The thesis is trying to understand matters of assistance to victims of crime in the Czech Republic primarily throught law 45/2013 Sb., about victims of crime. Author is trying to find a link between using of rights and institutes from the law and victimological concepts of typology of victims of crime and victimization. At the same time author is examing practical working of these rights and institutes. In theoretical part is also used concept of life course perspective, mainly for examing a return of the victims to ordinary life. The research is based on qualitative study with interviewing experts and study of relevant documents. So the view is mediated by workers in organizations for victims of crime. Author did not found a link between type of victims and use ratio of rights and institutes. In practise the Czech police is not working very well with information duty and citiziens do not know much about their rights. Author is giving some recommendations for improving system of assitance to victims of crime to be more effective.

Adultery, abortion, witchcraft, sex work, are crimes that have historically until today been identified as predominantly female crimes. By criminalizing them, the patriarchal society exercises a control of the body and sexuality of women to maintain and remain them in their gender norms. However, patriarchal society participated in their victimization. In fact, many women in prison have been abused in their childhood and often faced a continuous victimization. The aim of this thesis, using feminist theories and critical discourse analysis as part of a case study, is to understand to what extent the patriarchal system has an impact on the creation of the female offender arguing that female offenders are victims of the patriarchal system before being criminals. The analysis of discourses surrounding the case of Lisa Montgomery demonstrates that gender has an impact on how people are criminalized and punished. The abuses often overlooked by the system have an impact on the crime trajectories of female offenders. However, the justice system rarely takes those aspects into consideration, especially when the female offender does not fit her gender norms. She is then described as an inhuman monster who deserves a severe punishment. This participates to maintain and reinforce patriarchy by recalling societal norms of femininity. The case of Montgomery represents thus one of many cases in which female offenders are, before being an offender, a victim of the system that allowed her continuous victimization.

Fildelning av upphovsrättsskyddad egendom har ökat i stor utsträckning efter inträdet av ny media och nya kommunikationskanaler. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka om företag behandlas enligt samma normativa standard som vanliga individer när de utsätts för ett brott. Christies teori om det ideala offret används för att analysera brottsmål rörande fildelning i Sverige mellan 2005 och 2011. Resultatet har, i flera bemärkelser, omformulerat hur offerskapet i sig konstitueras; den individ som är det ideala offret är inte svag och försvarslös utan en person med hög social status och inflytande. Företagen i studien behandlas således som objektiva agenter och deras status som offer ifrågasätts inte av domstolarna. / Piracy in intellectual property has grown extensively by the entrance of new media and communication channels. The aim of the present study is to examine if the companies are treated by the same normative standards as regular individuals when they are exposed to a crime. Christie’s theory of the ideal victim has been used in order to analyze legal the company as a victim cases concerning piracy in Sweden between 2005 and 2011. The findings have, in many respects, reformulated how victimhood itself is constituted; the individual who is the ideal victim is not weak and defenseless but a person who enjoys a high social status and influence. The companies in the study are consequently treated as objective agents and their status as victims is not questioned by the courts.

Pirmojoje šio magistrinio darbo dalyje pateikta nusikalstamų veikų aukų ir nukentėjusiojo sąvokos skirtumai. Antrojoje darbo dalyje identifikuoti plačiausiai visuomenėje paplitę nusikalstamų veikų aukų stereotipai ir pateikta šių stereotipų istorinė bei doktrininė apžvalga, taip pat jų sąvokos, reikšmės bei pasekmių nusikalstamų veikų aukoms analizė. Trečiojoje- išnagrinėta nusikaltstamų veikų aukų teisinė padėtis apžvelgiant tarptautinius bei nacionalinius teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius nusikaltimų aukų apsaugą, atlikta teisinės padėties statuso analizė istoriniu, lyginamuoju aspektu, akcentuojant kompensacijų nusikaltimo aukoms problemą. Ketvirtojoje magistrinio darbo dalyje pateikti atkuriamojo teisingumo modelio integravimo į Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamosios teisės sistemą būtinybė bei privalumai sprendžiant darbe analizuotas nusikalstamų veikų aukų problemas. / The Master‘s Thesis consists of four major parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to believe various myths and stereotypes about the victims of crime and their negative influence on understanding the victimization is analyzed. The third part includes the analysis of legal status of crime victims, complex domestic and international analysis of legislation, tackling the problems of compensation. The fourth part is about restorative justice and its positive influence on solving some of the problems crime victims have to endure.

