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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Novas metodologias e formulações para o tratamento de problemas inelásticos com acoplamento MEC/MEF progressivo / New methodologies and formulations for the treatment of inelastic problems with BEM/FEM progressive coupling

Arthur Dias Mesquita 29 August 2002 (has links)
Novas formulações, técnicas e procedimentos são propostos para o tratamento de problemas inelásticos considerando-se acoplamento progressivo. O procedimento apresenta-se bastante adequado para a consideração de problemas de interação bi e tridimensionais que envolvam modificações na geometria e variações das condições de contorno ao longo do tempo. Este permite a inclusão e retirada de sub-regiões e a consideração de hipóteses especiais para o reforço, de maneira que o mesmo contribua adequadamente para o enrijecimento da estrutura. As formulações viscoelásticas e viscoplásticas são baseadas em uma nova metodologia e proporcionam com simplicidade e elegância resultados estáveis e bastante precisos. As representações viscosas para elementos de contorno são obtidas de duas formas, com o termo viscoso obtido através de integrais de domínio e de contorno. Esta última permite a análise viscoelástica de sólidos discretizando-se apenas o contorno do corpo, apresentando-se mais adequada para o tratamento de meios infinitos ou semi-infinitos. O comportamento plástico é levado em consideração através de algoritmos implícitos associativos e não-associativos, cujas expressões são obtidas de forma fechada, resultando em uma considerável economia computacional e uma melhor precisão na resposta não-linear. / New formulations, techniques and procedures are proposed for the treatment of inelastic problems considering progressive coupling. The procedure is quite adequate for the consideration two and three-dimensional interaction problems which involve modifications in geometry and variations of the boundary conditions along the time. This allows the inclusion and retreat of sub-regions and the consideration of special hypothesis for the reinforcement, contributing appropriately for the stiffness of the structure. The viscoelastic and viscoplastic formulations are based in a new methodology and provide with simplicity and elegance quite stable and precise results. The viscous representations for boundary elements are obtained by two ways, with viscous term obtained though domain and boundary integral. The last one permits viscoelastic analysis of solids discretizing only the body\'s boundary, showing to be more appropriate for the treatment of the infinite or semi-infinite regions. The plastic behaviour is taken into account through associative e nonassociative implicit algorithms, whose expressions are obtained in closed way, resulting in a considerable computational economy and a better precision in the non-linear answer.
72

Aproximação de Galerkin mínimos-quadrados de escoamentos axissimétricos de fluido Herschel-Bulkley através de expansões abruptas / Galerkin least-squares approximations for herschel bulkley fluid flows through an axisymmetric abrupts expansions

