Located in the heart of Silicon Valley, Downtown San Jose is attracting new residents, visitors, and businesses. Clearly, the mobility of these residents, visitors, and businesses cannot be accommodated by streets that focus on the single-occupancy automobile mode. To increase the potential for individuals to use non-single-occupancy modes of travel, the downtown area must have a cohesive plan to integrate multimodal use and public life. Complete streets are an integral component of the multi-modal transport system and more livable communities. Complete streets refer to roads designed to accommodate multiple modes, users, and activities including walking, cycling, transit, automobile, and nearby businesses and residents. A one-way to two-way street conversion is an example of a complete streets project. Similarly, tactical urbanism can provide cost-effective modifications (e.g., through temporary road closures for events like the farmers’ market) that enrich the public life in an urban environment. The ability to serve current and future transportation needs of residents, businesses and visitors through the creation of pleasant, efficient, and safe multimodal corridors is a guiding principle of a smart city. This research project addressed questions that guide the implementation of this overarching principle. These questions relate to travel patterns and potential network impacts of the conversion of the corridor(s) into complete streets. Towards that end, core network in downtown San Jose is simulated via a validated VISSIM model for 2015 traffic conditions (i.e., the base case or Scenario 0). Three scenarios are then modeled as variations to this model. The relevant model outputs from the base and scenario models provide easily digestible information the City can convey various impacts and trade-offs to partners and stakeholders prior to implementation of these plans. The scenarios modeled are based on stakeholder input. Microsimulation allows for detailed modeling and visualization of the transportation networks including movements of individual vehicles and pedestrians. The results based on 2040 traffic volumes provided by the city based on their long-range travel demand model clearly demonstrate that the existing network cannot support the projected level of travel demand. It indicates that the city needs an aggressive travel demand management program to curb the growth of automobile traffic. The output also includes 3-D animations of the traffic flow that can be used in public forums for community outreach. A discussion for such a campaign based on best practices around using these visualizations for public outreach is also provided. Located in the heart of Silicon Valley, Downtown San Jose is attracting new residents, visitors, and businesses. Clearly, the mobility of these residents, visitors, and businesses cannot be accommodated by streets that focus on the single-occupancy automobile mode. To increase the potential for individuals to use non-single-occupancy modes of travel, the downtown area must have a cohesive plan to integrate multimodal use and public life. Complete streets are an integral component of the multi-modal transport system and more livable communities. Complete streets refer to roads designed to accommodate multiple modes, users, and activities including walking, cycling, transit, automobile, and nearby businesses and residents. A one-way to two-way street conversion is an example of a complete streets project. Similarly, tactical urbanism can provide cost-effective modifications (e.g., through temporary road closures for events like the farmers’ market) that enrich the public life in an urban environment. The ability to serve current and future transportation needs of residents, businesses and visitors through the creation of pleasant, efficient, and safe multimodal corridors is a guiding principle of a smart city. This research project addressed questions that guide the implementation of this overarching principle. These questions relate to travel patterns and potential network impacts of the conversion of the corridor(s) into complete streets. Towards that end, core network in downtown San Jose is simulated via a validated VISSIM model for 2015 traffic conditions (i.e., the base case or Scenario 0). A number o Threef scenarios are then modeled as variations to this model. The relevant model outputs from the base and scenario models provide easily digestible information the City can convey various impacts and trade-offs to partners and stakeholders prior to implementation of these plans. The scenarios modeled are based on stakeholder input. Microsimulation allows for detailed modeling and visualization of the transportation networks including movements of individual vehicles and pedestrians. The results based on 2040 traffic volumes provided by the city based on their long-range travel demand model clearly demonstrate that the existing network cannot support the projected level of travel demand. It indicates that the city needs an aggressive travel demand management program to curb the growth of automobile traffic. The output also includes 3-D animations of the traffic flow that can be used in public forums for community outreach. A discussion for such a campaign based on best practices around using these visualizations for public outreach is also provided.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the safety and operational differences between three left-turn treatments: permitted, protected, and protected-permitted left-turn phasing. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to any opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left that does not allow opposing vehicles; and protected-permitted phasing combines the previous phasing alternatives, allowing vehicles to turn after yielding while also providing some green time for protected left-turns.As part of evaluating the differences between these left-turn treatments, crashes before and after the change at intersections that had experienced a permanent change from one phase alternative to another were compared. The crashes that took place at these intersections were compared with the number of crashes experienced at a baseline set of intersections. A general increase in total crashes was observed for most intersections, and an increase in left-turn crashes per million entering vehicles was also observed in intersections that had experienced a change from protected to protected-permitted phasing; no other clear trends were observed.The research team also gathered simulated data using VISSIM traffic modeling software and safety data were extracted from these simulations using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) created by the Federal Highway Administration to identify decision boundaries between each left-turn treatment. The simulations modeled intersections with 1-, 2-, and 3-opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10-, 15-, and 20-seconds) for a total of 12 different simulation models. Each model was divided into 100-225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn vs. opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these files into SSAM, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were identified and extracted. These were then entered into MATLAB to create contour maps; the contours of these maps represent the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were observed in the contour maps for each model. To extract an equation to estimate each boundary, JMP Pro statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis and develop natural log-based equations estimating the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were then charted using Excel and final decision boundaries were developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing.

