This investigation identified children whose noncompliant behavior was maintained by negative reinforcement through brief functional analysis conditions and then evaluated the effectiveness of a contraindicated treatment (i.e., time-out package) for decreasing the noncompliant behavior to developmentally appropriate levels. The current results provided initial supporting data that time-out, in conjunction with other treatment variables, can be an effective strategy in reducing escape maintained noncompliance. Brief experimental analysis conditions consistent with the methodology demonstrated by Northup and colleagues (1991), were utilized to identify escape as the maintaining variable for noncompliance. Following identification of the function of the behavior, baseline data were collected. Across all participants, the average percentage of intervals of noncompliance during baseline was above 60% of observed intervals, which has been defined as maladaptive (Forehand, 1977) and may be indicative of future externalizing behavior problems, as well as the inability to acquire appropriate academic and social skills (Forehand et al., 1978; Rhode et al., 1993). The time-out package consisting of time in, effective instructions, time-out, and escape extinction was then implemented. Inspection of the data revealed that all participants exhibited clinically significantly lower percentage of intervals of noncompliance during intervention phases that were developmentally acceptable. Follow up data revealed that developmentally acceptable levels of noncompliance were maintained at one month. Overall, these data support the findings that the treatment package was effective in reducing the percentage of intervals of noncompliance for each participant, thus, demonstrating the effectiveness of this time-out procedure (i.e., a contraindicated treatment) in reducing the occurrence of an escape-maintained behavior.

This study involved trialing an operant conditioning procedure known as time-out, as a treatment for adolescents and adults who stutter. Time-out requires individuals to pause briefly after stuttering and to resume talking after a pause in this case, of five seconds. A randomised control group design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of time-out treatment. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to either a time-out treatment or control group. The results demonstrated that individuals who stutter are highly responsive to time-out treatment. The impact of the severity of the stutter, a person's age, previous treatment, and the nature of the stutter on treatment outcome, were also investigated. Baseline severity was a strong predictor of treatment outcome, and to a lesser degree, previous treatment and speech rate were found to share some influence over treatment success. In addition, there was an unexpected change in the stuttering topography over the experiment conditions.

Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) introducerade 2008 checklistan för säker kirurgi, som ett led i att minska vårdskador i samband med kirurgiska ingrepp och stärka kommunikationen mellan de olika professionerna på operationssalen. Denna checklista är uppdelad i tre delar; kontroll inför anestesistart, kontroll inför operationsstart (time-out), samt avslutning. Eftersom vår profession är operationssjuksköterskor, valde vi att fokusera på time-out, för att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av kommunikationen och följsamheten i samband med time-out. Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie baserad på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka granskades och analyserades. I artiklarna sökte vi efter gemensamma nämnare, de kategoriserades till huvudteman och underteman. Under huvudtemat kommunikation återfinns hierarki, som var en starkt bidragande faktor till bristfällig kommunikation inom det interprofessionella operationsteamet och till en låg följsamhet till WHO´s checklista för säker kirurgi. I huvudtemat utbildning framkom problem i samband med implementeringen av WHO´s checklista för säker kirurgi, där det saknas adekvat utbildning och handledning för hela teamet. Resultatet för uppsatsen kan ligga till grund för vidare forskning inom ämnet och bidraga till utbildning i interprofessionell kommunikation och utveckling, samt hantering av de olika hierarkierna på en operationsavdelning. / In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the Surgical Safety Checklist as a means to reduce surgical complications and improve communication among healthcare professionals in the operating room. The checklist is divided into three parts: pre-anesthesia check, time-out before incision, and closing check. As operating room nurses, we chose to focus on the time-out component to describe operating room nurses' experiences with communication and compliance during time-out.   This literature review is based on ten qualitative scientific articles, which were reviewed and analyzed. We searched for common themes in the articles, which were categorized into main themes and sub-themes. Under the main theme of communication, we found that hierarchy was a strong contributing factor to poor communication within the interprofessional operating team and low compliance with the WHO's Surgical Safety Checklist.   Under the main theme of education, we found problems with the implementation of the WHO's Surgical Safety Checklist, including inadequate education and training for the entire team. The results of this study can form the basis for further research on interprofessional communication and development, as well as the management of different hierarchies in the operating room.