Machado, Fernando Machado January 2007 (has links)
O estudo de escoamentos de fluidos não-Newtonianos através de expansões desperta um grande interesse em pesquisadores nas diversas áreas da engenharia, devido a sua ampla aplicação em indústrias e no meio acadêmico. O objetivo principal desta Dissertação é simular problemas de escoamentos envolvendo fluidos viscoplásticos através de expansões axissimétricas abruptas. O modelo mecânico empregado é baseado nas equações de conservação de massa e de momentum para escoamentos isocóricos acoplados com a equação constitutiva de um Fluido Newtoniano Generalizada (GNL), com a função de viscosidade de Herschel-Bulkley regularizada pela equação de Papanastasiou. O modelo mecânico é aproximado por um modelo estabilizado de elementos finitos, denominado método Galerkin Mínimos-Quadrados, ou Galerkin Least-squares (GLS). Esse método (GLS) é usado a fim superar as dificuldades numéricas do modelo de Galerkin clássico: a condição de Babuška-Brezzi e a instabilidade inerente em regiões advectivas do escoamento. O método é construído adicionando termos de malha-dependentes a fim aumentar a estabilidade da formulação de Galerkin clássica sem danificar sua consistência. A formulação GLS é aplicada para estudar a influência do índice power-law, da tensão limite de cisalhamento e razão de aspecto na dinâmica do escoamento de fluidos de Herschel-Bulkley através de expansões axissimétricas abruptas de razão de aspecto 1:2 e 1:4. Os problemas que envolvem números de Reynolds desprezíveis, para uma escala do número de Herschel-Bulkley entre 0 e 100 e índice de comportamento entre 0,2 e 1,0 são apresentados. Os resultados são fisicamente detalhados e estão de acordo com a literatura. / The study of non-Newtonian fluid flows in expansions is of great interest for researchers in the several branches of engineering, due to their wide application both in industry and academy. The objective of this Dissertation is to simulate flow problems involving a viscoplastic fluid through an axisymmetric abrupt expansion. The mechanical model employed is based on the mass and momentum conservative equations for isochoric flows coupled with the Generalized Newtonian Liquid (GNL) constitutive equation, with the Papanastasiou-regularized Herschel-Bulkley viscosity function. The mechanical model is approximated by a stabilized finite element scheme, namely the Galerkin Least-squares method. This method (GLS) is used in order to overcome the numerical difficulties of the classical Galerkin method: the Babuška- Brezzi condition and the inherent instability in advective flow regions. The method is built adding mesh-dependent terms in order to increase the stability of the classical Galerkin formulation without damaging its consistency. The GLS formulation is applied to study the influence of power-law index, yield stress and aspect reason in the flow dynamics of Herschel- Bulkley fluids through an axisymmetric abrupt expansions of aspect reason 1:2 and 1:4. Problems involving negligible Reynolds numbers, for a Herschel-Bulkley number range between 0 and 100 and e power-law index range between 0.2 and 1.0 are presented. The results are physically comprehensive and are in accordance with the literature.
73

Uma investigação numérica de escoamentos planares de fluidos Herschel-Bulkley regularizados empregando um método multi-campos de Galerkin mínimos-quadrados / An numerical investigation of the planar flow of the herschel-bulkley fluids regularized employing a method multi-field of Galerkin least-squares

Fonseca, Cleiton Elsner da January 2009 (has links)
A grande maioria dos fluidos encontrados na natureza se comportam como fluidos não- Newtonianos o que torna o seu estudo muito importante para diversas áreas da engenharia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo simular o problema específico de escoamentos de fluidos viscoplásticos em expansões abruptas planares com razão de aspecto de 1:4. O problema em questão se mostra interessante pois em muitos sistemas industriais são apresentados a geometria proposta para estudo associada a fluidos viscoplásticos. Foi empregado o modelo mecânico multi-campos (mult-field) baseado nas equações de conservação de massa e balanço de momentum para escoamentos isocóricos acoplados com a equação constitutiva de um Fluido Newtoniano Generalizada (GNL), associada à função de viscosidade de Herschel-Bulkley regularizada através da equação de Papanastasiou. O modelo mecânico é aproximado por um modelo estabilizado de elementos finitos, denominado método Galerkin Mínimos-Quadrados (GLS). A fim de se pesquisar os fenômenos reológicos ali presentes é feito o estudo da influência do índice de power-law na topologia de um escoamento creeping flow (Re@0) para uma vasta faixa de números de Herschel-Bulkley variando entre 0.1 e 100. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfátorios, apresentando uma forte influencia do número de Herschel-Bulkley e do índice de power law na topologia e na dinâmica do escoamento. Obteve-se uma validação do trabalho comparando-se os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação com os obtidos em artigo de grande credibilidade e aceito por toda a academia científica. / The majority of fluids found in nature behave like non-Newtonian fluids what makes their study of great importance to various areas of engineering. The present work aims to simulate the specific problem of the viscoplastic fluids flows through in planar abrupt expansion with the aspect ratio of 1:4. The problem in question is interesting because in many industrial systems are the proposal to study geometry associated with viscoplastic fluid. It employed the multi-field mechanical model based on equations of conservation of mass and momentum balance for the isochoric flow coupled with the constitutive equation of the Generalized Newtonian Liquids (GNL), associated with the function of viscosity of Herschel-Bulkley regularized by the equation of Papanastasiou. The mechanical model is approximated by a stabilized finite element model, called Galerkin Least-Squares method (GLS). In order to research the rheological phenomena present is done studying the influence of power-law index in the topology of the creeping flow (Re@0) for a wide range of numbers of Herschel-Bulkley ranging between 0.1 and 100. The results have proved satisfactory, showing a strong influence on the number of Herschel-Bulkley and power law index of the topology and dynamics of the flow. Got to be a validation of the work comparing the results with those obtained in this thesis in an article of great credibility and accepted throughout the scientific academy.
74

