF MS a permis de détecter dans le repas de sang des moustiques une grande diversité d’hôtes domestiques. En conséquence la technique MALDI-TOF MS serait un outil efficace pour les études de surveillance épidémiologique des maladies vectorielles et l'identification de la préférence trophique de spécimens fraichement gorgés. / MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted, Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) is a proteomic technique that routinely used for microorganisms identification in clinical microbiology laboratory. Recently, the MALDI-TOF MS was successfully used as a innovative tool for arthropod identification. Thus, in this work we evaluated the MALDI-TOF MS to identify the blood meal sources from engorged mosquitoes. In the first part of our work, a bibliographical review was carried out on the different methods (serological, molecular biology) known in the trophic preference determination of hematophagous arthropods. The second part was optimization of the MALDI-TOF MS for identifying the origin of the blood meal of mosquitoes. For optimization, the Anopheles gambiae Giles and Aedes albopictus were artificially fed on several vertebrate hosts blood using the Hemotek device for two hours under standard conditions. Our results showed intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity of MS spectra from mosquitoes engorged on the same or different vertebrate hosts. The MS spectra querying against the database reveal a correct identification of the the blood meal origin from the specimens collected less than 24 hours post-feeding. For field samples, MALDI-TOF MS allowed to detect the mosquitoes blood meal fed on wide variety of domestic hosts. Consequently the MALDI-TOF MS technique would be an effective tool for epidemiological surveys of vector-borne diseases and the identification of the trophic preference of mosquito freshly engorged.

A Amazônia Brasileira possui diversos tipos de padrão de desmatamento, variando do típico padrão \"espinha-de-peixe\", comum em pequenas propriedades, para grandes áreas desmatadas (padrão grandes propriedades), resultando em paisagens com diferentes estruturas, configuração e nível de perturbação. A teoria sugere que uma perda desproporcional de espécies ocorre quando a cobertura total de habitat cai para menos de 30% da paisagem, e a configuração passa então a ter um maior efeito sobre as espécies. Para analisar o efeito da configuração de habitat na persistência e riqueza de vertebrados de médio e grande porte (aves e mamíferos) foram amostradas 21 paisagens (4 x 4 km) do sul da Amazônia com quantidade similar de habitat (~25%), mas configurações de paisagem contrastantes. Entrevistas (n = 150) foram aplicadas de Fevereiro a Julho de 2009 para registrar a ocorrência de vertebrados, e o nível de perturbação das 21 paisagens, compostas de sete áreas controle (áreas não perturbadas de floresta contínua), sete paisagens com padrão de grandes propriedades e sete de espinhas-de-peixe. Métricas de paisagem foram extraídas de uma imagem Landsat-TM de 2009 e de 14 imagens Landsat-TM bianuais, para determinar o melhor preditor para a persistência das espécies. Existiu uma diferença significativa na riqueza de espécies entre os padrões espinha-de-peixe, grandes propriedades e as áreas controle, com uma média de 29.28 (SD=4.6), 38.8 (SD=5.2), e 43.5 (SD=2.2), respectivamente. Nós também encontramos um maior número de espécies especialistas nas áreas controle (média ± SD = 13.7 ± 0.95) e grandes propriedades (média ± SD = 11.71 ± 2.2), quando comparadas ao padrão espinha-de-peixe (média ± SD = 5.14 ± 2.6). Os resultados da NMDS mostram que a comunidade de vertebrados de médio e grande porte das áreas controle é muito similar à comunidade encontrada nas unidades de grande propriedade, além de todas as unidades de área controle e grande propriedade serem homogêneas entre si. Por outro lado, as unidades espinha-de-peixe, além de apresentarem uma maior heterogeneidade entre suas unidades, também se mostrou muito dissimilar em relação às outras paisagens, tanto para a comunidade de vertebrados quando para a comunidade de espécies especialistas. O padrão espinha-de-peixe também apresentou uma alta intensidade de queimadas, retirada de madeira e pressão de caça, enquanto que o padrão grandes propriedades apresentou uma leve intensidade de queimada e uma alta pressão de caça, e as áreas controle não apresentaram nenhum sinal de perturbação. O número de espécies e o número de espécies especialistas