On présente tout d'abord une série d'essais de cisaillement direct 2D monotones et cycliques sur l'interface sable de Fontainebleau-plaque rugueuse et lisse, 'a contrainte normale constante (CNL) et à rigidité normale imposée (CNS). Le but de ces essais est de simuler la situation mécanique le long de pieux soumis à un grand nombre de cycles d'origine environnementale ou anthropique. Ces cycles (typiquement 10000) de faible amplitude (10'a 40 kPa en terme de contrainte de cisaillement) ne sont pas cens'es produire de rupture prématurée. Ces tests incluent une série de cycles d'amplitudes (successives) variées. Le problème de la perte de sable entre la boite et la plaque est trait'e avec attention. Nous avons interprété l'effet de la position du "centre des cycles" dans le plan de contraintes (variables cycliques moyennes) et de la densité initiale. Plusieurs facteurs tels que l'indice initial de densité (ID0), la contrainte normale cyclique moyenne (_n cm0), le niveau initial moyen de contrainte de cisaillement (_cm0), l'amplitude cyclique réduite (__) et la rigidité normale imposée (k qui dans cette thèse, va de 1000 'a 5000 kPa/mm), influencent les déplacements relatifs cycliques moyens normal ([u]cm) et tangentiel [w]cm) et sont pris en considération.On observe soit de la dilatance, soit de la contractance en accord avec l'état caractéristique développé par Luong. L'influence du chemin de contrainte (CNL ou CNS) est également analysée. Un modèle phénoménologique et analytique de comportement d'interface sur chemins cycliques CNL est propos'e. C'est également le cas pour le comportement monotone sur chemins oedométrique et CNL, la variable de mémoire unique étant la densité d'interface (sous contrainte) ou le déplacement relatif normal. Cette formulation permet de traiter, par incréments analytiques finis, les chemins comportant une variation d'amplitude cyclique, et les chemins CNS, ce qui introduit la notion de nombre de cycles équivalent. On notera que les chemins CNS sont toujours contractants. Ces essais sont utilisés pour aborder la simulation par éléments finis, avec le logiciel Plaxis, selon une approche de pseudo-viscoplasticité, le nombre de cycles tenant lieu de temps fictif. L'essai de cisaillement monotone'a la boite est modélisé en densités faible et forte, ainsi que deux essais de pieux modèles centrifugés, l'un en traction, l'autre en compression. Des recommandations sont proposées pour le calcul courant des pieux sous sollicitations cycliques. Cette thèse a été soutenue par l'ANR SOLCYP et le programme national " recherches sur le comportement des pieux soumis à des sollicitations cycliques".

Les écoulements de mousse liquide sont directement impliqués dans de nombreuses applications dans des domaines aussi variés que les industries agro-alimentaire et cosmétique, l'extraction pétrolière, ou encore la décontamination nucléaire. Par ailleurs, l'étude des mousses apporte des connaissances fondamentales : plus facile à manipuler et analyser, la mousse est un fluide modèle pour comprendre des matériaux tels que les émulsions, les polymères, les pâtes, ou les agrégats de cellules, qui possèdent à la fois des propriétés liquides et solides. Les expériences systématiques réalisées par l'équipe de F. Graner ont fourni une série de données précises qui mettent l'accent sur les propriétés non newtoniennes de la mousse. Dans le même temps, P. Saramito a proposé un modèle visco-élasto-plastique (VEP) continu et tensoriel, à même de prédire le comportement de la mousse. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre ce comportement complexe en s'appuyant sur ces deux éléments. Nous avons élaboré et validé un algorithme de résolution basé sur une méthode d'éléments finis bidimensionnelle. Les solutions numériques sont en excellent accord avec tous les champs mesurés (vitesse, déformation élastique, taux de déformation plastique), et nous avons confirmé le caractère prédictif du modèle. Nous avons identifié les paramètres dominants et établi la nécessité de traiter simultanément les contributions visqueuse, élastique, et plastique dans un formalisme tensoriel. Notre travail apporte une contribution substantielle à la compréhension des mousses et ouvre la voie à la simulation réaliste d'écoulements complexes de fluides VEP en vue d'applications industrielles.

