This work was an attempt, foremost, to introduce the until now unpublished correspondence of two men of letters: Josef Knap and Jan Čarek, between the years 1925 and 1949. Their correspondence is preceded by vignettes of both authors, as a presentation of their main biographical details. In this regard there are mentioned the contributions of Josef Knap, particularly through his Sever a východ review, which a whole generation experienced growing in parallel to the mainstream.

Studiens syfte är att beskriva och analysera lärares och fältassistenters syn på sina egna och varandras roller och arbetsuppgifter i arbetet med socialt utsatta barn, samt samverkan kring dessa barn. Vi har valt att utgå från två frågeställningar: (1) vilka uppfattningar har yrkesgrupperna gällande arbetet med socialt utsatta barn och vilka likheter och skillnader finns? och (2) vilka uppfattningar har yrkesgrupperna gällande det arbete som kan ske i samverkan och vilka likheter och skillnader finns? För att bringa klarhet i dessa frågor gick vi ut till 10 respondenter, fem från varje yrkesgrupp som fick läsa en vinjett och sedan svara på 7 frågor som gav oss ett datamaterial som vi använde till att besvara dessa frågeställningar. Alla respondenter som vi gått ut till valde att delta i studien, men en respondent lämnade inte svar inom den avsatta tiden. Vi har tagit oss an frågeställningarna genom att koda och kategorisera svaren vilka sedan analyserats med hjälp av den sociala representationsteorin. Dessa svar sattes i kontext med hjälp av bakgrundsinformation som vi inhämtat från ett antal olika källor för att få en större förståelse för vårt problemområde. Inom ramen av denna studie har respondenterna haft möjlighet att ge sin syn både på sitt eget och andras arbete med socialt utsatta barn, samt sin syn på samverkan som ska ske mellan verksamheter när situationen kräver. Denna studie visar att det saknas en organiserad samverkan mellan lärare och fältassistenter. Respondenterna är enhälligt positivt inställda till samverkan i allmänhet, men det finns ingen plattform för samverkan mellan dessa yrkesgrupper. Lärare anser att det är så det bör vara, eftersom de arbetar och samverkar med skolans elevhälsa och i allvarligare fall socialtjänsten. Fältassistenter ger inte uttryck för ett önskat tillstånd för samverkan mellan sig själva och lärare, men konstaterar att det inte förekommer någon organiserad samverkan, och att den samverkan som finns med elevhälsa inte är så omfattande. Slutsatser som kan dras från detta är att det finns möjligheter att samverka inom skolan med socialtjänstens fältassistenter, men att möjligheterna är limiterade i dagsläget. / The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the difference in perspectives between teachers and field workers, in terms of their own and each other’s roles in work respectively, but also in terms of cooperation concerning children in the common arena of schools.We have chosen to assume the following questions: (1) Which perceptions do the occupational groups have regarding work for socially disadvantaged children and what similarities and differences exist? And, (2) which perceptions do the occupational groups have regarding work that can be done in collaboration and what similarities and differences exist? To clarify these issues a total of ten respondents were contacted, five from each professional group, and a total of 9 responses were recieved. The respondents were presented a vignette and asked to answer seven questions associated with it. The main questions of this study were addressed by coding and categorizing the answers gathered, which were later analyzed using the theory of social representations.These answers were put in context using background information we obtained from a number of sources to gain a better understanding of our research problem. Within this study, respondents have had the opportunity to give their views on their own and others' work with socially disadvantaged children, as well as their views on cooperation that takes place between the two occupational groups when it is required. This study concludes that, although respondents are positive regarding cooperation in general, there is no formal platform for cooperation between the two professions. Teachers express that they are satisfied with the established system where they cooperate with the school health services and, in more severe cases, directly with social services. Field workers do not express a desired state of cooperation between themselves and teachers, but note that there is no organized collaboration between the two, and that their interaction with school health services is not extensive. Further conclusions that can be deduced are that there are opportunities for field workers to cooperate with teachers, however these opportunities are organizationally limited.

Este trabalho se estrutura sobre a tese de que o sucesso da Rede Globo como empresa televisiva está intimamente relacionado com a criação - e exploração - de uma identidade audiovisual. Assim, a investigação avança no sentido de expor que identidade é essa e como ela se projeta por meio das vinhetas institucionais da emissora. Para isso, se utiliza do modelo Projeto/Manifestações proposto por Andrea Semprini, e o instrumental teórico da semiótica francesa. / This work is structured on the thesis that the success of Rede Globo as a television company is closely associated with the creation - and exploration - of a audiovisual identity. Thus, the research moves towards exposing what identity is that and how it is designed by the institutional vignettes. The theoretical reference used is the model Project/Manifestation proposed by Andrea Semprini and the instrumental of French semiotics.

