Syftet med studien var att undersöka ungdomars uppfattning av hur kränkningar i sociala medier kan se ut samt att studera om det finns något som särskiljer det från kränkningar som sker öga mot öga. Eftersom den tekniska utvecklingen skapar förändrade förutsättningar för det sociala samspelet gör det att personer som arbetar med att förebygga kränkningar och mobbning ställs inför nya utmaningar. Därför är studien även inriktad på hur skolan kan arbeta med dessa kränkningar. Enligt en rapport från BRIS ”Barnens Rätt I Samhället” får de in fler och fler samtal varje år som handlar om mobbning och annan kränkande behandling. Detta talar för att det här är ett viktigt problem som behöver studeras närmare. Studien är gjord utifrån en kvalitativ ansats i form av halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Ungdomarna intervjuades i fokusgrupper med fyra ungdomar i en grupp och två i en annan. Två skolkuratorer har intervjuats enskilt. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien var symbolisk interaktionism och Erving Goffmans dramaturgiska sociologi. Den forskning som gjorts är främst inriktad på mobbning och den kunskap som finns idag går inte alltid att direkt överföra till det som sker på internet. Flera studier har visat att det finns en del grundläggande skillnader mellan de kränkningar som sker på internet jämfört med andra kränkningar, även om konsekvenser i form av oro och stress är ofta är detsamma för offret. Denna studies resultat visar bland annat att ungdomarna anser att det ofta är ett råare språk på internet där de upplever det som en ny norm, vilken innebär att det är mer acceptabelt att ge elaka kommentarer. Det framkom även att ungdomarna önskar att skolan lyfter frågor runt kränkningar i sociala medier mer än vad som görs idag / The purpose of this study was to examine the adolescents opinion of how violations in social media might look like and to study if there is something that distinguishes it from violations face to face. As the technological development create new conditions for social interaction, the people who are working to prevent violations and bullying are faced with new challenges. Therefore, the study is also focused on how schools can work with these violations. According to a report from BRIS “Children’s Right s In Society” they receive an increasing number of calls every year about bullying or other forms of violent behaviour. This points to that this is an important problem that needs to be studied closer. The study is made based on a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews. The adolescents were interviewed in focus groups of four persons in one group and two in another. Two school counselors have been interviewed individually. The theoretical approach of the study was symbolic interactionism and Erving Goffman's dramaturgical sociology. The research that is available is primarily focused on bullying and the knowledge that exists today can not always be directly transferable to what is happening on the internet. Several studies have shown that there are some fundamental differences between the violations occurring on the internet compared to other violations, even if consequences like anxiety and stress usually are the same. This study’s results show that the adolescents notices that it is often a rougher language on the internet and it has almost become a new standard. In turn this means that it is more acceptable to give mean comments. It also indicated that the adolescents would want the schools to raise the question about violations in social medias more than what is being done today

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / "May 2007" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-209).

Concerns the Hmong people in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Turkmens in Iraq. / UN Job no.: G0511801 E. Material type: NGO written statements. Issued under agenda item 6, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1. Issued under agenda item 6a, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--North Carolina State University. / Vita. Originally issued in electronic format. UMI number: 3098991. Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-217). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-10T12:54:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JULLIANA DA COSTA MACÊDO PAIVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PROFIAP-CCJS) 2016.pdf: 7186560 bytes, checksum: 39a5043d0b1dc3f8ab7e0f1ff66318e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-10T12:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULLIANA DA COSTA MACÊDO PAIVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PROFIAP-CCJS) 2016.pdf: 7186560 bytes, checksum: 39a5043d0b1dc3f8ab7e0f1ff66318e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-28 / A violência de gênero ao longo do tempo foi se tornando um problema de ordem pública que tem demonstrado a necessidade de políticas mais efetivas como a instituição dos Centros de Referência da Mulher – CRAM, nos municípios. Configura-se ainda como uma violação do direito à segurança dentro espaço doméstico. Com base nos altos índices de violência, e no desafio de monitorar as ações desenvolvidas no tocante às políticas públicas de enfrentamento a violência, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o uso do Centro de Referência da Mulher - CRAM do município de Cajazeiras/PB por parte das mulheres em situação de violência. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental em 284 fichas de atendimento registradas no CRAM Susane Alves entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2015. A partir da construção de um diálogo teórico discutindo gênero como categoria histórica e social e fazendo uma análise sobre o papel dos orgãos da rede de atendimento à mulher em situação de violência, a questão central investigada buscou entender como o órgão é utilizado por um perfil especifico de mulheres que necessitam de um maior empoderamento diante da situação de vulnerabilidade social. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que o órgão funciona como estratégia de empoderamento das mulheres que, em sua maioria, são mulheres em situação de violência da cidade de Cajazeiras (91,2%), moradora da zona urbana (90%), que tem até 40 anos de idade (61,3%) e possui até o ensino fundamental incompleto. A violência psicológica apareceu em 38,2% das respostas sobre tipificação da violência, seguida da violência física, com 22,3%. Apontam, também, para a existência de efetividade no órgão no que concerne à rede de atendimento e assume o papel de fornecer apoio psicológico, social, jurídico, de orientação e informação à mulher em situação de violência e de se articular com os outros órgãos da rede de enfrentamento da violência contribuindo para o empoderamento de mulheres e restabelecendo a garantia de direitos a uma vida protegida contra situações de violência. / Gender violence over time has become a public issue that has demonstrated the need for more effective policies, such as the establishment of Women's Reference Centers (Centros de Referência da Mulher – CRAM) in municipalities. It is also a violation of the right to security within the household. Based on the high levels of violence and on the challenge that is monitoring actions concerning public policies in the fight against violence, this study aimed at analyzing how victimized women have made use of the Women's Reference Center - CRAM in the city of Cajazeiras, Paraíba. To this end, a documentary research was carried out with the examination of 284 records reported at the Susane Alves CRAM from January 2010 to December 2015. From the construction of a theoretical dialogue where gender was discussed as a historical and social category, and by carrying out an analysis of the role of the agencies in the network that see to women in a situation of violence, the central question investigated sought to understand how the agency is used by women with a specific profile in need of further empowerment in the face of social vulnerability. The results of the survey pointed out that the center is used as a women’s empowerment strategy, with most cases representing women who are in a situation of violence in the municipality of Cajazeiras (91.2%), live in the urban area (90%), are 40 years old or less (61.3%) and have not completed elementary school. Psychological violence was observed in 38.2% of the answers dealing with the classification of violence, followed by physical violence with 22.3%. The cases also point to the existence of a positive effectiveness of the agency in regard to the service network and it takes on the role of provider of psychological, social and legal support, as well as guidance and information to women in situations of violence and works together with other institutions in the network against violence, contributing to the empowerment of women and restoring the guarantee of the rights to a life free from situations of violence.