Värmdö is a commuter municipality to Stockholm. Road 222 between Värmdö and Stockholm is the main commuter route for both bus and car traffic. Road 222 is a bottleneck at Farstabron in the direction towards Värmdö, where the motorway will go from two to one lane and become a non-meeting motorway. Towards Stockholm, the bridge has two lanes, which is why capacity is not affected as strongly in that direction. The accessibility problems arise mainly in the direction of Värmdö during maximum hours in the afternoon and during weekends and summer time as the municipality also has many holiday homes. Measures to improve accessibility have been raised by both the municipality and the Swedish Transport Administration. Building a new bridge is not relevant as the remaining expected technical life of the bridge is long. The Swedish Transport Administration has an idea for a reversible lane solution on the bridge, which is the proposal studied in this thesis. Data collection and traffic analysis has been performed to study how the travel time effect would be if Farstabron was rebuilt into a reversible 2 + 1 road, with or without a reversible bus lane. The tool used is the microsimulation program PTV VISSIM. The results show that a reversible solution without a bus lane is the alternative that provides by far the largest travel time gains for both car and bus in 2040. The degree project contains a chapter that deals with traffic engineering theory and traffic simulation theory as well as a literature study chapter that summarizes the knowledge about reversible lanes. The information about reversible lanes, even international studies, is poor.Experiences of reversible lanes is good and is mainly to be recommended as the flow in one direction is significantly greater than in the other. The traffic safety risk is primarily linked to unprotected road users. The most common internationally according to what has been identified is to implement reversible lanes on motorways with protective barriers. However, no reversible lane without a barrier have been identified holding 80km/h. Studies have shown that reversible lanes could have a cost-benefit ratio of around 7, which means that the benefit outweighed the costs 7 times in money measured. The weaving dynamics of VISSIM from two to one lane were challenging to calibrate against the reality. Preparatory behavior during lane changes is mainly affected by car-following and lane-changing models in VISSIM. In the simulation the correlation with collected data was slightly more accurate with the car following model for W99 (freeway) rather than W74 (weaving urban rd).