Modelagem mecânica e investigação numérica dos efeitos elásticos e viscosos em escoamentos inerciais de fluidos não newtonianos

Santos, Daniel Dall'Onder dos January 2012 (has links)
A maioria dos líquidos encontrados na natureza são não newtonianos e o estudo do seu comportamento reológico tem uma importância significante em diferentes áreas da engenharia. Entre eles, existe uma classe de fluidos que exibem pequena deformação aparente quando sujeitos a um nível de tensões inferior a uma tensão limite de escoamento, referido como comportamento viscoplástico. Nesta classe de materiais, alguns apresentam também comportamento elástico quando submetidos a baixas taxas de cisalhamento. A presente Tese tem como objetivo o estudo numérico de escoamentos bidimensionais em regime permanente de fluidos elasto-viscoplásticos através de uma expansão-contração planar. O modelo mecânico é definido pelas equações de conservação de massa e de balanço de momentum acopladas ao modelo elasto-viscoplástico proposto nesta Tese. Esta modelagem é aproximada por um método de elementos finitos multi-campos estabilizado baseado na metodologia de Galerkin mínimos-quadrados que possui como variáveis primais os campos de tensão extra polimérica, velocidade e pressão. As condições de compatibilidade entre os sub-espaços de elementos finitos para tensão extra-velocidade e velocidade-pressão são violadas, permitindo assim a utilização de interpolações de igual ordem. O método estabilizado foi implementado no código de elementos finitos para fluidos não newtonianos em desenvolvimento no Laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluidos Aplicada e Computacional (LAMAC) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesta Tese é adotada uma metodologia alternativa para a definição das zonas rígidas do escoamento como sendo a posição onde a taxa de cisalhamento é igual a um valor dado pela relação de parâmetros reológicos do fluido, especificamente a tensão limite de escoamento e a viscosidade newtoniana para baixas taxas de cisalhamento. Nas simulações numéricas realizadas, o tempo de relaxação adimensional, o número de salto, o coeficiente power-law, a vazão adimensional e a massa específica adimensional são variados de forma a avaliar de que modo influenciam na dinâmica de escoamentos elastoviscoplásticos. Os resultados obtidos estão qualitativamente de acordo com a literatura, atestando a estabilidade da formulação empregada. / Non-Newtonian fluids are the majority of liquids found in nature and the study of their rheological behavior has a significant importance on different areas of engineering. Among them, there is a class of materials that exhibits little apparent deformation when subjected to a stress level behind an yield stress, referenced as viscoplastic material. In this class of materials, some fluids also exhibit elastic behavior at low shear rates. The present work aimed to a numerical study of two-dimensional steady state laminar flows of elasto-viscoplastic fluids through a planar expansion-contraction cavity. The mechanical model was defined by the mass conservation and momentum balance equations coupled to the elasto-viscoplastic model porposed in this work. This modeling has been approximated by a stabilized multi-field finite element method based on the Galerkin least-squares methodology, having as primal variables the elastic extra-stress component, velocity and pressure fields. In this way, the compatibility conditions between the extra-stress-velocity and pressure-velocity (Babuška- Brezzi condition) finite element subspaces are violated, allowing to use equal-order finite element interpolations. The stabilized method has been implemented in the finite element code for non-Newtonian fluids under development at the Laboratory of Applied and Computational Fluid Mechanics (LAMAC) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. An alternative methodology is adopted to define the yield surface as the position where the strain rate is equal to a value given by the relation of the rheological parameters of the fluid, namely the yield stress and the viscosity at low shear rates. In the performed numerical simulations, the non-dimensional relaxation time, the jump number, the power-law coefficient, the non-dimensional flow rate, and the non-dimensional density are varied in order to evaluate their influence on the elasto-viscoplastic fluid dynamics. All results found are in qualitatively accordance with the affine literature, and attesting the good stability features of the formulation.
75