The thesis concerns two pathways for legal intervention in cases of suspected child abuse at the hands of parents. One pathway is based on social law, where society's utmost tool is child protective custody. The other pathway is criminal law, where the abuse is investigated and enforced as a criminal offence. Sometimes only one of these pathways becomes relevant, sometimes both. The purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyse the regulatory framework and its practical application, and to highlight what the two pathways of intervention can accomplish in relation to the child victim's rights and interests. In the case of child abuse, the (legal) relationship between parents and children - and between children, parents and society - is brought to a head. The study demonstrates that many complex legal issues arise when the person subjecting the child to violence and abuse is the same person who under family law answers for the child's protection, care and representation. It is inter alia noted that the concept "best interests of the child" is interpreted somewhat freely, which can risk overriding the legal rights of the child victim. It is concluded that, in order to secure the child victim's legal protection, the regulation needs many small enhancements, each tailored to the problem conditions.

簡略總結犯罪被害者學至今近七十年的發展，係在刑事法領域中對於犯罪被害者的重新重視。犯罪被害者學並不意味著苛責犯罪被害人，反而透過類型化的理論形成、原因或犯罪被害者的特質分析與調查，提供刑事政策或刑事司法上之重要且更加全面的觀點。 犯罪被害者釋義學可由犯罪被害者角度出發，在刑法釋義學的層次發展並實質的影響刑事不法－主要係不法構成要件之輔助解釋原則。基於刑法的補充性原則、最後手段原則，重視犯罪被害者的應保護性與需保護性。犯罪被害者釋義學是作為構成要件解釋上的基準之一補充與輔助目的性解釋，並進一步對刑法的處罰範圍做出合理的限縮。其並非激烈且極端的訴諸苛責犯罪被害者以免除犯罪行為人之責任，也非意圖取代法益保護的思想而為對於刑法體系的顛覆，僅作為溫和且具有彈性的輔助解釋手段。並無必要對其嚴格限制或批評。 犯罪被害者釋義學之運用實質上實不侷限於詐欺罪領域之中。藉由犯罪被害者釋義學，提供更細密完整的觀察角度，對我國刑法分則之中各罪構成要件中犯罪被害者的角色定位加以釐清，將有其實益。犯罪被害者釋義學的出發點既然是犯罪被害者對犯罪的重要作用，則不只輕罪領域內的要件可能運用犯罪被害者釋義學進行解釋，重罪的若干要件之中犯罪被害者是否需要刑法保護，同樣應該討論。應從不同犯罪構成要件加以解構，注意犯罪被害者與犯罪行為人的共同作用。犯罪被害者釋義學主要針對的是特定犯罪之特定不法構成要件，立法者制定該要件的見解無法透過文義、體系或歷史解釋的方法確立。此時應可透過先歸納、後演繹的方式，證立犯罪被害者釋義學，並作為解釋上可廣泛運用的輔助原則。 由犯罪被害者釋義學的運用與歸納，可看出從犯罪本身的保護法益層次認定、再至個別要件規範係為保護犯罪被害者的構成要件規範或僅做為加重理由、且及於立法層次上的入罪或除罪化討論。犯罪被害者以刑法保護的需求，可具有「聯結功能」，提供學理上相同問題上相同解釋之依據，並透過對犯罪被害者需保護性的相同與不同理解，於不同犯罪的構成要件解釋或立法妥適性探討時一併考量，做出合理的解釋。 犯罪被害者釋義學之核心思維係最後手段原則的具體化，然而重點在於「如何具體化」。透過歸納犯罪被害者釋義學之運用，最後手段原則當然係刑法中的重要原則，但犯罪被害者與刑法之間的關聯，仍在於法益。無論是具體犯罪被害者的利益，或是抽象而廣義甚至可能的犯罪被害者需要以刑法保護，事實上構成了法益的一部，僅係在國家掌握刑罰權之下因而隱沒於法益概念之中。因此犯罪被害者釋義學應認為是一種從法益的認定與範圍出發，重視國家所應以刑法保護者並在各層次實踐的原則。故犯罪被害者釋義學可完全在現行刑法的體系、概念及理論當中實踐，刑事法長久以來討論與發展其實也從未擺脫個別犯罪被害者的思考。也因此犯罪被害者釋義學應是全面的、不激進的且可被接受的原則，並在不法構成要件解釋甚而整體刑事政策上皆可做出貢獻。

A Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) é parte elementar da revolução tecnológica sem precedentes que caracteriza a sociedade em rede (Castells) e que vem acompanhada de transformações sociais, culturais e econômicas em diversos níveis. Ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta inegáveis benefícios, como a comunicação sem fronteiras, a revolução tecnológica nos coloca desafios também globais. Dentre esses, se encontra a violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, multifacetada, global e interconectada. Com o uso da TIC cada vez mais disseminado dentre as crianças e adolescentes brasileiras, os riscos de aliciamento e abuso sexual on-line, agrupados na pesquisa na categoria de violência sexual mediada pela TIC, atingem a todas; porém, crianças e adolescentes pertencentes às classes sociais mais baixas são as mais vulneráveis. Aos riscos reais somam-se a sensação de insegurança e o clamor por punição evocado por grande parte da sociedade e estimulado pela mídia. Sob a denominação de luta contra a pedofilia na internet prevalecem no Brasil, medidas de ordem punitiva, como criação de novos tipos penais e aumento de penas. A dinâmica da violência sexual mediada pela TIC, porém, indica o papel essencial que as vítimas desempenham para o sucesso do aliciamento ou do abuso on-line; no entanto, as políticas nacionais de inclusão digital não têm sido acompanhadas pelos necessários investimentos em estratégias de prevenção vitimal. A