Este trabalho se estrutura sobre a tese de que o sucesso da Rede Globo como empresa televisiva está intimamente relacionado com a criação - e exploração - de uma identidade audiovisual. Assim, a investigação avança no sentido de expor que identidade é essa e como ela se projeta por meio das vinhetas institucionais da emissora. Para isso, se utiliza do modelo Projeto/Manifestações proposto por Andrea Semprini, e o instrumental teórico da semiótica francesa. / This work is structured on the thesis that the success of Rede Globo as a television company is closely associated with the creation - and exploration - of a audiovisual identity. Thus, the research moves towards exposing what identity is that and how it is designed by the institutional vignettes. The theoretical reference used is the model Project/Manifestation proposed by Andrea Semprini and the instrumental of French semiotics.

This study bridges the gap in literature in regards to emerging adults ages 18 to 25 and their attitudes toward relationship formation, specifically towards the acceptability of stayover relationships. By using a factorial vignette to manipulate dimensions of number of nights, reason, and gender, the attitudes of emerging adults were indicated to be acceptable. Open responses were obtained to analyze how emerging adults are categorizing the academic term of stayovers. The study found that emerging adults were more likely to find 1-2 nights as acceptable when compared to stayovers that occur every night. Qualitative analysis of results showed that respondents commonly used language such as dating, friends with benefits, or committed relationship to describe stayover relationships.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine differences in the attributions teachers make toward students in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. The study utilized vignettes and asked teachers to attribute the responsibility for declines in behavior and academic performance to one of five sources (the student, the parents, the teacher, the court system, or the student's friends). The study further asked teachers to identify the extent to which the changes were due to the student's internal traits and external factors, the likelihood of changes in behavior and academic performance with and without intervention, the teachers' beliefs about their ability to impact change, the amount of time the teachers reported being willing to spend with the students outside of class, and the likelihood of the student pursuing post-secondary education. Teachers were also asked to identify to whom they would first refer the student in the vignette for outside assistance due to declines in behavior and academic performance and then provide all referrals they would make. A total of 224 certified 6th -12th grade teachers in the state of Iowa completed the vignette survey between January 2014 and April 2014. Results indicated that teachers made different attributions toward students on the basis of their involvement in either the child welfare or juvenile justice system. Specifically, teachers attributed the reason for behavioral and academic declines to different sources for students in the child welfare system, the juvenile justice system, and the control condition. Teachers were more likely to attribute academic and behavioral declines to internal factors for students in the juvenile justice system and external factors for students in the child welfare system. Teachers reported students in the juvenile justice system as least likely to change without intervention. The majority of teachers across the three conditions indicated their first referral would be to mental health services within the school. Teachers did not differ in the total number of referrals made, the amount of time until making the referral, the amount of time they would be willing to spend with the student outside of class time in order to impact change, their feelings of efficacy to impact change, and the likelihood of the student obtaining post-secondary education. Finally, limitations of the study are presented, suggestions for future research are discussed, and the implications of this study for teachers and school psychologists are discussed.

<p>There is today much evidence for a positive relationship between alcohol and violence. There are however still many questions about the nature of the relationship. Somewhat simplified, the research on the link between alcohol and violence can be divided into four different lines of research, research focusing on: the effect of alcohol as a psychoactive substance, the drinking context, the personality of the drinker, and societal attitudes, expectations and values. The dissertation focuses on the last area, the importance of the cultural context. One influential theory within this field is the time-out theory formulated by MacAndrew and Edgerton in the late 1960s. Since drunken comportment varied between cultures and between different contexts within the same culture and changed over time, they suggested that the effects of alcohol on people’s behaviour was socially constructed. They suggest that many societies had a created a time-out situation for drunken behaviour that explained people’s behaviour while drunk.</p><p>The general aim for this dissertation is to study young Swedes’ attitudes, experiences and expectations around drunken behaviour, with a special focus on expectancies around alcohol as a cause and excuse for violence. Three different data sets have been used. The first study is based on 4 focus-group interviews with Swedish football fans during the European football championship in Holland in 2000. The second material is eight focus-group interviews involving 47 students aged 18-20 living in Stockholm. The last material is a nationally representative survey of young adults, 16-25 years old. One part of the survey consisted of 4 vignettes which we used to elicit cultural norms around drunken behaviour.</p><p>The findings suggest that young Swedes believe that alcohol can be used as a means to accomplish a pleasurable state of mind, and that alcohol could be used as a means to transgression – since alcohol reduce inhibitions it could be used to put them in a less controlled mode. The rationale for those changes was often described in terms of the psychoactive effect of alcohol. However, it was also shown that the context was important. When the situation demanded alcohol the most, their expectations together with the situation almost turned water into beer. It was also shown that there was a norm which said that one should not use alcohol as an excuse, but on the other hand, the participants said that they used alcohol as an excuse and that they thought that it was accepted. Alcohol could work as an excuse since alcohol made the aggressor look less deviant and the acts less severe. The vignette studies indicated that an aggressor who was drunk when he committed a violent act was seen as less blameworthy than a sober or less drunk aggressor. However, this applied only under certain circumstances: alcohol seemed to be a better excuse if the victim is drunk as well and the act is relatively severe.</p><p>Taken together, the studies suggest that the Swedish drinking culture provides people with a drunken excuse, which helps young people to expand the room for possible action.</p>

