Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16375号 / 工博第3456号 / 新制||工||1523(附属図書館) / 29006 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡 二三生, 教授 勝見 武, 准教授 木元 小百合 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo a analise numérica da extrusão de pastas cerâmicas. Essas pastas são formuladas a partir de materiais de comportamento conhecido como viscoplástico, que consiste de um fluido não-newtoniano que sofre efeito de uma tensão limite de escoamento. Fizemos este material sofrer um escoamento em contração abrupta. Foram utilizados dois modelos numéricos para o estudo dessa extrusão, o chamado modelo de Carreau-Yasuda e o chamado modelo de bi-viscosidade modificado, baseado no modelo de Herschel-Bulkley. Foi testado como se comportam as variáveis quando variamos parâmetros reológicos da pasta e parâmetros operacionais do processo de extrusão, buscando a compreensão deste processo e sua otimização. / [en] The present work is focuse in the numerical analisis of ceramical paste extrusion. These pastes are formulated from materials with a typical behavior known as viscoplastic, that are non newtonian fluids with a flow limit tension. In our study we made this material go through an abrupt contraction flow. Two numerical models were used for the study of this extrusion, the Carreau-Yasuda model and the modified bi-viscosity, based on the the Herschel-Bulkley model. It was tested the behavior of the variables when we vary the reological parameters of the paste and the operational parameters of the extrusion process, searching the better understanding of the process and its otimization.

[pt] Na indústria do petróleo são comuns processos envolvendo deslocamentos de um fluido pelo outro, como nos processos de completação e cimentação de poços. A eficiência desses deslocamentos é de suma importância, garantindo a vida útil do poço. A operação é considerada adequada quando ocorre uma distribuição homogênea da pasta de cimento na parede do poço. No presente trabalho um estudo experimental e numérico do deslocamento de fluidos em espaço anular foi realizada. Para os testes experimentais um simulador físico de um poço em escala foi construído. As equações de conservação de massa e momento foram resolvidas através do método de volumes finitos, utilizando os programas Fluent e OpenFOAM. Para a modelagem multifásica foi utilizado o método volume-of-fluid (VOF). No estudo, a avaliação da influência de parâmetros reológicos, razões de densidade e viscosidade, geometria do poço e vazão de bombeio foi realizada com o objetivo de otimizar o processo de cimentação. Os fluidos utilizados foram fluidos modelos e reais, newtonianos e não newtonianos. A eficiência de deslocamento foi avaliada através da configuração da interface entre os fluidos e através da determinação do da densidade da mistura na saída do anular ao longo do tempo. / [en] Displacement of one fluid by another is a common process at petroleum industry, as completion and cementing operations of oil wells. The success of these fluids displacement guarantee the lifetime of the wells. The adequate operation occurs when the cement slurry distribution at the wall is homogeneous. In this work, experimental and numerical studies of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid displacement through annuli are performed. The experiments are performed using a scaled oil well model. The numerical solution of the governing conservation equations of mass and momentum is obtained using the finite volume technique and Fluent and OpenFOAM softwares. The multiphase modeling is performed using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The effect of rheological parameters, density and viscosity ratios, geometry configuration, and flow rate on displacement efficiency was evaluated to optimize cementing operation. Tests were performed using model and real fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian. The displacement efficiency was evaluated analyzing the interface between fluids and measuring the density of the mixture at the annuli outlet through time.