Caractérisation métallurgique et modélisation de la tenue en fluage à 550°C des liaisons soudées en acier Grade 92 / Experimental characterization and modeling of the creep strength at 550°C of ASME Grade 92 steel welded joints

Kalck, Charlotte 06 December 2012 (has links)
Ce projet de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement de la future génération de réacteurs nucléaires, la génération IV. L'acier Grade 92, appartenant à la famille des aciers à 9-12% de chrome, est un candidat potentiel pour des composants de cette future génération de centrales. Ces structures sont assemblées par soudage.L'objectif de ce projet est de caractériser expérimentalement et de modéliser le comportement en fluage à 550°C de ces joints soudés en acier Grade 92 (9Cr-0,5Mo-1,8W-V-Nb).L'une des grandes problématiques des soudures en acier à 9 % de chrome est leur sensibilité à la rupture de type IV (rupture en zone intercritique (ICHAZ) ou dans la zone à petits grains (FGHAZ)) qui se produit généralement lors de sollicitations en fluage à basses contraintes et à hautes températures.Deux produits d'apports sont utilisés pour l'étude. Les soudures sont issues de l'assemblage par procédés TIG de deux tubes en position bout à bout. Une campagne d'essais de fluage à 550 °C sur éprouvettes travers joint en acier Grade 92 a été menée. Les expertises réalisées sur les éprouvettes de fluage indiquent que la rupture se produit en ICHAZ y compris pour les essais de fluage les plus courts (moins de 1000h).La modélisation du comportement en fluage du joint soudé complet a nécessité au préalable d'obtenir un modèle de comportement de chaque zone, en particulier de l'ICHAZ et de la zone fondue.Des essais de fluage sur des éprouvettes entaillées prélevées dans le joint ont permis d'accéder au comportement en fluage de ces deux zones. Une méthode complémentaire a été utilisée afin d'obtenir le comportement en fluage de l'ICHAZ. Cette méthode consiste à réaliser des essais de fluage sur des éprouvettes en microstructure de synthèse de la zone intercritique.Une caractérisation microstructurale fine de différentes zones de la soudure a été entreprise. Afin de comprendre les raisons de la faible résistance mécanique en fluage de l'ICHAZ, les microstructures de l'ICHAZ et du métal de base ont comparées à différentes échelles (MEB, EBSD, MET). Cette comparaison a également permis de valider la microstructure de synthèse. La caractérisation microstructurale des deux zones ne révèle pas de différences significatives ni sur la matrice de martensite revenu, ni en termes de précipitation. L'origine de sa moindre résistance à l'écoulement viscoplastique n'est donc pas résolue.Un effet de structure lié aux différences de propriétés mécaniques des zones de la soudure, est quantitativement étudié par modélisation des essais de fluage sur joint complet. / In the framework of the development of Generation IV nuclear power plants, ASME Grade 92 ferritic-martensitic steel is a candidate material for components subjected to long-term creep at high temperature. The aim of this study is to characterize the microstructure of Grade 92 butt welded joints and to model their creep behavior at 550 °C. Two filler rods were used for this study.The microstructure of the different weld regions was quantitatively characterized. In order to understand the weaker mechanical properties of the ICHAZ compared to the other regions of the welded joint, the microstructures of the base metal and the ICHAZ were compared at different scales (SEM, EBSD, TEM on thin foils and extractive replicas). No significant difference regarding microtexture, sub-structure and precipitation state was highlighted between both microstructures. The origin of the weaker resistance of the ICHAZ to viscoplastic flow is still not fully understood. A softer zone was found in the base metal close to the ICHAZ, yet with finer subgrains than the base metal,. It was supposed to be a thermomechanically-affected zone (TMAZ).At high temperatures and low stress levels, Grade 92 welded joints may be sensitive to type IV cracking, which occurs in the intercritical heat affected zone (ICHAZ). Creep tests conducted at 550 °C on cross-weld specimens revealed that fracture takes place in the ICHAZ, even for short-term creep tests (i.e., lifetime lower than 1000h).In order to model the creep behavior of the welded joint, viscoplastic constitutive equations for the different regions of the weld assembly were required. The viscoplastic behavior of the base metal, weld metal and of the ICHAZ were modeled using a phenomenological approach. The viscoplastic flow behavior of the weld metal and of the ICHAZ was experimentally determined (i) from tensile tests with displacement field measurements and (ii) from creep tests on tensile bars notched in the region of interest. An alternative method was also used to determine the creep behavior of the ICHAZ. It consists in reproducing the microstructure of this region by a thermal treatment and in carrying out creep tests on notched specimens cut from the heat-treated blanks. The parameters of constitutive equations (power-law flow rule together with a von Mises equivalent stress formulation and isotropic hardening according to a Voce-type evolutionary equation) were then fitted separately for the different zones of the welded joint.Constraint effects related to differences in mechanical properties between the different regions were quantitatively studied trough modeling of creep tests on the cross-weld specimens. For the stress levels experimentally considered, the contrast in strength between the different regions induces an increase in stress triaxiality in the softer zone (i.e. the ICHAZ) together with strain localization.Keywords: Creep, welded joint, Grade 92 steel.
76