Ring Barrier signal controller in VISSIM traffic simulation software provides different options for configuring Transit Signal Priority. This controller emulator allows for considering arterial progression by Priority Progression parameter; preferring specific transit signal priority calls to other calls by Priority Level feature; providing more green split to the signal priority phase by Green Extension attribute. This study aims to evaluate the impact of these three parameters on the performance of transit signal priority. The study area is based on three signalized intersections of Prices Fork Road in Blacksburg, Virginia. A total of five transit lines are assumed to request signal priority. Green Extension and Priority Level were found to have significant influence on bus delays, whereas bus frequency is not a significant variable to affect TSP effectiveness (for reducing the transit delays). This study also aims to identify the traffic conditions in which the adaptive feature of VISSIM Ring Barrier Controller can be most useful. Detector Slack, Detector Adjust Threshold, and Adjust Step are the parameters that should be hardcoded in the controller for activating the adaptiveness feature. The study area (Prices Fork Road in town of Blacksburg, VA) incorporates five bus lines are assumed eligible to request priority. This study revealed that transit service overlap can enhance or exacerbate each bus performance when transit signal priority is implemented, depending on the scheduled headways and the frequency of signal priority requests in each intersection. / Master of Science

La presente tesis propone una solución a la congestión vehicular a través de una microsimulación con el software Vissim v9 de la Av. 28 de julio entre el ovalo Jorge Chávez y la Av. Arequipa en el distrito de Lima. La microsimulación se realizó mediante los parámetros de Wiedemann, los cuales fueron utilizados en la calibración y validación del modelo, tratando de aproximarlo a la realidad, considerando la geometría del área de estudio. En el primer capítulo se encontrará el problema de la congestión vehicular en Perú y Lima, algunos antecedentes de estudios similares, la hipótesis y los objetivos de la investigación. En el segundo capítulo se desarrolló el marco teórico que respalda los criterios con los que se ha desarrollado tanto el modelo de microsimulación como la propuesta de mejora. Aquí podremos encontrar la definición de los diferentes tipos de modelos y los fundamentos de la microsimulación a través del software Vissim 9. El tercer capítulo describe la metodología que se utiliza desde la recolección de datos de campo hasta el desarrollo del modelo. En el cuarto capítulo se presenta la microsimulación debidamente calibrado y validado. Estos resultados nos permiten analizar las demoras por control con un valor de 50.09 y el nivel de servicio actual del ovalo Jorge Chávez en “F”, los cuales tras la gestión de la infraestructura vial se mejoraron a un valor de demoras de control 39.06 y el nivel de servicio mejorado a “E”, según la HCM (2010). En el último capítulo se encontrarán las conclusiones y recomendaciones a las que se llegaron respondiendo así el objetivo general de la presente tesis. / This thesis proposes a solution to traffic congestion through a microsimulation with Vissim v9 software on Av. 28 de Julio between the Jorge Chávez oval and Av. Arequipa in the district of Lima. The microsimulation was carried out using the Wiedemann parameters, which were used in the calibration and validation of the model, trying to approximate it to reality, considering the geometry of the study area and the psychology of the drivers. In the first chapter are studies, the problem of traffic congestion in Peru and Lima, some similar antecedents, the hypothesis and the objectives of the investigation. In the second chapter, the theoretical framework that supports the criteria with which both the microsimulation model and the improvement proposal have been developed was developed. Here we can find the definition of the different types of models, the fundamentals of microsimulation through the Vissim v9 software. The third chapter describes the methodology used from field data collection to model development. The fourth chapter presents the properly calibrated and validated microsimulation. These results allow us to analyze the control delays with a value of 50.09 and the current service level of the Jorge Chavez oval in “F”, which after the management of the road infrastructure were improved to a value of control delays 39.06 and the service level improved to “E”, according to the HCM (2010). In the last chapter you will find the conclusions and recommendations that were reached, thus responding to the general objective of this thesis. / Tesis

