The purpose of the study was to investigate how a plaintiff's story is valued in rape convictions and to see what could affect the credibility and reliability of the plaintiff and defendant. The study used 40 rape convictions from Svea Hovrätt distributed between 2017 and 2021, which were read through several times based on content analysis. The results were analyzed on the basis of theories such as the ideal victim, critical victimology and with a social constructionist perspective. Previous research in the same field was also used. The results of the study showed that there were no major differences between the years, but a small difference could be sensed where the bearing in the plaintiff's story weighed heavier in 2021 than 2017. What affected the reliability and credibility depended on whether it was the defendant or plaintiff. An indication of negative discrimination could also be noted concerning racialized persons, which mostly turned out to be due to language difficulties. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur en målsägandes berättelse värderas i våldtäktsdomar och för att kontrollera vad som kunde påverka trovärdigheten och tillförlitligheten för målsägande och tilltalad. I studien användes 40 våldtäktsdomar från Svea Hovrätt fördelade mellan 2017 och 2021, vilka lästes igenom flertalet gånger med utgångspunkt i innehållsanalys. Resultatet analyserades utifrån teorier som ideala offret, kritisk viktimologi och med ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv. Även tidigare forskning inom liknande områden användes. Studiens resultat visade att det inte fanns större skillnader åren emellan men det kunde anas en liten skillnad där bäringen i målsägandes berättelse vägde tyngre 2021 än 2017. Vad som påverkade tillförlitligheten och trovärdigheten var beroende av om det gällde den tilltalade eller målsäganden, vilket kunde synas i bedömningen av trovärdighet och tillförlitlighet vid berusning. En antydan till negativ särbehandling kunde också noteras rörande rasifierade personer vilket mestadels visade sig bero på språksvårigheter. / <p>En ambitiös uppsats uppsatts med intressant delvis juridisk dock även kriminologiskfrågeställning. Omfattande empiri. Delvis adekvat men möjligen lite väl omfattande och därför något spretigt teorival. Adekvat val av metod. Till uppsatsens obetingade styrkor hör att både kvalitativ ochkvantitativ metod används Välskriven även om visa språkliga skavanker kan observeras. Det förhållandevis ringa antalet fall samt analysmetoden har ger inte författarna möjligheteratt till fullo besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar. Bl.a. kunde man inte vänta sig attförändringar över tiden skulle kunna upptäckas om de inte var mycket dramatiska. Jag skulle också önska mer djupgående och integrerad avslutande diskussion. Men min sammanlagda bedömning är dock att det är en bra uppsats.</p>

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At any given moment in time, there are people complying with fraudulent requests (i.e. scams) on the Internet. While the incidence rates are low (between five and ten percent of the population becoming victims on a yearly basis), the financial and emotional consequences can be high. In this Thesis we composed a unified theory of which factors made individuals more likely to comply with scams and what psychological mechanisms are unwittingly employed by con-men to make their (illegitimate marketing) offers more enticing. The strongest overall predictor of scam compliance (i.e. the extent to which an individual is likely to comply with fraudulent requests) was the level of self-control, regardless of the observed stage of a scam. On the basis of previous research, we postulated and have empirically shown that falling for a scam is a 3-stage process (i.e. assessing a scam to be plausible - plausiblity, responding to scammers - responded and, finally, losing utility to them – lost out). Taking this paradigm into account, we analysed the three stages in separate investigations and tested the viability of various psychological factors that play a role in them. We hypothesized that attitudes towards risky choices would play a role in finding an Internet scam plausible and thus started our investigation by transferring one of the classic economic psychological theories (i.e. Prospect Theory) into a virtual setting and demonstrated that risk preferences remain unchanged between concrete and virtual settings. Our investigation showed that attitudes towards risk are similar across virtual and concrete domains, but did not yield a reliable psychometric scale measuring risk preferences. As a corollary, in Chapter 3, we investigated psychological mechanisms that influence risky preferences as applied to all three stages of scam compliance. The empirical investigation in Chapter 3 of the present Thesis focused on social psychological mechanisms of persuasion. A scale of susceptibility to persuasion was developed, validated and then applied to