[en] ANALYSIS OF GAS BUBBLE FLOW THROUGH A VISCOPLASTIC FLUID. / [pt] ANÁLISE DO DESLOCAMENTO DE BOLHAS DE GÁS EM FLUIDO VISCOPLÁSTICO

CRISTIANA DUARTE RANGEL DE ABREU 07 March 2017 (has links)
[pt] O escoamento de bolhas de gás em fluidos não-newtonianos é muito importante em diversas aplicações, tais como biorreatores, processamento de alimentos e operações de perfuração e cimentação de poços de petróleo, contudo poucos estudos abordam este tema. No presente trabalho é analisado o escoamento ascendente de bolhas de gás em fluido viscoplástico, modelado aqui como fluido Herschel-Bulkley. Utilizou-se uma abordagem bidimensional, aproximada por placas paralela. O escoamento multifásico foi numericamente simulado fazendo uso do método de volumes finitos VOF (volume of fluid), o qual resolve as equações de conservação de massa e momento aclopado a uma equação para a fração volumétrica dos fluidos. A influência de fatores tais como tensão limite de escoamento, dimensão da bolha, número de bolhas e distância entre as bolhas escoando em um fluido viscoplástico foram investigadas. Os resultados indicaram que a tensão limite de escoamento tem grande impacto na velocidade de deslocamento da bolha. No caso de mais de uma bolha escoando foi também observado que o deslocamento de uma bolha altera a velocidade de ascenção das outras, fazendo com que elas se unam, e a medida em que a distância entre as bolhas aumenta a interferência é eliminada e as mesmas escoam como bolhas individuais. Além disso, foi verificado que, dependendo do tamanho da bolha escoando, a parede interfere na sua velocidade de ascenção. Por fim foi analisada a mudança no formato da bolha, podendo-se observar que em número de Reynolds menores a mesma apresenta um formato esférico e a medida em que este parâmetro aumenta, a bolha vai se deformando e adquire uma forma elipsoidal. Os resultados qualitativos do presente estudo numérico foram comparados com alguns trabalhos experimentais encontrados na literatura e corresponderam relativamente bem. / [en] The gas bubble displacement in non-Newtonian fluids is important in many applications, including bioreactors, food processing and drilling and cementing of oil wells however a few studies have investigated this issue. The motion of gas bubbles in a viscoplastic fluid, modeled as a Herschel-Bulkley fluid, is analysed in the present work. A bidimensional approach was used, approximated by parallel plates. The multiphase flow was numerically simulated using the finite volume technique VOF (volume of fluid), which solves the conservation equations of mass and momentum coupled to an equation for the volume fraction of the fluids. Is was investigated the influence of factors such as fluid yield stress, bubble size, number of bubbles rising in the viscoplastic fluid and also the distance between them. The results indicated that the yield stress has great impact on the bubble rising velocity. In the case of multiple bubbles flowing it was also observed that the displacement of one bubble influences the rising velocity of the others, causing them to join together. As the distance between the bubbles increase the interference is eliminated and the bubbles flow separately. Furthermore, it was found that there was an wall interference depending on the size of the bubble. Lastly, it was analysed the change in the shape of the bubble. It could be observed that for lower Reynolds number the bubbles presented an spherical shape and as this parameter increases it turns into an elipsoidal shape. The qualitative results of the present study agreed relatively well with experimental works found in the literature.
77