foram negativamente afetados pelo número de fragmentos e, secundariamente, pela idade de isolamento. Assim, quanto maior o número de fragmentos na paisagem e maior o tempo de isolamento, menor será a riqueza de espécies e o número de espécies especialistas. Nossos resultados demonstram que o padrão grandes propriedades leva a uma estrutura de paisagem mais favorável para a biodiversidade. Este tipo de paisagem pode manter um alto número de espécies e uma comunidade de vertebrados de médio e grande porte mais diversa, incluindo predadores de topo e grandes cracídeos, considerados fundamentais para a integridade do ecossistema, sendo mais similar às áreas controle. Por outro lado, o padrão espinha-de-peixe leva a uma paisagem mais fragmentada, com uma comunidade de vertebrados mais pobre e dominada por espécies generalistas. / The Brazilian Amazon has several types of deforestation patterns, varying from the typical \"fishbone pattern\" common in small properties, to large deforested areas (large-property pattern), resulting in landscapes with different structure, configuration and disturbance levels. Theory suggests that a disproportionate loss of species occurs when total habitat cover decreases to less than 30% of the landscape, and the landscape configuration starts to have a large effect over species. To analyse the effects of the habitat configuration on the persistence and richness of mid-sized and large-bodied vertebrates (mammals and birds), we have sampled 21 landscapes in the southern Amazonia with similar amounts of habitat (~25%) but contrasting configuration. Interviews (n = 150) were used from February to July 2009 to record the occurrence of vertebrates and the disturbance degree in the 21 landscapes, composed of seven control areas (undisturbed areas of continuous forest), seven large-properties and seven fishbone deforestation patterns. Forest-patch metrics were extracted from a 2009 Landsat-TM image and from 14 bi-annual Landsat-TM images to examine the best predictor to species persistence. There was a significant difference in species richness between fishbone, large-property and control areas with an average of 29.28 (SD=4.6), 38.8 (SD=5.2), and 43.5 (SD=2.2), respectively. We also found a higher number of specialist species in control areas (mean ± SD = 13.7 ± 0.95) and large-properties (mean ± SD = 11.71 ± 2.2), when compared with fish-bone pattern (mean ± SD = 5.14 ± 2.6). NMDS results show vertebrate community in control areas are very similar to the ones found in large-property sites, beyond all landscapes (control areas and large properties) are homogeneous among themselves. On the other hand the fish-bone landscapes are very dissimilar from them and heterogeneous among each other, concerning both the large vertebrate community and the specialist species community. The fish-bone pattern also shows a heavy intensity of fire, selective logging and hunting pressure while the large-property pattern shows a light intensity of fire and a heavy hunting pressure whereas the control areas show no sign of disturbance. The number of species and the number of specialist species were negatively affected by the number of fragments and secondarily by the isolation age. Therefore the greater the number of fragments in the landscape unit and the older is the isolation process, the fewer is the species richness as well as the number of specialist species. Our results demonstrated that large-property pattern leads to a landscape structure that is better for biodiversity. This type of landscape can maintain a higher number of species and a more diverse community of large vertebrates, including top predators and large cracids, considered fundamental for the integrity of the ecosystem, being more similar to the control areas. On the other hand, the fish-bone pattern leads to a more fragmented landscape with a poorest vertebrate community and dominated by generalist species.

The cranial anatomy of the basal captorhinid reptile Captorhinikos parvus (Reptilia, Captorhinidae), is reinterpreted here based on analysis of a group of new specimens recovered subsequent to its original diagnosis as well as further analysis of the original specimens utilized in E.C. Olson's original characterization of the species. Structural features inconsistent with the generic description suggest the redefinition of C. parvus as a new genus, Rhodotheratus parvus. Analyses of basal members and selected derived members support the characterization of Rhodotheratus as a distinct taxon.