presente pesquisa, portanto, sistematiza, de forma interdisciplinar, elementos que possam subsidiar estratégias de prevenção vitimal de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes mediada pela TIC. Parte de uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos de crianças e adolescentes (com foco nos direitos à participação e ao desenvolvimento) conectada a uma vitimologia que, integrada à criminologia, política criminal e dogmática jurídico-penal (Baratta, Anyiar de Castro), situa-se no paradigma das inter(relações) sociais (Pires) e considera crianças e adolescentes como sujeitos de direitos, mas também se preocupa com as percepções sociais a respeito do crime e do criminoso, razão pela qual é também realizado um estudo das modalidades de violência sexual e de sua atual conformação na lei penal brasileira, com foco na violência sexual mediada pela TIC. A proposta integradora dos elementos estudados parte de um modelo de prevenção multissetorial baseado na ecologia social, com foco no empoderamento de crianças e adolescentes para, em nível de prevenção primária, estimular a adoção de atitudes de prevenção e de auto-cuidado, e, em nível comunitário e social, informar estratégias de prevenção integradas e medidas de prevenção secundária e terciária. / The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an elementary part of the unprecedented technological revolution that characterizes the \"network society\" (Castells) and that is accompanied by social, cultural and economic changes at various levels. At the same time it has undeniable benefits, such as communication without borders, the technological revolution also poses global challenges. Among these lies the multifaceted, global and interconnected sexual violence against children and adolescents. With the increasingly widespread use of ICT among Brazilian children and adolescents, the risks of the sexual abuse and grooming online (grouped here within the category of sexual violence mediated by ICT), affect all, but children and adolescents belonging to lower social classes are the most vulnerable. The real risks are increased by feelings of insecurity and the urge for punishment evoked by much of society and encouraged by the media. In the name of fighting against \"pedophilia on the Internet\", punitive measures are prevalent in Brazil, such as the creation of new crimes and increase of criminal penalties. Whyle the dynamics of the sexual violence mediated by ICT points to the essential role that victims play in the success of deception or abuse online, national policies of digital inclusion have not been accompanied by adequate investments in strategies of victimal prevention. This research, therefore, systematizes interdisciplinary elements that may support strategies of victimal prevention of sexual violence against children and adolescents mediated by ICT. The perspective adopted is the one of childrens rights as human rights (focusing on the rights to participation and development) connected to a victimology (Baratta, Anyiar de Castro) that is integrated with criminology, criminal policy and criminal law, within the paradigm of social inter(relations) (Pires). The proposal, therefore, considers children and adolescents as subjects of rights, but also concerns the social perceptions about the \"crime\" and \"criminal\", reason why a study of the forms of sexual violence and its current conformation in the Brazilian criminal law is also carried out, focused in sexual violence mediated by ICT. A review of national and international victimological qualitative and quantitative surveys is included. These elements are integrated based on a multisectoral prevention model (social ecology), focusing on the empowerment of children and adolescents, at the level of primary prevention, to encourage the adoption of prevention attitudes and self-care, and, at community and social levels, to inform prevention strategies and integrated measures of secondary and tertiary prevention.