Comparison of 3-D Friction Stir Welding Viscoplastic Finite Element Model with Weld Data and Physically-Simulated Data

Posada, Maria 06 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Models (both physical and numerical) of the friction stir (FS) welding process are used to develop a greater understanding of the influence of independent process parameters on dependent process output variables, such as torque, power, specific weld energy, peak temperature, cooling rates and various metallurgical factors (e.g., grain size and precipitates). An understanding of how the independent process parameters influence output variables and ultimately their effect on resultant properties (e.g., strength, hardness, etc..) is desirable. Most models developed have been validated primarily for aluminum alloys with relatively small amounts of experimental data. Fewer models have been validated for steels or stainless steels, particularly since steels and stainless steels have proven more challenging to friction stir than aluminum alloys. The Gleeble system is also a powerful tool with the capability to perform thermomechanical simulations in a known and controlled environment and provide physical representation of resultant microstructure and hardness values. The coupling of experimental data and physical simulated data can be extremely useful in assessing the capabilities of friction stir numerical process models. The overall approach is to evaluate Isaiah an existing three-dimensional finite element code developed at Cornell University by comparing against experimental and physically-simulated data to determine how well the code output relates to real FS data over a range of nine processing conditions. Physical simulations replicating select thermomechanical streamline histories were conducted to provide a physical representation of resultant metallurgy and hardness. Isaiah shows promise in predicting qualitative trends over a limited range of parameters and is not recommended for use as a predictive tool but rather a complimentary tool, Once properly calibrated, the Isaiah code can be a powerful tool to gain insight into the process, strength evolution during the process and coupled with a texture evolution model may also provide insight into microstructural and texture evolution over a range for which it is calibrated.
78

Design Construtal aplicado a escoamentos de fluidos viscoplásticos sobre dutos de seção elíptica