La protéine suppresseur de tumeurs p53 induit l'apoptose et l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire dans les cellules qui sont stimulées par divers stress cellulaires, dont le stress génotoxique. p53 maintient l'intégrité génomique, et ses fonctions sont les plus importantes pour la résistance à la tumorigenèse cellulaire. Des mutations de TP53, qui est le gène codant pour p53, sont fréquemment observées dans les tumeurs malignes. Comme l'apoptose n'est pas induite dans les cellules cancéreuses avec des mutations ou une délétion de TP53 en réponse à la radiothérapie ou au traitement par des agents anticancéreux, le pronostic de ces patients est très mauvais. En réponse au stress cellulaire, la p53 est stabilisée, tétramérisée et activée pour exercer des fonctions telles que l'activation de la transcription. Cette fonction est précisément régulée par des modifications post-traductionnelles telles que la phosphorylation, l'acétylation, l'ubiquitination et la méthylation de plus de 50 résidus. L'homotétramérisation de la protéine p53 par le domaine de tétramerisation (DT) à la région C-terminale est indispensable à sa fonction, et son activité transcriptionnelle est régulée par la stabilité de la structure tétramérique. Le domaine de tétramérization de la protéine p53 humaine est constitué d'un brin, d'un tour et d'une hélice et est en équilibre entre le monomère et le tétramère. La régulation par des modifications post-traductionnelles dans le domaine de la tétramérization n'est pas encore claire ; il est donc nécessaire d'élucider en détail le mécanisme de régulation par des modifications post-traductionnelles. La p53 est présente dans un large éventail d'organismes, de la lamproie, qui est un vertébré précoce, aux mammifères. Bien que le rôle de p53 soit important dans l'évolution des vertébrés, la fonction de p53 et le processus d'évolution de la structure tétramérique ne sont pas clairs. En plus de l'analyse phylogénétique de la séquence, une analyse complète de la structure et de la fonction est nécessaire. Le but de cette étude était de comprendre comment la stabilité de la structure tétramérique est modifiée par des modifications post-traductionnelles et comment la DT régule l'activité et la fonction de p53. À cette fin, j'ai exploré le mécanisme de régulation de la méthylation de l'Arg et l'évolution du domaine de tétramerisation de la p53 chez les vertébrés. Cette thèse comprend cinq chapitres. Le contexte et les objectifs de l'étude sont décrits dans une introduction générale au chapitre 1. J'ai décrit la fonction suppresseur de tumeur de p53, sa structure tétramérique et son évolution chez les vertébrés. Au chapitre 2, j'ai décrit le contrôle de la fonction par méthylation de la DT p53. La fonction de la p53 est régulée par des modifications post-traductionnelles, y compris la méthylation de trois résidus Arg dans la DT. Il a été rapporté que cette méthylation par la protéine Arg méthyltransférase 5 (PRMT5) favorise l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire, mais réprime l'apoptose. Pour clarifier le mécanisme de régulation par la méthylation, j'ai effectué une analyse de la stabilité de la structure du fragment p53 méthylé et un essai de méthylation in vitro avec la PRMT5. La méthylation des résidus Arg a déstabilisé la structure oligomérique, en particulier, Arg337 a largement contribué à la déstabilisation. J'ai identifié les sites de méthylation de PRMT5 en utilisant la CLN-SM/SM et j'ai révélé une cascade de méthylation qui a commencé par la monométhylation à l'Arg335. Ces résultats suggèrent un nouveau mécanisme de régulation via la modulation de la stabilité structurelle de la DT p53. L'affinité entre l'élément de réponse du gène cible et la protéine p53 semble être élevée avec les gènes d'arrêt du cycle cellulaire et faible avec les gènes pro-apoptotiques. Lorsque p53 se lie à un élément de réponse et contrôle la transcription, l'ADN se plie. On pense que même la protéine p53 méthylée et déstabilisée peut supporter la flexion des gènes d'arrêt du cycle cellulaire parce que l'affinité est élevée, mais ne peut supporter la flexion des gènes pro-apoptotiques. Au chapitre 3, j'ai décrit l'évolution de la stabilité structurelle de la DT p53 chez les mammifères. La séquence de la DT p53 des mammifères varie de 3 à 10 résidus au sein des espèces. J'ai synthétisé le fragment de 35 résidus de la DT p53 de l'humaine, de la musaraigne arboricole, du cobaye, du hamster chinois, du mouton et de l'opossum et j'ai analysé la thermostabilité de la structure oligomérique par spectrométrie DC. La musaraigne arboricole ressemble à un écureuil mais a été classée dans un ordre indépendant ; il y a eu des substitutions de seulement quatre résidus par rapport à la variante humaine, et sa structure oligomérique s'est avérée plus stable que celle de l'humain. En analysant les mutants, il