There is today much evidence for a positive relationship between alcohol and violence. There are however still many questions about the nature of the relationship. Somewhat simplified, the research on the link between alcohol and violence can be divided into four different lines of research, research focusing on: the effect of alcohol as a psychoactive substance, the drinking context, the personality of the drinker, and societal attitudes, expectations and values. The dissertation focuses on the last area, the importance of the cultural context. One influential theory within this field is the time-out theory formulated by MacAndrew and Edgerton in the late 1960s. Since drunken comportment varied between cultures and between different contexts within the same culture and changed over time, they suggested that the effects of alcohol on people’s behaviour was socially constructed. They suggest that many societies had a created a time-out situation for drunken behaviour that explained people’s behaviour while drunk. The general aim for this dissertation is to study young Swedes’ attitudes, experiences and expectations around drunken behaviour, with a special focus on expectancies around alcohol as a cause and excuse for violence. Three different data sets have been used. The first study is based on 4 focus-group interviews with Swedish football fans during the European football championship in Holland in 2000. The second material is eight focus-group interviews involving 47 students aged 18-20 living in Stockholm. The last material is a nationally representative survey of young adults, 16-25 years old. One part of the survey consisted of 4 vignettes which we used to elicit cultural norms around drunken behaviour. The findings suggest that young Swedes believe that alcohol can be used as a means to accomplish a pleasurable state of mind, and that alcohol could be used as a means to transgression – since alcohol reduce inhibitions it could be used to put them in a less controlled mode. The rationale for those changes was often described in terms of the psychoactive effect of alcohol. However, it was also shown that the context was important. When the situation demanded alcohol the most, their expectations together with the situation almost turned water into beer. It was also shown that there was a norm which said that one should not use alcohol as an excuse, but on the other hand, the participants said that they used alcohol as an excuse and that they thought that it was accepted. Alcohol could work as an excuse since alcohol made the aggressor look less deviant and the acts less severe. The vignette studies indicated that an aggressor who was drunk when he committed a violent act was seen as less blameworthy than a sober or less drunk aggressor. However, this applied only under certain circumstances: alcohol seemed to be a better excuse if the victim is drunk as well and the act is relatively severe. Taken together, the studies suggest that the Swedish drinking culture provides people with a drunken excuse, which helps young people to expand the room for possible action.

Reproductive technology has extended procreative options to infertile, subfertile, unpartnered, and same-sex-partnered individuals, but this technology is sometimes used in circumstances that may be deemed unreasonable or inappropriate by some people. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of five contextual variables—gender, relationship status, age, and sexual orientation of the individual or couple seeking reproductive assistance, as well as the source of gametes—on attitudes toward the procurement of reproductive services. A multiple-segment factorial vignette was administered to a sample of 257 reproductive-aged respondents. Results indicate that ART is generally viewed as an acceptable procedure by reproductive aged individuals, particularly in normative contexts with regard to age and marital status, but differences between single men and single women using ART services were surprising and the effects of sexual orientation were both complex and unexpected. As reproductive norms and medical advances change over time, ethical questions will continue to arise and be discussed by professionals and lay commentators alike. The findings reported here can inform those discussions, while also generating new research to make sense out of the surprising results.

Trust between team members is important: Research has shown that teams with higher levels of trust have a propensity to be higher performers. This study built on contemporary trust theory by examining initial interpersonal trust development between a new team member and a newly formed work-team using experimental rather than correlation-based survey methods. Undergraduate students from a metropolitan Australian university participated in a vignette experiment examining the effect of teams with varying levels of Ability, Benevolence and Integrity on trust development. It was hypothesised that these antecedents of trust do not have similar effect on our Intention to Trust as is currently depicted in Mayer, Davis and Schoorman's (1995) integrative model of organisational trust. Their model is developed by hypothesising that the type and magnitude of the information we receive about a trustee moderates the relationship between our Intention to Trust and its antecedents. Initial examination of the traditional scales identified overlaps that needed clarification. This was completed by informing existing scales and the vignette manipulations with the context specific information that emerged from the thematic analysis of structured interviews. Subsequent analyses of the questionnaire data used ANOVA and Structural Equation Modelling techniques. In testing the hypotheses, Ability was found to be most salient in the development of Intention to Trust. This research contributes methodologically by developing a vignette-based experimental method that improves the reliability of existing trust scales. The study contributes theoretically by further explaining the salience of the trust antecedents and practically by identifying that the judgment and decision-making of new workteam members can be distorted by halo bias wherein they ignore the Benevolence traits of team members of a group that exhibits high levels of Ability.