Hermany, Lober January 2016 (has links)
O presente trabalho destina-se ao estudo numérico da geometria de tubos de seção elíptica que facilite a transferência de calor adimensional e diminua a queda de pressão adimensional (Δ̃) sofrida pelo escoamento. O método aplicado é o Design Construtal, que visa determinar a geometria que apresentará a menor resistência ao escoamento, ou seja, busca-se determinar a razão de aspecto da elipse (=⁄) que favorece a transferência de calor e diminui a queda de pressão do escoamento. O fluido empregado neste estudo apresenta características de viscoplasticidade. A relação entre a tensão cisalhante e a taxa de deformação obedece ao modelo de Herschel-Bulkley modificado. Considera-se que o escoamento é incompressível, laminar, bidimensional, externo e ocorre em regime permanente. A solução numérica do problema proposto é realizada com um código comercial baseado no método dos volumes finitos. É investigada a influência do índice de potência, , sobre a seção elíptica que facilita o escoamento e, para isso, este índice é variado de 0,4 a 1. A influência dos números de Reynolds (√), Herschel-Bulkley (√) e Prandtl (√) sobre o comportamento do escoamento também é avaliada. √ é variado de 1 a 40, √ é variado de 1 a 100 e √ é variado de 0,1 a 100 Os resultados mostram que, para um escoamento com √=1, √=1 e √=1, o aumento do índice de potência influencia negativamente na transferência de calor adimensional e a seção elíptica, que maximiza esta transferência de calor adimensional, tende a ser mais alongada na direção do escoamento. Já e influenciam positivamente na transferência de calor adimensional. Para um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 conclui-se que com o aumento de a razão de aspecto ótima (q,opt), do ponto de vista térmico, diminui. Quando é considerado um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 conclui-se que q,opt diminui com o aumento de , ou seja, a elipse torna-se mais alongada no sentido do escoamento. A variação de √ em um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 mostra que o aumento deste parâmetro acarreta em aumento da taxa de transferência adimensional e de Δ̃. / The present work is aimed at the numerical study of the geometry of elliptic section tubes that facilitates the dimensionless heat transfer and decreases the dimensionless pressure drop (Δ̃) suffered by the flow. The applied method is the Construtal Design, which aims to determine the geometry that will present the least resistance to the flow, that is, to determine the aspect ratio of the ellipse (=⁄) that favors heat transfer and decreases the flow pressure drop. The fluid used in this study has viscoplasticity characteristics. The relationship between shear stress and strain rate follows the modified Herschel-Bulkley model. It is considered that the flow is incompressible, laminar, two-dimensional, external and occurs in steady state. The numerical solution of the proposed problem is carried out with a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The influence of the power index, n, on the elliptical section facilitating the flow is investigated, and for this, the index is varied from 0.4 to 1. The influence of the Reynolds number (√), Herschel-Bulkley number (√) and Prandtl number (√) on the flow behavior is also evaluated √ is varied from 1 to 40, √ is varied from 1 to 100 and √ is varied from 0.1 to 100. The results show that for a flow with √=1, √=1 and √=1, the increase of the power index negatively influences the dimensionless heat transfer and the elliptic section, which maximizes this dimensionless heat transfer, tends to be more elongated in the direction of flow. Already √ and √ influence positively the dimensionless heat transfer. For a flow with √=1, √=1, =0.4 it is concluded that with the increase of √ the optimum aspect ratio (q,opt), from the thermal point of view, decreases. When a flow is considered with √=1, √=1, =0.4 it is concluded that q,opt decreases with the increase of √, that is, ellipse becomes more elongated in the flow direction. The variation of √ in a flow with √=1, √=1, =0.4 shows that the increase of this parameter causes an increase of the dimensionless transfer rate and Δ̃.
79

Trainée et portance dans les fluides newtoniens et les fluides à seuil / Drag and lift in newtonian and yield stress fluid