the phenomena of scam compliance in two studies. Four reliable factors contributing to susceptibility to persuasion emerged: influence of authority, social influence, self-control and the need for consistency. The susceptibility to persuasion scale was then used to predict overall lifetime (study 1) and time-limited (study 2) scam compliance across the three stages of scams. Social Influence weakly predicted the plausibility stage in study 1, while strongly predicting the response stage in study 2. The need for consistency strongly predicted response stages in both studies. While compliance with requests from authorities did not predict responses to any of the stages in study 1, it weakly predicted the plausibility of a scam and strongly predicted responding to it in study 2. Weak self-control was a significant predictor of losing funds in study 1 and a strong predictor of responding to scams in study 2. As lack of self-control (as a personality trait) emerged as one of the significant predictors of scam compliance, this led us to infer that there were other personality traits that would contribute to understanding scam compliance. That became the topic of Chapter 4 of the present Thesis. In Chapter 4, we used the five factor model of personality, a brief self-control scale and the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale to measure the impact of personality traits on scam compliance in the response stage. Results showed that extraversion, openness, self-control, premeditation, sensation seeking and (negative) urgency had an influence on the response rates to fraudulent offers. Lack of self-control (as a personality trait) again emerged as a strong predictor of overall scam compliance, which led us to infer that self-control as a cognitive state would also contribute to measuring scam compliance in general and in specific types of fraud. The investigation reported in Chapter 3 showed fraudulent Internet auctions to be an effective scam. As a consequence of these two findings, in Chapter 5, we investigated the impact of self-regulatory fatigue on compliance with fraudulent Internet auctions. In the empirical investigation in Chapter 5 180 respondents in two groups were exposed to a cognitive task designed to be ego-depleting and then to a constructed fraudulent Internet auction. They were asked a series of questions concerned with the likelihood of them purchasing a desired item (i.e. the third stage of a scam) and its appeal to them. We found no evidence that lowered self-control (as a state) had any impact on the appeal of fraudulent offer or the likelihood of purchasing it. We also demonstrated that the perception of risk in the fraudulent Internet auctions is most strongly influenced by the feedback mechanisms and the sellers’ ability to use correct English. In the conclusion to the present Thesis we discussed the implications of our empirical investigations and constructed a fictional fraudulent offer that would be effective according to our research. It should, for example, be based on the advance fee schemes and should be delivered over the Internet to reach the most potential victims. Once we had created an outline of an effective scam, we used that as our starting point to suggest mechanisms that would be effective in resisting it. For example, individuals could employ heuristics in a better way or conduct reality checks; and software toolkits that would help in resisting scams could be developed on the basis of our findings. We also discussed future research directions (obtaining larger samples, focusing on specific types of scams and specific populations; and others) and general implications of our findings.

The chosen topic for this MastersThesis is "Assistance to Victims of Crime" - primarily due to its growing social significance. Society as a whole should not turn a blind eye to the serious impact of crime, focusing only on the punishment of convicted criminals; it should also focus on assistance to those harmed and affected by crime. Criminals usually commit crimes with a strong conscious awareness of their misbehaviour, while victims have no similar expectation; for them, a criminal event is like something "out of the blue". The shocking and traumatic impact following the crime, is something unbelievable for one who never had such an experience; hence, the return back to normal life is often very difficult for victims of crime. A society which aspires to be modern and developed should make this return as easy as possible, implementing a series of measures in the field of assistance. My goal was to describe the possibilities which exist in this area but also to concentrate on the current legislation, especially on new rights being brought into practice by the new Victims of Crime Assistance Act No 45/2013 Coll. The Thesis consists of eight chapters including an Introduction and a Conclusion. The first part is dedicated to victimology, a part of criminology that comprises a scientific study focused on...