a été déterminé que la substitution à l'origine de la stabilisation était du Met354 (Gln dans la version humaine). La modélisation de l'homologie de la structure tétramérique suggère que la chaîne latérale Met située dans l'hélice C-terminale a stabilisé la structure de l'hélice de l'extrémité par la chaîne latérale Met d'une autre chaîne protéique via de nouvelles interactions hydrophobes. Récemment, la musaraigne arboricole a attiré beaucoup d'attention, car les musaraignes arboricoles sauvages boivent régulièrement et sont sensibles à l'infection par l'hépatite B, dont on pensait qu'elle n'infectait que les chimpanzés et les humains. Elle est donc maintenant utilisée comme un modèle de primate. L'aldéhyde cause des dommages à l'ADN, et il a été suggéré que la musaraigne arboricole peut maintenir l'intégrité génomique grâce à son p53 stable. Au chapitre 4, j'ai décrit une analyse plus approfondie de l'évolution de la structure, de la stabilité et de la fonction de la DT p53 chez les vertébrés. En plus de l'analyse phylogénique de l'arbre, cette étude a analysé la structure, la stabilité et la fonction. L'analyse phylogénique a montré que la DT p53 des vertébrés avait une distance d'évolution plus longue que les DT de p63 et p73, qui sont des membres de la famille p53 qui forment un tétramère de la même manière. De plus, il a été révélé que le DT p53 est plus diversifié que le domaine de liaison à l'ADN (DBD). J'ai choisi 19 espèces dont des poissons sans mâchoires, des poissons cartilagineux, des poissons à nageoires de rayons, des poissons à nageoires de lobes, des Amphibia, des Reptilia, des oiseaux et des Mammifères. Bien qu'il y ait eu des substitutions de nombreux résidus, y compris chez la lamproie, le fragment DT a formé un tétramère chez toutes les espèces. J'ai effectué une analyse de la stabilité de la structure et une analyse de l'activité transcriptionnelle de la chimère p53. La lamproie avait une stabilité structurelle et une activité faibles, et les poissons comme le poisson-zèbre avaient une activité élevée en raison d'un effet de stabilisation de la deuxième hélice dans la région C-terminale. Cependant, l'espèce de Coelacanthe atteignant l'Homme dans le but d'avancer vers la terre a gagné une stabilité qui n'était élevée que dans la première hélice. Comme une mutation du DBD affecte directement la liaison avec l'ADN et que l'évolution du DT régule indirectement l'activité de p53, on pense que la stabilité de la structure tétramérique a évolué davantage que le DBD. Au chapitre 5, j'ai décrit la conclusion globale de cette étude. Pour comprendre le mécanisme de régulation in vivo, il est très important de clarifier le mécanisme de modulation de la stabilité de la structure tétramérique de p53. Dans cette étude, il a été déterminé que la stabilité structurelle est régulée par la méthylation de la DT p53. De plus, je propose que le modèle de contrôle du choix du gène cible utilise les différences d'affinité avec l'élément de réponse et l'ajustement de la stabilité de la structure tétramérique. En outre, outre l'analyse phylogénétique de la protéine, qui est exprimée chez le vertébré entier, j'ai effectué pour la première fois une analyse de la stabilité structurelle et fonctionnelle. Les résultats suggèrent que les vertébrés se sont adaptés à l'environnement grâce à la stabilité de la DT p53, et que la p53 a joué un rôle extrêmement important dans le processus d'évolution. / Tumor suppressor protein p53 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cells that are stimulated by a variety of cellular stresses including genotoxic stress. p53 maintains genomic integrity, and its functions are the most important for resistance to cellular tumorigenesis. Mutations of TP53, which is the p53-encoding gene, are frequently found in malignant tumors. Because apoptosis is not induced in cancer cells with mutations or deletion in TP53 in response to radiation therapy or treatment with anticancer agents, the prognosis of these patients is very poor. In response to cellular stress p53 is stabilized, tetramerized, and activated to exert functions such as transcription activation. This function is precisely regulated by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and methylation of more than 50 residues. Homotetramerization of the p53 protein through the tetramerization domain (TD) at the C-terminal region is indispensable for its function, and its transcriptional activity is regulated by the stability of the tetrameric structure. The TD of human p53 consists of a β-strand, turn, and α-helix and is in equilibrium between the monomer and tetramer. The regulation by posttranslational modifications in the tetramerization domain is still unclear; thus, detailed elucidation of the regulatory mechanism through posttranslational modifications is required. p53 is found in a wide range of organisms from