Ouattara, Ziemihori 03 May 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse expérimentale et numérique s’intéresse à l’écoulement à inertie négligeable d’un fluide newtonien et d’un fluide à seuil autour d’une plaque ou d’un cylindre en présence d’une paroi. Les efforts générés et les structures d’écoulement ont été particulièrement étudiés. Pour le fluide à seuil, l’étude est centrée sur le domaine des effets de seuil grands par rapport aux effets visqueux. Pour l’approche expérimentale, un dispositif a été conçu permettant de mesurer simultanément les forces de traînée et de portance en fonction de la vitesse et de la distance obstacle/paroi. Les fluides étudiés sont un sirop de glucose Newtonien et un gel de Carbopol considéré comme un fluide à seuil modèle. Ces matériaux ont été finement caractérisés du point de vue rhéologique. Des simulations numériques utilisant le modèle viscoplastique anélastique d’Herschel-Bulkley régularisé par le modèle de Papanastasiou ont été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus avec le fluide newtonien ont permis de valider l’installation expérimentale et l’approche numérique. Les effets de la contrainte seuil, de la distance paroi/obstacle, de la rhéofluidification, de l’angle d’inclinaison de la plaque sur les coefficients de traînée et de portance ont été examinés en détail. Le régime de lubrification a été étudié pour le cylindre expérimentalement et théoriquement. La morphologie de l’écoulement (zones rigides) et les grandeurs locales ont été montrées. Des solutions analytiques de la traînée et de la portance ont été proposées. Les comparaisons entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques ainsi qu’avec les solutions issues de la plasticité de la mécanique des sols sont analysées. Les écarts sont discutés en termes d’influence de l’élasticité et de plasticité du fluide à seuil. / This experimental and numerical thesis deals with the creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid and a yield stress fluid around a plate or a cylinder in the presence of a wall. The generated forces and the flow structures have been particularly studied. The study focuses for the yield stress fluid on large yield stress effects compared to the viscous effects. For the experimental approach, a device has been designed to measure simultaneously the drag and lift forces as a function of velocity and obstacle / wall distance. The fluids studied are a Newtonian glucose syrup and a Carbopol gel considered as a yield stress fluid model. These materials have been finely characterized from the rheological point of view. Numerical simulations using the Herschel-Bulkley anelastic viscoplastic model regularized by the Papanastasiou model were carried out. The results obtained with the Newtonian fluid allowed to validate the experimental set-up and the numerical approach. The effects of the yield stress, the wall / obstacle distance, the power law index and the inclined plate on the drag and lift coefficients were carefully examined. The lubrication regime has been studied for the cylinder both experimentally and theoretically. The morphology of the flow (rigid zones) and the local field quantities have been shown. Analytical solutions of drag and lift have been proposed. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results as well as the solutions resulting from the plasticity of soil mechanics are analyzed. Deviations are discussed in terms of the elasticity and plasticity influence of the yield stress fluid.
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Modelagem mecânica e numérica da influência dos efeitos viscosos e elásticos nos escoamentos de materiais elasto-viscoplásticos

Furtado, Giovanni Minervino January 2016 (has links)
Esta dissertação investiga numericamente a influência dos efeitos viscosos e elásticos em escoamentos de materiais viscoplásticos no interior de uma cavidade dirigida. O modelo mecânico empregado é constituído pelas equações de conservação de massa e pelo princípio da quantidade de movimento linear, para fluidos incompressíveis, acoplado à equação constitutiva. Esta equação modifica o modelo viscoelástico de Oldroyd-B de modo a acomodar que os tempos de relaxação e retardo do material, bem como sua viscosidade viscoplástica, dependam das mudanças de sua microestrutura. A aproximação numérica do modelo emprega o método multi-campos de Galerkin mínimos-quadrados em termos do tensor de tensão extra, do vetor velocidade e do campo de pressão. Os resultados objetivam a determinção do tamanho e localização das regiões aparentemente não-escoadas do material, bem como sua deformação elástica, intensidade de tensão, e a sua vorticidade no interior da cavidade. Os resultados claramente indicam que o padrão do escoamento é fortemente influenciado pela variação dos efeitos elásticos (variação do tempo de relaxação adimensional, θ0 * ), viscosos (variação do índice de power-law, n) e cinemáticos (variação da velocidade adimensional, U* , do escoamento) no interior da cavidade. / This dissertation investigated numerically the influence of viscous and elastic effects on flows of viscoplastic materials within a lid-driven cavity. The mechanical model used is made up of mass and momentum balance equations, coupled with the constitutive equation. This equation modifies the viscoelastic Oldroyd-B model to accommodate both relaxation and retardation times, and viscosity function, dependent on the microstructure changes. Numerical approximations of the model make use a three-field Galerkin least squares method in terms of the extra stress tensor, velocity vector and pressure field. Computations focus on the determination of the size and position of apparently unyielded regions as well as the elastic deformation, stress intensity, and the vorticity within of the cavity. Results clearly indicate that the flow pattern is strongly influenced by the elastic (variation of the dimensionless relaxation time, θ0 * ), viscous (variation of the power-law index, n) and kinematic (variation of the dimensionless flow velocity, U* ) effects within the cavity.

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