<p>There is today much evidence for a positive relationship between alcohol and violence. There are however still many questions about the nature of the relationship. Somewhat simplified, the research on the link between alcohol and violence can be divided into four different lines of research, research focusing on: the effect of alcohol as a psychoactive substance, the drinking context, the personality of the drinker, and societal attitudes, expectations and values. The dissertation focuses on the last area, the importance of the cultural context. One influential theory within this field is the time-out theory formulated by MacAndrew and Edgerton in the late 1960s. Since drunken comportment varied between cultures and between different contexts within the same culture and changed over time, they suggested that the effects of alcohol on people’s behaviour was socially constructed. They suggest that many societies had a created a time-out situation for drunken behaviour that explained people’s behaviour while drunk.</p><p>The general aim for this dissertation is to study young Swedes’ attitudes, experiences and expectations around drunken behaviour, with a special focus on expectancies around alcohol as a cause and excuse for violence. Three different data sets have been used. The first study is based on 4 focus-group interviews with Swedish football fans during the European football championship in Holland in 2000. The second material is eight focus-group interviews involving 47 students aged 18-20 living in Stockholm. The last material is a nationally representative survey of young adults, 16-25 years old. One part of the survey consisted of 4 vignettes which we used to elicit cultural norms around drunken behaviour.</p><p>The findings suggest that young Swedes believe that alcohol can be used as a means to accomplish a pleasurable state of mind, and that alcohol could be used as a means to transgression – since alcohol reduce inhibitions it could be used to put them in a less controlled mode. The rationale for those changes was often described in terms of the psychoactive effect of alcohol. However, it was also shown that the context was important. When the situation demanded alcohol the most, their expectations together with the situation almost turned water into beer. It was also shown that there was a norm which said that one should not use alcohol as an excuse, but on the other hand, the participants said that they used alcohol as an excuse and that they thought that it was accepted. Alcohol could work as an excuse since alcohol made the aggressor look less deviant and the acts less severe. The vignette studies indicated that an aggressor who was drunk when he committed a violent act was seen as less blameworthy than a sober or less drunk aggressor. However, this applied only under certain circumstances: alcohol seemed to be a better excuse if the victim is drunk as well and the act is relatively severe.</p><p>Taken together, the studies suggest that the Swedish drinking culture provides people with a drunken excuse, which helps young people to expand the room for possible action.</p>

There is today much evidence for a positive relationship between alcohol and violence. There are however still many questions about the nature of the relationship. Somewhat simplified, the research on the link between alcohol and violence can be divided into four different lines of research, research focusing on: the effect of alcohol as a psychoactive substance, the drinking context, the personality of the drinker, and societal attitudes, expectations and values. The dissertation focuses on the last area, the importance of the cultural context. One influential theory within this field is the time-out theory formulated by MacAndrew and Edgerton in the late 1960s. Since drunken comportment varied between cultures and between different contexts within the same culture and changed over time, they suggested that the effects of alcohol on people’s behaviour was socially constructed. They suggest that many societies had a created a time-out situation for drunken behaviour that explained people’s behaviour while drunk. The general aim for this dissertation is to study young Swedes’ attitudes, experiences and expectations around drunken behaviour, with a special focus on expectancies around alcohol as a cause and excuse for violence. Three different data sets have been used. The first study is based on 4 focus-group interviews with Swedish football fans during the European football championship in Holland in 2000. The second material is eight focus-group interviews involving 47 students aged 18-20 living in Stockholm. The last material is a nationally representative survey of young adults, 16-25 years old. One part of the survey consisted of 4 vignettes which we used to elicit cultural norms around drunken behaviour. The findings suggest that young Swedes believe that alcohol can be used as a means to accomplish a pleasurable state of mind, and that alcohol could be used as a means to transgression – since alcohol reduce inhibitions it could be used to put them in a less controlled mode. The rationale for those changes was often described in terms of the psychoactive effect of alcohol. However, it was also shown that the context was important. When the situation demanded alcohol the most, their expectations together with the situation almost turned water into beer. It was also shown that there was a norm which said that one should not use alcohol as an excuse, but on the other hand, the participants said that they used alcohol as an excuse and that they thought that it was accepted. Alcohol could work as an excuse since alcohol made the aggressor look less deviant and the acts less severe. The vignette studies indicated that an aggressor who was drunk when he committed a violent act was seen as less blameworthy than a sober or less drunk aggressor. However, this applied only under certain circumstances: alcohol seemed to be a better excuse if the victim is drunk as well and the act is relatively severe. Taken together, the studies suggest that the Swedish drinking culture provides people with a drunken excuse, which helps young people to expand the room for possible action.