The aim of my dissertation is to describe in detail the issue of victim of crime. The thesis is composed of seven chapters which include three main topics. The first three chapters create general introduction to the subject, its matter of interest, present historical overview, explain the general terms of the topic, such as victimology, damage, victimity etc., define the subject of victimology and describe the possible factors of the relation between victim and trespasser, their mutual interaction during and after the criminal act. Chapter four concentrates on the negative aftereffects created during the criminal investigation process, which is called victimization. This chapter is divided into four subsections (primary victimization, secondary victimization, tertiary victimization and revictimization). The fifth chapter focuses on assistance to the victim and ways of obtainable compensation. The chapter mainly deals with family assistance, psychological assistance and social assistance. In connection with the psychological assistance, the chapter gives a brief overview on Bílý kruh bezpečí (White Circle of Safety), its activities and work methodology. This chapter also deals with rights of victims and protection of witnesses. The chapter six describes current Czech proposal of the Act on Victim of...

Thesis title: Significance of Victimology for the Prevention of Crime The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the significance of victimology for the prevention of crime and to provide a summary of the basic victimological recommendations victims should remember in case they get into threatening situations. The thesis consist of seven chapters including an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction describes the concept of the thesis and defines objectives, which the thesis should aim at. The following chapter is dedicated to victimology that comprises a scientific study focused on victims of crime: its short development, as well as its basic terms which are crucial for handling the issue. Attention is also paid to the definition of a victim and aggrieved person in Czech law and offers comparsion of those concepts. The basic typologies of the victims are also mentioned. The third chapter provides a comprehensive interpretation of the prevention of crime, first defined in general. The second section of this chapter focuses on the different types of prevention and their interaction and context. The fourth chapter deals in more detail with victimological prevention, which is crucial for the purposes of my research. After an initial explanation of the term, is given an overview of the different...

Health care leaders lack the strategies to implement cloud security for electronic medical records to prevent a breach of patient data. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore strategies senior information technology leaders in the healthcare industry use to implement cloud security to minimize electronic health record cyberattacks. The theory supporting this study was routine activities theory. Routine activities theory is a theory of criminal events that can be applied to technology. The study's population consisted of senior information technology leaders from a medical facility in a large northeastern city. Data collection included semistructured interviews, phone interviews, and analysis of organizational documents. The use of member checking and methodological triangulation increased the validity of this study's findings among all participants. There were 5 major themes that emerged from the study (a) requirement of coordination with the electronic health record vendor and the private cloud vendor, (b) protection of the organization, (c) requirements based on government and organizational regulations, (d) access management, (e) a focus on continuous improvement. The results of this study may create awareness of the necessity to secure electronic health records in the cloud to minimize cyberattacks. Cloud security is essential because of its social impact on the ability to protect confidential data and information. The results of this study will further serve as a foundation for positive social change by increasing awareness in support of the implementation of electronic health record cloud security.

The diploma thesis was focused on "Selected organizations helping victims of the crime and their activities and cooperation". On the basis, it includes introducing the reader to how the victim is perceived in the Czech Republic, and what disciplinary discipline deals with it. In the theoretical part, I describe what kind of victimization we have and what types of persons are becoming the target of the offender's attack. Another chapter describes how the state apparatus in the field of assistance and help works in practice and what rights victims have on the territory of the Czech Republic. In this section I described the activities of the Police of the Czech Republic and the Probation and Mediation services. Then I have listed individual non- profit organizations which are helping victims. Research was made in three organizations, which is described in more details in the practical part of my diploma thesis. At the end of the theoretical part, I outlined 3 projects that are helping victims and also helping the public to inform them about available help. In the practical part, I realized qualitative research in the form of a structured interview with open questions. I made the research in the White Circle of Safety, Probation and Mediation Service, and the Citizens' Advisory. Ten respondents were involved in...