Lamprey, which is an early vertebrate, to mammals. Though the role of p53 is important in the evolution of vertebrates, the function of p53 and the evolution process of the tetrameric structure are unclear. As well as phylogenetic analysis of the sequence, a comprehensive analysis of the structure and the function is required. The aim of this study was to understand how the stability of the tetrameric structure is changed by posttranslational modifications and how the TD regulates p53’s activity and function. To this end, I explored the Arg methylation regulatory mechanism and the evolution of the p53 tetramerization domain in vertebrates. This thesis consists of five chapters. The background of the study and the study goals are described as a general introduction in Chapter 1. I outlined the tumor suppressor function of p53, its tetrameric structure, and its evolution in vertebrates. In Chapter 2, I described the function control by methylation of the p53 TD. p53’s function is regulated by posttranslational modifications, including the methylation of three Arg residues in the TD. It has been reported that this methylation by protein Arg methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) promotes cell cycle arrest, but represses apoptosis. To clarify the regulatory mechanism through methylation, I carried out structure stability analysis of the methylated p53 fragment and an in vitro methylation assay with PRMT5. The methylation of the Arg residues destabilized the oligomeric structure, in particular, Arg337 had a large contribution to the destabilization. I identified PRMT5 methylation sites using nLC-MS/MS and revealed a methylation cascade that started with mono-methylation at Arg335. These findings suggest a novel regulatory mechanism via structural stability modulation of the p53 TD. The affinity between the response element of the target gene and the p53 protein appeared to be high with pro-cell cycle arrest genes and low with pro-apoptotic genes. When p53 binds to a response element and controls transcription, the DNA bends. It is thought that even methylated and destabilized p53 can endure bending of pro-cell cycle arrest genes because the affinity is high, but cannot bear bending of the pro-apoptotic genes. In Chapter 3, I described the evolution of the structural stability of the p53 TD in mammals. The sequence of the mammalian p53 TD varies in 3–10 residues within species. I synthesized the 35-residue fragment of the p53 TD of human, tree shrew, guinea pig, Chinese hamster, sheep, and opossum and analyzed the thermostability of the oligomeric structure using CD spectrometry. The tree shrew resembles a squirrel but classified independent order; there were substitutions of only four residues in comparison with the human variant, and its oligomeric structure has been shown to be more stable than the human one. By analyzing the mutants, it was determined that the substitution causing the stabilization was of Met354 (Gln in the human version). The homology modeling of the tetrameric structure suggests that the Met side chain located in the C-terminal α-helix stabilized the helix structure of the end through the Met side chain of other protein chain via new hydrophobic interactions. Recently, the tree shrew has attracted a lot of attention, as wild tree shrews drink routinely and are susceptible to hepatitis B infection, which has been thought to infect only chimpanzees and humans. Thus, it is now used as a primate-like model. Aldehyde causes DNA damage, and it has been suggested that the tree shrew can maintain genomic integrity because of its stable p53. In Chapter 4, I described more extensive analysis of the evolution of the structure, stability, and function of the p53 TD in vertebrates. As well as phylogenic tree analysis, this study analyzed structure, stability, and function. The phylogenic analysis showed that the p53 TD of vertebrates had a longer evolution distance than the TDs of p63 and p73, which are p53 family members that formed a tetramer in the same way. In addition, it was revealed that the p53 TD is more diversified than the DNA-binding domain (DBD). I chose 19 species including jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, Amphibia, Reptilia, birds, and Mammalia. Though there were substitutions of many residues including in Lamprey, the TD fragment formed a tetramer in all species. I carried out structure stability analysis and transcriptional activity analysis of chimeric p53. Lamprey had low structural stability and activity, and fish such as Zebrafish had high activity due to a stabilization effect of the second helix in the C-terminal region. However, the Coelacanth species reaching Human aiming at an advance to the land gained stability that was high only in the first helix. Because a mutation in the DBD directly affects binding with DNA and the evolution of