The computation of the macroscopic response of polycrystalline aggregates from the properties of their single-crystal is a main problem in materials mechanics. During the mechanical deformation processing, all the grains in the polycrystalline material sample are reoriented. A crystallographic texture may thus be developed which is responsible for the material anisotropy. Therefore, the modeling of the texture evolution is important to predict the anisotropy effects present in industrial processes. The formulation of polycrystals plasticity has been the subject of many studies and different approaches have been proposed. Ahzi and M'Guil developed a viscoplastic phi-model. This model takes into account the grains interaction effects without involving the Eshelby inclusion problems.In this thesis, the phi-model was applied to different crystallographic structures and under different loading conditions. The mechanical twinning has been taken into account in the model. The FCC rolling texture transition from copper-type to brass-type texture is studied. The shear tests in FCC metals are also studied. The predicted results are compared with experimental shear textures for a range of metals having a high SFE to low SFE. For BCC metal, we compare our predicted results with those predicted by the VPSC model. We study the slip activities, texture evolutions and the evolution of yield loci. We also present a comparison with experimental textures from literatures for several BCC metals under cold rolling tests. The model has also been extended to HCP metals. We predict the deformation behavior of the magnesium alloy for different interaction strengths. We also compare our predicted results with experimental data from literatures. We show that the results predicted by the phi-model are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

This thesis describes the development and applications of an extension of DWS which enables the recovery of ‘localized’ mechanical properties, in a specified region of a complex jelly-like object which is inhomogeneous, marked out by the focal volume of an ultrasound transducer, also called the region-of-interest (ROI). Introduction of the sinusoidal forcing creates a sinusoidal phase variation in the detected light in a DWS experiment which modulates the measured intensity autocorrelation, g2 (τ ). Decay in the modulation depth with τ is used to recover the visco-elastic spectrum of the material in the ROI. En route to this, growth of the mean-squared dis- placement (MSD) with time is extracted from the modulation depth decay, which was verified first by the usual DWS experimental data from an homogeneous object with properties matching those in the ROI of the inhomogeneous object and then those obtained by solving the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) modelling the dynamics of a typical scattering centre in the ROI. A region-specific visco-elastic spectral map was obtained by scanning the inhomogeneous object by the ultrasound focal volume. Further, the resonant modes of the vibrating ROI were measured by locating the peaks of the modulation depth variation in g2(τ ) with respect to the ultrasound frequency. These resonant modes were made use of to recover elasticity of the material of the object in the ROI. Using a similar strategy, it was also shown that flow in pipe can be detected and flow rate computed by ‘tagging’ the photons passing through the pipe with a focussed ultrasound beam. It is demonstrated, both through experiments and simulations that the ultrasound-assisted technique devel- oped is better suited to both detect and quantitatively assess flow in a background of Brownian dynamics than the usual DWS. In particular, the MSD of particles in the flow, which shows forth a super-diffusive dynamics with MSD growing following τ α with α < 2, is captured over larger intervals of τ than was possible using existing methods. On the theoretical front, the main contribution is the derivation of the GLE, with multiplicative noise modulating the interaction ‘spring constant’. The noise is derived as an average effect of the micropolar rotations suffered by the ‘bath’ particles on the ‘system’ particle modelled. It has been shown that the ‘local’ dynamics of the system particle is nontrivially influenced by the dynamics, both translation and rotation, of ‘nonlocal’ bath particles.