A presente tese tem por escopo verificar o surgimento de uma nova exceção à imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados no caso de violação dos direitos humanos.Para chegar a essa conclusão, faz-se a análise e revisão críticas dos principais casos da jurisprudência estrangeira e nacional, de teorias, da Convenção da Basiléia sobre Imunidade de Jurisdição, da Convenção da ONU sobre Imunidade de Jurisdição, das leis internas sobre imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Austrália e da Argentina.O tema é dividido em quatro partes: na primeira parte, trata-se de noções sobre jurisdição e imunidade de jurisdição. Na segunda, sobre a evolução da imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados. Na terceira, sobre as exceções clássicas à imunidade de jurisdição e, na última, sobre a nova exceção à imunidade de jurisdição no caso de violação dos direitos humanos. / The scope of this thesis is to analyze the emergence of a new exception to the rule of state immunity in the case of human rights violations. To reach this conclusion a survey of the main cases law and theories is done. In addition, the European Convention on State Immunity, the UN Convention on State Immunity, the sovereign immunity acts of the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Argentina are comparatively examined. This thesis is divided into four parts: in the first part, it deals with notions of jurisdiction and jurisdictional immunity. In the second part, with the evolution of states immunity. In the third part, with the classical exceptions to jurisdictional immunity and in the last with the new exception to the state immunity in the case of human rights violations.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis is a discourse analysis of five testimonies from South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The aim of the analysis is to explore the ways in which the testifiers perform their identities, construe their experiences of life under apartheid, and position themselves and their audiences in relation to these experiences. The shaping role of context – both local and historical – is also considered.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study assesses the development ofvictims' rights in the legislative and policy framework in South Africa. It is argued that although victims' rights are recognised more has to be done to concretise these rights.

Magister Legum - LLM / The Constitution 1995 of the Republic of Uganda is silent on how to admit evidence obtained through human rights violations in Uganda. The decided cases are inconsistent in the way courts have dealt with this evidence. This research establishes how jurisdictions like South Africa, Canada, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Hong Kong deal with evidence obtained as a result of human rights violations. It establishes the position of international law on evidence obtained through human rights violations. The research then employs the comparative study to establish the status of evidence obtained through human rights violations in Uganda. This study helps in the improvement of the practice of evaluating evidence in courts, by providing recommendations to policy makers and judicial officers in the criminal justice system on how to handle evidence at the pretrial stages in order to greatly attempt to contain the consequences of this evidence.

Do firms face reputational penalties for committing environmental violations? This paper replicates the work of a previous empirical study to confirm the relationship between abnormal returns and legal penalties following the announcement of a violation. It then goes on to extend the study using more recent data to assess how reputational costs change over time. Across both sets of data, firms suffer abnormal stock price decreases following the announcement of an environmental crime. The size of prospective legal penalties is on average larger than the decrease in market value, indicating that investors base their reaction to violations off the present value of legal costs faced by the firm. Average abnormal returns decreased in size between the two studies, indicating that over time as investors started paying more attention to environmental responsibility, they became less surprised by new violations. The results of the studies taken together have public policy implications, indicating that at present investors face immediate penalties following a violation in the form of regulatory costs, but in the long term may also face reputational penalties due to increased investor attention to environmental performance.