the TD regulates the activity of p53 indirectly, it is thought that the stability of the tetrameric structure evolved more than the DBD. In Chapter 5, I described the all-inclusive conclusion of this study. To understand the regulatory mechanism in vivo, it is very important to clarify the stability modulation mechanism of the p53 tetrameric structure. In this study, it was determined that structural stability is regulated by the methylation of the p53 TD. Furthermore, I propose that the target gene choice control model uses the differences in the affinity with the response element and adjustment of the tetrameric structure stability. Furthermore, as well as phylogenetic analysis of the protein, which is expressed in the whole vertebrate, I performed structural stability and functional analysis for the first time. The results suggest that vertebrates adapted to the environment via the stability of the p53 TD, and p53 played an extremely important role in the evolution process.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis deals with the research of practical knowledge and skills of students of primary and secondary schools. It targets exploring of cognition of local common species of vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). This thesis is focused on education in the nature. The results are presented in graphs and chart tables. Key words: Knowledge of local vertebrates, questionnaire survey, primary school, secondary school, high school, hobby group, genus name, species name.

La couleur est un trait biologique essentiel et très variable qui permet à un organisme d'être adapté à son environnement biotique et abiotique. De multiples gènes influent sur la couleur ; leur évolution a été étudiée ici chez les Vertébrés en lien avec les duplications de génome survenues dans cette lignée . Alors que l'essentiel des gènes sont perdus lors de la rediploïdisation suivant une duplication totale de génome, ces travaux montrent que les gènes de la pigmentation appartiennent à des fa milles de gènes qui sont en moyenne plus retenues que le reste du génome . Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les poissons Téléostéens, cette expansion du répertoire de gènes de pigmentation pouvant être en lien avec la grande diversité de cellules pigmenta ires et de patrons de pigmentation observés chez ces animaux . Par ailleurs, l'étude de la pigmentation d'un organisme modèle émergent, le poisson -clown Amphiprion oellaris, a été réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse . La nature cellulaire de la bande blanche de ce poisson a été déterminée et a permis l'identification - d'un nouveau gène présent presque exclusivement chez les poissons Actinoptérygiens , probablement acquis par transfert horizontal, et impliqué dans le développement d'un type de cellules pigmentaires, les iridophores . Enfin, l'acquisition de la pigmentation au cours du développement du poisson -clown A. ocellaris, un poisson corallien au cycle de développement marqué par une métamorphose, a été étudiée en rapport avec la signalisation thyroïdienne, qui joue un rôle majeur au cours du développement des Vertébrés . / Color is a key biological trait that allows individuals to adapt to their biotic and abiotic environment, and many genes have been shown to play an essential role in color acquisition in vertebrates. In this work, the consequences on this specifie set of genes of the whole-genome duplications that occurred during vertebrate evolution were investigated. Whereas most genes a re lost after a w hole- genome duplication event, this work shows that pigmentation genes and other genes within their families have been more retained compared to the average observed genome retention. This was particularly the case for the teleost-specific whole-genome duplications . Hence, this high retention rate could  be related to the high pigmentation diversity observed in the teleost fish lineage, both  in terms of patterns and of pigment cell types . In addition, during this PhD thesis, pigmentation in an emerging model organism, the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris, was investigated. The white color in clownfish was shawn to be due to specifie pigment cells,  iridophores, and new iridophore genetic markers were detected . One such marker is almost exclusively restricted to ray-finned fish and could have been acquired through a horizontal gene transfer event that occurred at the onset of the evolution of this lineage. Last, in this work, the genetic basis of pigmentation acquisition was scrutinized during the development of clownfish A. ocellar is, and especially during metamorphosis - a major life history transition  in coral  reef  fish . In particular, the  deployment  during  development  of thyroid  hormone signaling  which is a key pathway in metamorphosis regulation in vertebrates  was examined.