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The present study examined the implementation of a self-management strategy, termed the calm carrel, as a potential means of bringing about behavioural improvement (as reflected, primarily, in global behavioural ratings, extent of isolation time-out assignments, and student and teacher feedback) among six classes of Grade 4 to 6 children with emotional and behavioural disorders, being educated in self-contained classroom settings. The intervention consisted of a carrel within the class which students could choose to visit for up to three, 5-minute periods per day. While at the carrel, students could select from a variety of audio-based strategies provided on a CD player, comprising soothing music selections, as well as progressive muscle relaxation exercises, and visualization narratives which the children could work through. The option of completing a simple problem-solving form, as a means of reflecting upon their behaviour, was also provided. During both the 20-day baseline and 20-day experimental phase of the study, teachers maintained daily behavioural ratings and time-out frequency counts (also indicating the precipitating factor in the case of each time-out). Students kept their own records of carrel usage, and also completed pre- and post-intervention surveys and feedback forms. At the conclusion of the study, teachers completed a feedback form and were interviewed by the researcher. T-tests, Wilcoxon-signed rank tests, and ANOVA tests on the quantitative data garnered from the study, did not reveal the presence of significant trends suggestive of behavioural changes, within the data. Both student and teacher feedback, however, was largely positive, and can be regarded as indicative of the calm carrels value as an intervention blending self-management and relaxation techniques to provide a non-punitive student-directed alternative to the predominantly teacher-mediated approaches often characteristic of EBD classrooms. The intervention, deemed worthy of further study as a result of the present thesis, is thought to represent a technique which might help to facilitate the transition of students with EBD from segregated to inclusive class settings, insofar as it should be equally feasible to implement in both environments. / Special Education

Our thesis is based on the constantly changing internal and external environment causing firms to increase or decrease their internationalisation efforts. The focus of this thesis is going to be on describing the process of re-internationalisation, including the different stages of de-internationalisation, time-out, and re-entry as well as identifying the influences of the internal and external environment on the process of re-internationalisation.   The influences of the internal and external environmental on the process of re-internationalisation are analysed and accompanied by secondary data about the German biogas market, which the case company is considering to re-entry. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to existing literature by exploring the process of re-internationalisation and its stages of de-internationalisation, time-out and re-entry, to enhance the understanding of SME internationalisation patterns, and the influence of the internal and external environment   The process of de-internationalisation for the case company was characterised by a lower degree of market commitment in contrast to a complete exit. The degree of commitment was maintained during time-out stage, but due to changes in the internal and external environment a move towards re-entering the market was considered. The main influences, found in this single case study, can be separated along the stages of de-internationalisation, time-out and re-entry. The de-internationalisation was mainly driven by poor economic results and a lack of resources. During the time-out, the company’s acquisition led to a change in firm objectives. The re-entry was mainly influenced by changes in institutional policies and the previously altered company objectives caused a consequential increase in resources. The change in institutional policies was perceived as a business opportunity. However, the analysis of the case company’s market showed a deviation between perceived and actual business opportunity, highlighting the importance of acquiring up-to-date market knowledge.