Lorsque deux solides séparés par un liquide se rapprochent, le drainage s’accompagne de forces visqueuses normales aux parois. Si elles sont très rapprochées, de l’ordre de quelques nanomètres, les parois sont indentées par ces forces : c’est le "confinement élastique". Indenter un solide par un liquide permet de supprimer l’adhésion, qui limite la résolution en termes de module d’Young des tests classiques d’indentation par un solide, surtout pour les films supportés minces et mous, par exemple des élastomères d’épaisseur micrométrique. Or leurs propriétés, qui peuvent sensiblement différer des propriétés en volume, sont essentielles dans des domaines aussi variés que la microfluidique, l’électronique ou l’usure mécanique. Nous présentons les calculs qui relient les forces normales aux propriétés mécaniques du liquide et des parois lors d’un confinement élastique. Les résultats sont comparés à des expériences de nanorhéologie réalisées sur une machine à forces de surface très sensible. Cette sensibilité nous permet de montrer que l’effet du confinement élastique se manifeste même sans film mou déposé : cela implique que la rhéologie apparente d’un liquide confiné est toujours affectée par les déformations des parois, même très rigides.Nous montrons enfin que nous pouvons effectivement mesurer avec précision des modules d’Young autour du MPa dans des films d’élastomères de quelques centaines de nanomètres à quelques micromètres d’épaisseur. Si le module de stockage ne varie presque pas avec l’épaisseur, un module de pertes apparaît, augmentant sensiblement lorsque l’épaisseur diminue, témoignant d’une visco-élasticité que nous attribuons à la présence d’une couche interfaciale. / When two solids separated by a liquid layer are moving towards each other, the resulting drainage is associated with viscous forces normal to the walls. If these are very close to each other (several nanometers), they are indented by these forces : this is the notion of “elastic confinement”. Indenting a solid by a liquid solves the problem of adhesion, which limits the ability of classical indentationtests to provide accurate measurements on Young’s modulii. Adhesion is especially problematic for soft thin films, for example micrometric layers of elastomers, which mechanical properties can strongly differ from the bulk, but are of the highest importance in various fields such as microfluidics, electronics or mechanical wear. We present here the calculations which link the solid and liquid mechanical properties to the resulting forces in a liquid indentation test. The corresponding results are compared to nanorheology experiments using a very sensitive Surface Force Apparatus. Its sensitivity enables us to show that the elastic confinement is also measurable without any soft films, which implies that a confined liquid apparent rheology is always affected bythe deformations of even very rigid confining walls. Finally, we demonstrate that we are indeed able to measure precisely Young’s modulii in the MPa range for films as thin as several hundreds of nanometers. While the storage modulii are found to be almost independent ofthe film thicknesses, we identify the presence of loss modulii increasing with decreasing thicknesses. We attribute this unexpected viscoelastic behaviour to the presence of an interfacial layer.

No description available.

Au travers de plusieurs expériences, nous explorons le lien entre dissipation et mouvement d'interfaces liquides. Dans une première partie, nous étudions le mouvement de gouttes en caléfaction sur différents substrats. Ce mouvement peut être accéléré, si le substrat est asymétrique, ou ralenti, s'il est symétrique. La décélération des gouttes nous permet alors d'étudier différents types de friction spéciale. Sur un solide lisse, celle-ci est très faible et essentiellement due à l'air environnant. Sur un solide crénelé, elle est due à l'impact du liquide sur les marches. Enfin, si la goutte glisse sur un autre liquide, elle ralentit à cause de la résistance de vague qui résulte du sillage qu'elle engendre. La seconde partie de ce travail porte sur les déformations de filaments visqueux. Si ceux-ci sont comprimés ou tordus, nous mettons en évidence plusieurs phénomènes de flambage visqueux, que nous comparons à leurs analogues élastiques. Enfin, si les filaments sont libres de se déformer, leur forme et leur dynamique découlent d'une compétition entre viscosité, gravité et effets capillaires.

Ce mémoire presente une synthèse de travaux de recherche consacrés à l'analyse de problèmes mathématiques issus de la mécanique des fluides. En particulier, par le mélange de modélisation, d'analyse théorique et numérique d' équations aux dérivées partielles ainsi que de calcul scientifique, les champs applicatifs de ces travaux ont porté essentiellement sur deux grandes thématiques : la mécanique des films minces et les biosciences. Cette synthèse s'articule autour de trois chapitres : 1) la lubrification hydrodynamique, 2) les lois de conservation scalaires sur un domaine borné et 3) la modélisation mathématique appliquée aux sciences du vivant qui présente, à son tour, deux axes distincts : la modélisation du système respiratoire et, en particulier, des échanges gazeux dans l'arbre bronchique et la simulation de suspensions biomimétiques actives ou passives dans un fluide de Stokes.