Abstract This study aims to describe and analyse how victims and credibility are constructed in the government bill and verdicts concerning the new sexual offence law in Sweden that became effective 1 July 2018. A qualitative content analyse has been used to answer the purpose of the study and the result has been analysed using Christies theory of the ideal victim. The results show that the construction of the victim is not consistent with Christies theory of the ideal victim. If the victim has acted with resistance is no longer considered significant. The perpetrator is described to have responsibility to assure that the victim participated with free will. However, victim reactions after the assault are described as important for the victims credibility. The victim is constructed as more credible if acting with sadness, crying and being jumpy. Results also show that it is important for the credibility that the victim leaves a consistent, truthful story and make a clear distinction of what is a clear memory and what is unsure. The main finding is that there has been a change in how the victim is constructed and what is needed for the victim to seem as credible.

Male violence against women in intimate partner relationships is a global public health problem and a serious crime, but remains largely underreported. The overall ain of this thesis was, by means of an interdisciplinary approach and from the perspectives of gender, public health and law, to gain a deeper understanding of the situation of abused women, by studying, on one hand, their leaving processes and, on the other, the consequences of the violence for their health. On the basis of this information, a further aim was to increase knowledge of the quality and effect of gender relations in the practical application of the law. The point of departure was that the different perspectives should not be consodered separately but should be seen in context. The thesis describes the prcess for abused women, from the violent relationship and the break-up, the health consequences caused by the violence to the practical application of the law. The thesis consists of four studies (I-IV). An initial qualitative study (I) showed that the leaving process for abused women is fearful, complex and long-lasting. The analysis also revealed a gradual development of strong emotional bonds towards the men on the part of the women. Study II was a combination of qualitative in-depth interviews and quantitative measurements and confirmed former studies regarding the negative health consequences caused by the violence, in particular symptoms of complex PTSD. Study III, examining preliminary investiagtions concerning reported crimes of intimate partner violence, showed that there is still a lack of crminal justice for abused women even if the frequency of cases leading to prosecution was fairly high. In study IV court case records were examined by means of a qualitative method inspired by discourse analysis to determine whether gender is (re)constructed in court practice, and how the process works. The analysis of this particular sample indicated that the practical application of law is influenced by an old-fashioned and stereotypical view of violence, sexuality, men and women. the legal discourses retain and reproduce the gender order. The overall results of the separate studies reinforce the importance of gaining a broader understanding of men's violence against women in intimate partner relationships.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3486.pdf: 964409 bytes, checksum: dc71f88a2d4ca3c054c8533cde46ae83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study has it s center in the relevance of the discourse in all social practices. Among these, are found the judicial practice, regulationed by laws, penal, civil and criminal codes that try regulation the most of social relations. Considering the drugs traffic crime, the objective of this work it is comprehend individual-position in the process of (des) construction of juridical individual (counsel), in penal process concluded with the absolution from one of the fouler defendant. Standing in the discourse formulation´s level (and/or of constitution), we work the argumentation from of the historical-discursive process where the position of counsel individual (lawyer) is