El aumento de la flota, debido al desarrollo económico del país en la última década, ha generado problemas y dificultades que presentan los usuarios al momento de conducir en las calles de ciudades de todo el territorio nacional. Este conflicto no es ajeno al distrito de Lince, uno de los principales objetivos de este proyecto es llevar a cabo un análisis del problema existente en una de las intersecciones más concurridas de Lince con la ayuda de modelos de microsimulación y mesosimulación adecuados. Por otro lado, las instituciones y / o las empresas de construcción o consultoras que realizan proyectos de viales deben crear modelos computacionales o analíticos como parte fundamental de la etapa de diseño. Sin embargo, con el objetivo de ahorrar o por desconocimiento, realizan simulaciones mesoscópicas o macroscópicas, sin considerar que sus parámetros y ecuaciones son menos exactos que un modelo microscópico. Consistentemente, los resultados obtenidos no han sido correctos, debido a las características observadas en nuestra intersección, como presencia de vehículos pesados, estilo de manejo de conductores, numerosas paradas de transporte público, etc., para evaluar hasta qué punto es eficiente usar un modelo mesoscópico y evitar los tiempos computacionales de un modelo microscópico, se realizará un análisis comparativo de los resultados del Vissim, bajo la metodología de HCM 2010, en una intersección del distrito de Lince y así, optar por un rediseño semafórico coordinado para el cruce de la intersección que mejore el nivel de servicio como para las demoras, en la intersección estudiada. / The increase in the fleet, due to the economic development of the country in the last decade, has generated problems and difficulties that users present when driving on the streets of cities throughout the national territory. This conflict is not alien to the Lince district, one of the main objectives of this project is to carry out an analysis of the existing problem in one of the busiest intersections of Lince with the help of suitable microsimulation and mesosimulation models. On the other hand, institutions and / or construction or consulting companies that carry out road projects must create computational or analytical models as a fundamental part of the design stage. However, with the aim of saving or due to ignorance, they carry out mesoscopic or macroscopic simulations, without considering that their parameters and equations are less exact than a microscopic model. Consistently, the results obtained have not been correct, due to the characteristics observed in our intersection, such as the presence of heavy vehicles, driving style of drivers, numerous public transport stops, etc., to evaluate to what extent it is efficient to use a model In order to avoid the computational times of a microscopic model, a comparative analysis of the Vissim results will be carried out, under the HCM 2010 methodology, at an intersection of the Lince district and thus, opt for a coordinated traffic light redesign for the intersection of the intersection that improves the level of service as well as for delays, in the studied intersection. / Tesis

La presente tesis realiza el análisis y evaluación de la implementación de un estacionamiento subterráneo en el distrito de San Isidro, propuesta por la Municipalidad, en la Av. Pardo y Aliaga desde la Av. Los Conquistadores hasta la Av. Santa Cruz. El fin de este análisis, es incentivar la implementación de este tipo de infraestructuras para mejorar el sistema vial a futuro en San Isidro y solucionar la deficiencia de estacionamientos que tiene el distrito. Mediante el uso del HCM 2010 se busca calcular los niveles de servicio en cada intersección que este dentro del área de influencia, tomando estos datos como base para lanzar propuestas de solución al problema de la congestión. Para Obtener una mejor visión de los resultados se ha optado utilizar el programa Vissim 2020, para modelar el flujo vehicular de manera microscópica y comparar los resultados mediante una simulación. Finalmente, como conclusiones se propone una solución que se encuentre de acuerdo a la realidad de cada intersección analizada, desde el punto de vista técnico. De esta manera se propone continuar con la implementación de un estacionamiento subterránea y en un futuro la implementación de un By Pass que disminuya los niveles de servicio en dicha zona de influencia. / This thesis carries out the analysis and evaluation of the implementation of an underground parking lot in San Isidro district, specifically on Pardo y Aliaga Av. The purpose of this analysis is to encourage the implementation of this type of infrastructure to improve the future road system in San Isidro and solve the parking deficiency that the district has. By using the HCM 2010, it is sought to calculate the service levels at each intersection that is within the area of ​​influence, taking this data as a basis to give solution proposals. To obtain a better vision of the results, we chose to use the Vissim 2020 software, to model the vehicular flow in a microscopic model and compare the results by a simulation. Finally, as conclusions, a solution is proposed that is found in accordance with the reality of each analyzed intersection, from a technical point of view. In this way, it is proposed to continue with the implementation of an underground parking lot and in the future the implementation of a By Pass that reduces service levels in said area of influence. / Tesis