Parent’s ability to implement a skill like time out is considered to have generality when it lasts over time, it appears in environments in which it was not initially trained, and it is seen in use for child behaviors it was not initially trained for. A recent study suggested that parents have difficulty implementing time out in the home when they are supposed to (Jensen et al., 2016). The present study aimed to determine if there were difficulties in stimulus or setting generalization. Six parent participants completed pre and post training in-home naturalistic video observations, as well as a generalization probe role-play test following training. Results showed that parent’s accuracy and parent’s ability to implement when they should were two different skills. Parents scored high for accuracy of steps correct in both the post training in-home observations and the generalization probe role-plays. However, parent’s correct attempts out of the possible opportunities were only moderate in the post training generalization probes and poor in both the pre and post training in-home observations. How to implement time out was the only skill directly taught to parents and not when to implement time out. The authors suggest that knowing when to implement time out may be a generalization deficit and a recognition of opportunities in the home deficit. This version of time out training may benefit from additional training to foster generalization. Future research may benefit from systematically analyzing whether parents can recognize opportunities for time out in the home through other parent in-home videos and if they can, more emphasis on generalization of a skill to the parent’s home would be necessary in training.

Mellan 2006 och 2012 genomförde Försvarsmakten förändringar som har påverkan på deras förmåga att fullgöra sitt uppdrag idag. Perioden refereras ofta till som den strategiska time-outen. Under denna period fattade Försvarsmakten beslut om att införa ett nytt verksamhetssystem (PRIO) för ekonomi, HR och logistik samt transformera personaltjänsten som fick konsekvensen att andelen administration, på de lägre nivåerna, ökade markant. Denna konsekvens är studerad av tidigare forskning men främst på de lägre nivåerna. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning ger denna studie ett elitperspektiv på problemet. Studien är inriktad på att intervjua myndighetsföreträdare för att se hur de upplever att problemet påverkar Försvarsmakten, vilka åtgärder de vill vidta för att motverka problemet samt vilka risker som finns på grund av problemet. På så vis har studien en konstruktiv ambition. För att få en övergripande elitsyn av hur Försvarsmakten ser på problemet intervjuas fem centralt placerade myndighetsföreträdare.Resultatet indikerar att myndighetsföreträdarna är väl medvetna om problemet och att lösningen på problemet är att lära sig använda verksamhetssystemet PRIO på ett skickligare sätt. Dessutom behöver mandaten renodlas och förtydligas på de olika ledningsnivåerna. För att få omedelbar avlastning med administration presenteras införandet av administratörer på kompaninivå som en lösning. Den överhängande risken, som påvisas i studien, är att Försvarsmakten blir sämre på sin kärnverksamhet om inte dessa åtgärder vidtas. Slutligen behöver professionen stärkas genom att Försvarsmakten får bättre kontroll över sin egen utveckling och utbildning, speciellt i förhållande till akademiseringen. / During 2006-2012 the Swedish Armed Forces underwent changes that would affect their ability to fulfill their task today. The period is often referred to as the strategic time-out. During this period the Swedish Armed Forces also decided to adopt a new business system for economy, HR and logistics. At the same time they also transformed the Human Resources structure that would come to affect the lower management levels amount of administration. The consequences that followed with these changes are studied by previous scholars but only at the lower levels of management. This study will investigate the problem from an elite perspective by interviewing five authority representatives. The interview will explore their view on the problem, how they wish to solve it and potential risks.The result indicates that the authority representatives are well aware of the problem. They see a number of solutions. The first is that the Swedish Armed Forces needs to better understand and learn how to use their new business system. They want to clarify and streamline the mandate at the different management levels. As a quick fix they want to hire administrators to relieve the company level of management from administration. The imminent risk if nothing is done to solve the problem4is that the Swedish Armed Forces core capabilities deteriorate. Finally, the profession needs to be strengthened through active measures by the Swedish Armed Forces to take effective control over their own progress and education, especially higher education.