Cette thèse vise à proposer des outils innovants pour le calcul de structures aéronautiques évoluant à haute température. En effet, les régimes de fonctionnement des moteurs actuels conduisent à des évolutions élasto-viscoplastiques généralisées dans les pièces métalliques et l’utilisation de modèles simplifiés (élastiques) n’est plus totalement satisfaisante en terme de précision, même en phase de préconception. De même, la géométrie complexe permettant le refroidissement continu des pièces (micro-perforations) doit être prise en compte de manière exacte. Les techniques de calcul standard pour ce genre de problème conduiraient à des simulations lentes et peu flexibles (la moindre modification entraînant une remise en œuvre complète de la chaîne de calcul). Plus précisément, cette thèse étend les méthodes de type global/local non-intrusives au cas de la viscoplasticité généralisée en utilisant deux échelles de temps et d'espace, chacune adaptée aux phénomènes locaux et globaux à capturer. La méthode est ensuite étendue au calcul de nombreux cycles complexes de chargement, par des techniques de saut de cycles. Le schéma de couplage en temps permet alors une adaptation locale du pas de temps par sous-domaine. Des techniques d’accélération de convergence sont proposées, à l’échelle d’un incrément puis à celle de la succession de cycles (sauts de cycles). Ces développements permettent d’obtenir rapidement et précisément une estimation du cycle limite qui alimente un modèle de durée de vie. Le couplage non-intrusif est réalisé dans un script de programmation pilotant un code commercial (dans notre cas le langage Python et Abaqus/Standard). La méthode a été appliquée sur des plateformes de calculs industrielles, en réutilisant directement des maillages et les mises en données issues de modèles intervenant plus tôt dans la chaîne de calcul. Un cas métier, issu d’un bureau d’études de Safran Aircraft Engines, a pu être traité. / This thesis consists in developing innovating tools destined to the simulation of aeronautical structures evolving at high temperature. Indeed, working rates of current engines lead to an elasto-viscoplastic evolution generalized in metallic parts and the use of simplified models (linear elastic) are no longer totally satisfying in term of accuracy, even in initial design process. Likewise, the complex geometry allowing the continuous cool down process of parts (micro-perforations) has to be exactly taken into account. The standard computation techniques dedicated to this kind of models would lead to slow simulations with a lack of flexibility (the slightest modifications leading to restart the whole design process of the computation chain).More precisely, this thesis extends the noninvasive global/local methods to the framework of viscoplasticity generalized to the whole structure, using two scales in time and space, each one adapted to global and local phenomena to capture. The method is then extended to the computation of high number of complex load cycles, by skipped cycles techniques. The time coupling scheme lets then a local adaptation of time steps per subdomain. Convergence acceleration techniques are also set up, first for one time step and then through several load cycles (skipped cycles). These developments conduct to obtain quickly an evaluation of the limit cycle providing data to a lifetime expectancy model.The noninvasive coupling is realized in a programming language script managing the commercial software (respectively in our case Python and Abaqus/Standard). The method has been applied on industrial computational platforms, by reusing directly meshes and data from previous engineering tasks appearing earlier in the computational chain. A genuine test case from a Safran Aircraft Engines design office, was performed successfully.

Constitutive modeling is a method that is useful in providing precise predictions of material response in components subjected to a variety of operating conditions. A process for optimizing the material constants of the Miller constitutive model for uniaxial modeling was developed and implemented in an automated optimization routine. Generally, up to twenty experiments simulating a range of conditions are needed to identify the material parameters for the model. The research sought to minimize the amount of empirical data that is necessary for optimization, aiming to reduce the costs and time necessary to carry out this procedure for more expensive classes of materials. The ultimate goal was to develop a robust method for determining the material constants of a viscoplastic model using a minimum amount of experimental data. An automated optimization routine was implemented into a program, referred to as uSHARP, developed as part of the research to determine constitutive model parameters. Central to the method was the use of more complex stress, strain, and temperature histories than are traditionally used, allowing for the effects of all material parameters to be captured using as few tests as possible. By carrying out successive finite element simulations and comparing the results to simulated experimental test data, the material constants were determined from 75% fewer experiments. By reducing monetary costs and time required, this procedure will allow for a more widespread application of advanced constitutive models in industry, allowing for better life prediction modeling of critical components in high temperature applications.

No description available.

A new model using a double-continuity relation for predicting the evolution of pair-correlation functions (PCFs) is presented. The proposed model was developed using statistical continuum theory and is employed to predict the viscoplastic behavior of polycrystalline materials. This model was built based upon the continuity relations and a double divergence law that guarantees the conservation of both orientation and mass; and also satisfies the field equations (equilibrium, constitutive, and compatibility) at every point of the polycrystalline material throughout the deformation process. In the presented model, motion of particles in the real space and rotation of crystallographic orientations in the Euler angle space is monitored using an iterative process assuming that all the amount of deformation is applied uniformly without taking into account the localization effects. To study the accuracy of the proposed model, a commercially pure nickel material was rolled to different amounts of cold work. Texture and statistical analyses of the experimental and simulated microstructures were carried out. For the texture analysis, pole figures, ODF sections, and volume fractions of some ideal orientations of cold-rolling were studied. For the statistical analysis, pair correlation functions (PCFs) were employed and the correlations (auto- and anti-correlations) between ideal orientations and also the coherence length were studied. Simulated results captured from the implementation of the new model are in good agreement with the experimental ones at low and medium rolling deformations (0 to 50% rolling reductions); however, at large levels of deformations (above 70% reductions), because of the formation of cell blocks and relevant inhomogeneity, the occurrence of ideal orientations and their correlation properties in the experimental microstructure is affected by grain subdivision phenomena. This causes distortions in the shape of crystallographic grains at large rolling reductions, and accordingly we observe larger errors in comparison of simulated and experimental microstructures.