Este estudo objetivou estudar os carrapatos e a infecção por patógenos, e sua correlação com os vertebrados desta região entre 10/2007 e 09/2008 foram realizadas mensalmente doze visitas a uma área de floresta ombrófila densa da Amazônica na Estação Ecológica de Samuel. Foram coletados, 60 aves, 36 mamíferos, 14 répteis e 11 anfíbios. Em vida livre foram realizadas 80 coletas de carrapatos em um total de 39.600m em cerca de 2.640min (44h) e coletados 265 carrapatos adultos de quatro espécies, sendo elas: A. scalpturatum (81), A. latepunctatum (84), A. oblongogutattum (18), A. naponense (69) e 597 ninfas de Amblyomma sp. Dos 104 adultos (11,8% do total de carrapatos) foram testados para Anaplasmataceae, obtive-se 27 (25,9%) positivos e mais 36 adultos (total de 140) e 11 carrapatos foram positivos (1) A. scalpturatum, (4) A. latepunctatum, (3) A. naponense. É notável o impacto da hidrelétrica sobre a fauna de pequenos mamíferos. / This study was aimed to analyze the ticks and the pathogenic infections, and their correlation with the vertebrates of such a region from October 2007 to September 2008, 12 surveys were monthly carried out at the Samuel Ecological Station in an Amazonian dense ombrophilous forest. They were collected from 60 birds, 36 mammals, 14 reptiles, and 11 amphibians. Eighty(80) collections of free-living ticks were carried out within an area of about 39.000 meters, during 2.640 minutes (44 hours), and 265 adult ticks or four species were picked up as following: 81 A.scalpturatum, 84 A. latepunctatum, 18 A. oblongogutattum, 69 A. naponense , and 597 Amblyomma sp. nymphs. 104 the adults, which accounted for 11.8% of total of ticks collected, were tested for Anaplasmataceae, and 27 (25.9%) were positive. In the Rickettsia spp. sample, additionally to the above mentioned 104 ticks tested, 36 adult ticks (out of a total of 140) were positive. It is noteworthy the impact caused by the hydropower plant on the small mammal fauna.

Cai, Ganhui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-192). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

This study investigated the utility to vertebrates of upland linear riparian rainforest fragments on the Atherton and Evelyn Tablelands in the Australian Wet Tropics region, north Queensland. Similar linear fragments were selected, that varied in forest age and their connectivity to large areas of continuous forest:- (connected primary (N=6), isolated primary (N=5), connected secondary (N=6) and isolated secondary (N=7)). Primary sites had either never been cleared or only subject to selective logging, while secondary forest had been completely cleared and allowed to regenerate for at least 30 years. These linear fragments were contrasted with riparian sites within continuous forest sites (N=6 to 7), which were situated in State Forest or National Parks, and sites within the cleared matrix (pasture, N=6). Vertebrates surveyed were birds, ground-dwelling mammals and reptiles, particularly leaf-litter skinks. All surveys were conducted between September and December in 2001 and/or 2000. Chapter 2 investigates the effects of forest age, isolation and structural vegetation features on bird assemblages within linear riparian fragments of rainforest. Bird surveys and structural vegetation assessments were conducted within connected and isolated primary and secondary linear fragments, and compared with those of continuous forest habitat (N=6) and pasture. There were strong effects of forest age; all three types of primary rainforest had higher values than secondary rainforest for most measured attributes of vegetation structure (including canopy height and cover; and frequency of large-diameter trees, lianes, epiphytes, strangler figs; and woody debris), but lower frequencies of tree ferns and thorny scramblers. Sites within primary rainforest also had a greater frequency of many bird species across different guilds of habitat, feeding and movement. Assemblages of rainforest-dependent birds showed an effect of isolation, although its strength was less than that of forest age. Isolated fragments of primary rainforest differed significantly from continuous primary rainforest in their rainforest-dependent bird species assemblages (and had lower species richness), and isolated fragments of secondary rainforest differed from those that were connected. There was a significant association between the species composition of rainforest birds and some measured vegetation parameters across all sites, but not within primary or secondary sites. Vegetation differences did not explain the lowered frequency of several species in isolated fragments. Limited dispersal seems unlikely to be a main cause, and causal processes probably vary among species. Specialist rainforest species endemic to the Wet Tropics region showed stronger responses to present-day rainforest age and fragmentation than those not endemic. Variation in nest depredation levels associated