formed, it enabling motions of reading/interpretation. The corpus of analysis is formed by the decision acórdão conceded by the Justice Court of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. This corpus exposes the practice of narcotic traffic of 3 young (the age between 20-30), whose crime happened in a gaúcha city, in 2003. In the judicial discursive practices, the purpose of the counsel s discourse is give an answer to the problem of the defendant with the purpose of absolution. This answer it seems to situated, many times, in an illusory perspective of completeness in the language, be rational and close, thinking on this way, be resolving the case/fact. To the discursive reflexion, resort on works from the french philosopher Michel Pêcheux and Michel Foucault. It is on the lard of various knowledge areas, like Discourse Analyses, Philosophy and Law that this work proposes the theorical-discursive reflexion. We observed the following considerations: 1) the activation of the Registrar of discourse memory in the fabric of criminal fact, 2) the operation of the senses, the comparison of the utterances of the defendants from the Criminal Investigation conducted by the Public Defender, 3) the s sdr defendant's "Z" built statements wish absolution: a) pick up only / just a ride, and b) real part in the imputation that he was being made, thus the formulation functioned as an effect of truth, 4) the Insurgency in sdr the Public Defender and Appellate of the subject showed that the FD has led to the authorization of the acquittal of the accused "Z" and impeded discourses of guilt and punishment, listed in determination of conviction in Judgement, and 5) the Public Defender Brazilian made discourses constituting meanings of victimology, thereby weakening mechanisms of criminology. / Este estudo centra-se na relevância do discurso em todas as práticas sociais. Entre essas, encontram-se as práticas do judiciário, regulamentadas por leis, códigos penais, criminais, civis que tentam regular a maioria das relações sociais. Levando em conta o crime tráfico de drogas, o objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a posição-sujeito no processo de (des) construção do discurso do sujeito jurídico defensor, em processo penal concluso com absolvição de um dos réus infratores. Permanecendo no nível da formulação do discurso (e ou da constituição), trabalhamos a argumentação a partir do processo histórico-discursivo em que a posição do sujeito defensor (advogado) é constituída, possibilitando gestos de leitura/interpretação. O corpus de análise é composto pela peça acórdão , concedida pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Porto Alegre, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Esse corpus revela a prática do tráfico de entorpecentes de três jovens (entre 20 a 30 anos), cujo crime ocorreu em cidade gaúcha, no ano de 2003. Nas práticas discursivas judiciais, a finalidade do discurso do defensor é dar uma resposta ao problema do réu com intuito de absolvição. Essa resposta parece estar situada, muitas vezes, em uma perspectiva ilusória de completude de linguagem, seja racional e fechada, assim pensando em estar resolvendo o caso/fato. Para a reflexão discursiva, recorremos a trabalhos dos filósofos franceses Michel Pêcheux e Michel Foucault. É no entremeio de diversas áreas do conhecimento, como Análise do Discurso, Filosofia e Direito que este trabalho propõe a reflexão teórica-discursiva. Como resultados, obtivemos as seguintes considerações: 1) ocorreu o acionamento da memória discursiva do escrivão na tessitura do Fato Delituoso; 2) o funcionamento-confronto dos sentidos dos enunciados dos reús deram-se a partir da Instrução Criminal dirigida pelo Defensor Público; 3) a sdr do réu Z construiu declarações que encejou a absolvição: a) pegara apenas/só uma carona; e b) verdadeira em parte a imputação que lhe estava sendo feita, assim, a formulação funcionou como efeito de verdade; 4) a sdr na Insurgência do Defensor Público e na Apelação do sujeito DP sustentou a FD que levou à autorização da absolvição do réu Z e impediu discursos de culpabilidade e punição, elencados na determinação de condenação na Sentença; e 5) a Defensoria Pública Brasileira formulou discursos constituindo sentidos de vitimologia, dessa forma, enfraquecendo mecanismos de criminologia.