[pt] Sendo a exploração de petróleo cada vez mais profunda, atingindo vários quilômetros abaixo dos leitos marítimos, uma simulação numérica adequada para prever o comportamento de rochas antes da perfuração está se tornando cada vez mais importante para a indústria de petróleo, devido aos altos custos operacionais para garantir a estabilidade do poço. Um dos problemas típicos que os engenheiros de petróleo enfrentam é a instabilidade de poços em rochas evaporíticas, que geralmente são sujeitas a deformações excessivas e possuem características de comportamento mecânico dependentes do tempo. Grandes reservas de petróleo que foram encontradas ao redor do mundo em rochas evaporíticas encorajaram aos engenheiros a investigar mais profundamente essa resposta mecânica dependente do tempo (creep). Por outro lado, a concentração de tensões em torno dos furos pode torná-lo um projeto de engenharia inviável. A desestabilização devido a grandes deformações pode levar a problemas como colapso e fechamento do poço. Assim, para estudar a estabilidade de poços e projetar um sistema de produção de petróleo adequado, a influência do creep deve ser considerada adequadamente no comportamento esperado do material. Nesta pesquisa, as equações que definem o modelo elásto-viscoplástico de Sterpi e Gioda (2007) são implementadas no programa computacional FLAC 3D - ITASCA, código baseado no método das diferenças finitas. O procedimento de implementação consiste em gerar uma DLL (Dynamic Link Library) escrita em linguagem de programação C (mais mais) e integrar as tensões ao longo de um incremento de deformações usando um algoritmo de integração explícito. O modelo elásto-viscoplástico foi validado com resultados experimentais envolvendo rochas salinas disponíveis na literatura. Finalmente, é realizada uma simulação numérica com o programa FLAC 3D, considerando o modelo de Sterpi e Gioda, com o objetivo de estudar o fechamento de um poço no pré-sal brasileiro. / [en] Since oil exploration is reaching several kilometers below seafloor, an adequate numerical simulation for prediction of rock behavior prior to drilling is becoming increasingly important for the oil industry due to the high operating costs to ensure well stability. One of the typical problems that oil engineers face is the instability of wells in evaporitic rocks, which are often subject to excessive deformation and have time-dependent mechanical behavior characteristics. Huge oil reserves that were found around the world in evaporitic reservoirs encouraged engineers to further investigate this mechanical time-dependent response (creep). On the other hand, the concentration of stresses around the well can make it an unviable engineering project. Destabilization due to large deformations may be involved, leading to problems such as collapse and well closure. Thus, in order to study the stability of the boreholes and design an appropriate oil production system, creep must be properly considered in the expected behavior of the material. In this research, the equations that define the elasto-viscoplastic model of Sterpi and Gioda (2007) will be implemented in the computer program FLAC 3D - Itasca, code based on the finite difference method. The implementation procedure consists of generating a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) written in C (plus plus) programming language and integrating the stress along a strain increment by using an explicit integration algorithm. The elasto-viscoplastic model has been validated with experimental results from triaxial creep tests in salt rocks available in the literature, indicating a successful implementation. Finally, a numerical simulation in FLAC 3D considering the model of Sterpi and Gioda is performed in order to study a pre-salt wellbore closure.

No description available.

The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). During standard fuel cell operation, the PEM degrades due to cyclic hygrothermal loads, resulting in performance loss or total failure. Improvement of current PEM materials and development of cheaper, more durable materials is essential to the commercialization of PEMFC technology, which may provide an attractive alternative energy source for transportation. This dissertation investigates a new PEM material which is a blend of sulfonated perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Hereafter referred to as PFCB/PVDF, this polymer blend was developed by General Motors Company™ as a potential replacement for the current benchmark PEM, the DuPont™ product Nafion®. The PFCB/PVDF blend is less costly to manufacture than standard PEM materials and investigations into its long-term mechanical durability are ongoing. Specifically, this document discusses the experimental and analytical work performed in the material characterization, constitutive expression development, and implementation of that expression into uniaxial and biaxial finite element geometries. Extension of the model to time-varying temperature and moisture conditions is also explored. The uniaxial finite element model uses a non-linear viscoelastic viscoplastic (NLVE-VP) constitutive expression with parameters determined from uniaxial creep and recovery experiments at a single environmental condition. Validation tests show that this model accurately predicts results from uniaxial tension experiments, such as stress relaxation, force ramp, and multistep creep and recovery, to stresses of 8 MPa and strains approaching 15%, which is the maximum hygrothermal strain expected in an operating fuel cell. The biaxial finite element model combines the NLVE-VP constitutive expression with the geometry of a pressure-loaded blister experiment, which better approximates fuel cell membrane constraints. Results from the biaxial model are compared to experimental results. The model accurately predicts strain in the blister test but predicts stresses that differ from those estimated from blister curvature. Additionally, it is found that both the non-linear viscoelastic and viscoplastic parameters are functions of the operating environment. Future experimental work is needed to characterize that dependence before the constitutive model is used to simulate the response of the PFCB/PVDF blend to fuel cell operating conditions. / Ph. D.