with rainforest fragmentation (edge effects) is examined in Chapter 3. Artificial nests were placed in the forest understorey at seven edge sites where continuous forest adjoined pasture, seven interiors (about one kilometre from the edge), and six primary linear riparian forest remnants (50-100 m wide) that were connected to continuous forest. Four nest types were compared, representing different combinations of two factors; height (ground, shrub) and shape (open, domed). At each site, four nests of each type, containing one quail egg and two model plasticine eggs, were interspersed about 15 m apart within a 160 m transect. Predators were identified from marks on the plasticine eggs. The overall depredation rate was 66.5% of 320 nests' contents damaged over a three-day period. Large rodents, especially the rat Uromys caudimaculatus, and birds, especially the spotted catbird Ailuroedus melanotis, were the main predators. Mammals comprised 56.5% and birds 31.0% of identified predators, with 12.5% of unknown identity. The depredation rate did not vary among site-types, or between open and domed nests, and there were no statistically significant interactions. Nest height strongly affected depredation rates by particular types of predator; depredation rates by mammals were highest at ground nests, whereas attacks by birds were most frequent at shrub nests. These effects counterbalanced so that overall there was little net effect of nest height. Mammals accounted for 78.4% of depredated ground nests and birds for at least 47.4% of shrub nests (and possibly up to 70.1%). The main predators were species characteristic of rainforest, rather than habitat generalists, open-country or edge specialists. For birds that nest in the tropical rainforest understorey of the study region, it is unlikely that edges and linear remnants presently function as ecological population sinks due to mortality associated with increased nest depredation. The use of linear riparian remnants by small ground-dwelling mammals and reptiles (mainly leaf litter skinks), is reported in Chapter 4. Site types were continuous rainforest, connected and isolated linear fragments of both uncleared primary rainforest and secondary regrowth rainforest. Mammals were also surveyed in pasture sites. Neither reptile species richness nor abundance varied significantly among site types. Although mammal species richness varied significantly between site types, with isolated primary sites containing highest species richness, overall mammal abundance did not differ significantly among site types. Pasture sites differed significantly from all rainforest sites in their mammal species composition, and were dominated by the introduced house mouse (Mus musculus). This species was absent from all rainforest sites, which were characterised by moderate abundances of bush rat/Cape York rat Rattus fuscipes/leucopus, fawn-footed melomys Melomys cervinipes and giant white-tailed rat Uromys caudimaculatus. None of these species varied significantly in abundance among site types, although the giant white-tailed rat showed a trend (P=0.09) for reduced abundance in isolated secondary sites. A single reptile species, the prickly forest skink Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae, occurred in sufficient numbers for individual analysis, and its abundance varied significantly among the forested site types, being less abundant in all linear fragments than in continuous forest sites. The utility of linear riparian rainforest for vertebrates appears to be species-specific and involves many factors. However, overall, species endemic to the Wet Tropics (which are hence of the highest conservation significance) appear to be the most sensitive to fragmentation. These species were most likely to show altered abundances or frequencies of occurrence due to isolation, forest age, and habitat linearity. The ecology of species within this group warrants further investigation within fragmented and non-fragmented regions of the Tablelands. For many other vertebrates examined in this study, there appears to be sufficient functional connectedness between remnants on the Tablelands to minimise the effects of fragmentation. Nevertheless, the lower density of many of these species in pasture may indicate that their long-term persistence within the fragmented rainforest areas could benefit from the maintenance or establishment of habitat linkages. Certainly, if the current rainforest vegetation cover were further reduced, or if the land use in the matrix became more intensive, the establishment of specific habitat linkages could become more important as existing dispersal routes could be lost. It also appears that nest depredation levels are unlikely to limit the value of linear rainforest remnants and other small rainforest remnants as breeding habitat for birds (at least for understorey-nesting species), relative to more intact rainforest, in the study region.