Submitted by LARISSA ROSA null (larissa_51@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-21T23:46:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LARISSA ROSA.pdf: 1794125 bytes, checksum: 1156b9935d7babfe8728c5d51424e248 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-27T13:39:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_l_me_franca.pdf: 1794125 bytes, checksum: 1156b9935d7babfe8728c5d51424e248 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:39:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_l_me_franca.pdf: 1794125 bytes, checksum: 1156b9935d7babfe8728c5d51424e248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / O presente trabalho tem por objeto a análise do modelo consensual de justiça criminal como alternativa para o sistema penal retributivo-punitivo, enfatizando o importante papel que a vítima exerce na construção deste novo sistema de resolução de conflitos no âmbito criminal. Parte-se da vertente vitimológica de inclusão, que incentiva a valorização da vítima sem defender a exclusão ou redução dos direitos do acusado, e da realidade brasileira, considerando a adoção do sistema consensual na situação em que ele coexiste com o sistema criminal tradicional. Assim sendo, não se parte de uma proposta abolicionista. Pretende-se, sob uma perspectiva vitimológica, analisar qual é o papel da vítima para a elaboração de políticas criminais efetivas e para a legitimação da atuação estatal na esfera criminal e quais são os principais motivos para a crise do modelo de justiça retributivo-punitivo, partindo-se da ideia de que a vítima é importante instância de controle. Busca-se a análise dos princípios, fundamentos, valores e práticas propostos pelo modelo consensual de justiça criminal, especialmente aqueles referentes à justiça restaurativa, partindo-se da noção geral de que este modelo sustenta uma política criminal de valorização da vítima e do diálogo entre as partes. As principais críticas feitas à adoção do modelo de justiça restaurativa são estudadas, a fim de compreender a viabilidade da proposta consensual. Por fim, situa-se a realidade brasileira com relação à adoção de legislações e práticas consensuais, destacando-se o cenário após a Lei n. 9.099/95. Pondera-se sobre os pontos positivos e negativos da adoção de um modelo restaurativo, na intenção de se concluir pela sua aplicabilidade no Brasil, sem desconsiderar a realidade punitiva e de desigualdades existente. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, o método adotado foi o dedutivo e a técnica utilizada foi de pesquisa bibliográfica, com abordagem teórica e descritiva, partindo-se das hipóteses de que o modelo retributivo-punitivo não integra a vítima à resolução dos conflitos penais e aí reside um dos motivos para a sua crise; e de que o modelo consensual possibilita a integração da vítima ao procedimento penal e é compatível com a realidade brasileira. Conclui-se que é necessária uma sistematização legal da justiça restaurativa, que utilize uma nova linguagem, refute estereótipos, sustente a preparação contínua de seus profissionais, proponha um procedimento flexível e incentive o diálogo e a participação efetiva das partes na resolução do conflito penal. Contudo, defende-se que não basta que os institutos e práticas consensuais-restaurativos estejam previstos legalmente, é preciso que os seus valores sejam respeitados na prática, reduzindo-se a adoção de momentos processuais isolados, que funcionam como mera formalidade ou etapa de um processo que pretende somente a punição do acusado. A justiça restaurativa não pode ser vista como a solução para todos os problemas criminais brasileiros, mas seus ideais, se corretamente implementados, têm o potencial de transformar a forma como são enxergados o crime e a importância das partes para a resolução do conflito penal, especialmente a vítima. / This study aims to analyze the consensual model of criminal justice as an alternative to retributive-punitive criminal system, emphasizing the important role that the victim plays in the construction of this new system of conflict resolution in the criminal context. It starts from a vitimological aspect of inclusion, which encourages the appreciation of the victim without defending the exclusion or reduction of the rights of the accused, and from the Brazilian reality, considering the adoption of the consensual system in the situation where it coexists with the traditional criminal justice system. Therefore it does not start from an abolitionist proposal. It is intended, under a vitimological perspective, to analyze what is the role of the victim for the development of effective criminal policy and for the legitimacy of state action in the criminal sphere and what are the main reasons for the crisis of retributive-punitive justice model, starting from the idea that the victim is an important control instance. It is intended also the analysis of the principles, fundamentals, values and practices proposed by consensual model of criminal justice, especially those related to restorative justice, starting from the general notion that this model supports a criminal policy of the victim recovery and dialogue between the parts. The main criticisms of the adoption of restorative justice model are studied in order to understand the feasibility of consensual proposal. Finally, the Brazilian reality is emphasized regarding the adoption of legislation and consensual practices, highlighting the scene after the Law n. 9,099 / 95. It is intended to weigh the pros and cons of adopting a restorative model, in the intention to find it to be applicable in Brazil without disregarding the reality punitive and existing inequalities. To achieve the proposed objectives, the method used was deductive and the technique used was bibliographical research with theoretical and descriptive approach, starting from the hypothesis that the retributive-punitive model does not bring the victim to the resolution of criminal conflicts and there lies one of the reasons for its crisis; and that the consensus model enables the integration of the victim to the criminal procedure and is compatible with the Brazilian reality. It is concluded that a legal systematization of restorative justice is required to use a new language, refute stereotypes, sustain the continued preparation of its professionals, propose a flexible approach and encourage dialogue and effective participation of the parties in resolving the criminal conflict. However, it is not enough that the institutes and consensus-restorative practices are prescribed legally, it is necessary that their values are respected in practice by reducing the adoption of isolated procedural moments which act as a formality or step in a process that pursues only the punishment of the accused. The restorative justice can’t be seen as the solution to all Brazilian criminal problems, but its ideals, if properly implemented, have the potential to transform the way the crime and the importance of the parties for the resolution of the criminal conflict are viewed, especially the victim.

Le but de ce travail est de théoriser une pratique à visée de changement développée dans le cadre d’une consultation hospitalière publique à destination de personnes victimes et psychotraumatisées. Cette pratique a été conçue en réponse aux impasses psychiques présentées par ces sujets suite à la traversée d’événements ou de contextes de vie extrêmes.Notre parcours nous a conduit du trauma à l’après-trauma, de l’après-trauma à l’épreuve de réalité qu’il représente, de celle-ci au Travail psychique de victime et de ce denier à l’accompagnement psycho-victimologique. Il trouve sa raison dans ce qui est apparu comme une surdétermination du concept de trauma, objet de multiples usages et acceptions de sa naissance à aujourd’hui, à mesure que nous en avons retracé l’histoire et dégagé les soubassements anthropologiques avec de ce que nous avons dénommé la « victimité ». En référence à la notion d’épreuve de réalité, développée par S. Feud à propos du deuil, nous avons dégagé les principes d’un travail psychique particulier nécessité par cette traversée d’événements extrêmes, le Travail psychique de victime. Il sera appréhendé à partir de quatre dilemmes revoyant aux questions de responsabilité et de culpabilité qu’a soulevées l’événement. L’échec à soutenir ces dilemmes nous permettra de rendre compte d’un ensemble de positions victimales problématiques ordonnées en une typologie et illustrées par des situations cliniques tirées de notre pratique. Nous nous attacherons alors, sous le terme de guidance psycho-victimologique, à dégager les principes de l’aide psychologique sous transfert nécessitée par les singularités de ces positions, et en proposerons des exemples détaillés / The aim of this research is to theorise a clinical practice aiming to change developed within a public hospital consultation service users who have been victimised and suffer from psychotrauma. This practice has been conceived in response to intra-psychical obstacles presented by these subjects. Our line of thought drove us from trauma to post-trauma, from post-traumatism to reality testing this may represent for these subjects, and from the latter to “the intra-psychical work of victim” and then to psycho-victimal support. This intellectual trajectory holds its grounds from what appeared as the multiplicity of uses and definitions of the concept of trauma this was evidenced as we have recounted its history and pinpointed its anthropological grounds with what the author named “victimity”. Referring to reality testing developed by S. Freud regarding the process of grief, we have highlighted the principles of a specific intrapsychical work required by this crossing of extreme life- events, “The intra-psychical work of the victim”. This will be conceived based on four key dilemmas referring to questions of responsibility and guilt provoked by the event. The failure to solve these dilemmas will allow us to elicit a differentiated set of problematic victimal positions. These will be organised within a typology illustrated by clinical vignettes drawn out of clinical practice. Finally what the author conceptualized as “psycho-victimological guidance” will be articulated. The approach pinpoints key tenets of psychological support under transference required by the singularity of this population’s positions. Detailed excerpts will illustrate the practice proposed