La investigación comprende el análisis de las condiciones del tráfico actual y futuro en la intersección Av. Alameda Sur con Av. Alameda San Marcos del distrito de Chorrillos. El análisis se enfoca en la geometría, señalización y semaforización de la intersección con el objetivo de plantear una propuesta de mejora vial para mitigar el congestionamiento vehicular, alcanzando como resultado la mejora del nivel del servicio. La investigación inicia con la descripción de la problemática existente. En base a ello se formula una hipótesis y se determina como objetivo plantear una propuesta de mejora del diseño geométrico, señalización y semaforización que mitigue el congestionamiento vehicular. Con el propósito de realizar la evaluación, se utilizó el programa Vissim 9, comparable con la metodología Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010), a fin de modelar la intersección. Luego, se calibró y validó el modelo por medio de las longitudes de cola obtenidas en campo con la finalidad que el modelo se asemeje lo más cercano posible a la realidad. A fin de reducir la congestión, se propusieron mejoras en la geometría, señalización y, por medio del programa Synchro 10, una optimización del ciclo semafórico. Seguidamente, se realizaron dos simulaciones de la intersección proyectada a 10 años con el propósito de definir los niveles de servicio: la primera manteniendo condiciones actuales y la segunda incluyendo la propuesta de mejora. En la etapa de análisis, los resultados demostraron que la propuesta mejoró el nivel de servicio de “F” a “D”, y redujo en 61.5% la longitud de cola promedio en la intersección. / The research includes the analysis of current and future traffic conditions at the intersection of Av. Alameda Sur with Av. Alameda San Marcos in the Chorrillos district. The analysis focuses on the geometry, signaling and signaling of the intersection with the objective of proposing a proposal for road improvement to mitigate vehicular congestion, achieving as a result the improvement of the service level. The research begins with the description of the existing problem. Based on this, a hypothesis is formulated, and the objective is to present a proposal to improve the geometric design, signaling and traffic lights to mitigate vehicular congestion. To carry out the evaluation, the Vissim 9 program, comparable to the Highway Capacity Manual methodology (HCM 2010), was used to model the intersection. Then, the model was calibrated and validated by means of the queue lengths recorded in the field so that the model resembles as closely as possible to reality. To reduce congestion, improvements in geometry, signaling and, through the Synchro 10 program, an optimization of the signal cycle were proposed. Subsequently, two microsimulations of the intersection projected to 10 years were carried out to define the service levels: the first one maintaining current conditions and the second one including the improvement proposal. In the analysis stage, the results showed that the proposal improved the service level from “F” to “D” and reduced the average queue length at the intersection by 61.5%. / Tesis

En la presente tesis se realizó el estudio de microsimulación de tráfico de una intersección ubicada al ingreso de la ciudad Huancayo, en el cruce de dos avenidas principales, Av. Mariscal Castilla y Av. Evitamiento, que concentran un alto flujo vehicular y gran congestión de tránsito por la presencia de vehículos particulares, carga ligera y pesada, transporte interprovincial y transporte público. Por lo mencionado, se planteó el objetivo de evaluar y reducir las longitudes de cola para el transporte público mediante un modelo microscópico del sistema (intersección) con el software Vissim 9.0 y presentar una propuesta de mejora a la situación actual mediante un rediseño en la Av. Mariscal Castilla incorporando carriles segregados para el transporte público El estudio de microsimulación de tráfico se desarrolló en 4 etapas. Primero, se realizó mediciones de campo durante 2 días para obtener los datos de aforo vehicular y peatonal, geometría de la intersección, recorridos de desplazamiento y distancias de cola para cada uno de los ingresos. Para la segunda etapa, se elaboró un modelo de microsimulación en el software Vissim 9.0 para analizar el comportamiento operacional de los vehículos. Posteriormente, se planteó un cambio geométrico de los ingresos Norte y Sur, implementando un carril segregado y una fase semaforiza para el transporte público. Finalmente, se presenta los resultados de la propuesta y la comparativa con la realidad actual, logrando disminuir la longitud de cola promedio para el transporte público en un 47.90% y 34.12% de los accesos norte y sur respectivamente. / The research presented in this thesis was carried out with the study of traffic microsimulation of an intersection located at the entrance to Huancayo, at the intersection of two main avenues, Av. Mariscal Castilla and Av. Evitamiento, which concentrate a high vehicular flow and great traffic congestion due to the presence of private vehicles, light and heavy cargo, interprovincial transport and public transport. Therefore, the objective of evaluating and reducing the queue lengths for public transport was raised by means of a microscopic model of the system (intersection) with Vissim 9.0 software and present a proposal to improve the current situation through a redesign in Av . Mariscal Castilla incorporating segregated lanes for public transport. The crossing presents changes in the section of the road that generates traffic jams, conflicts in turns, the lack of stops and signaling is evident. For this reason, the objective of evaluating and reducing public transport queues was set through a microscopic model of the system (intersection) with Vissim 9.0 software and presenting a proposal to improve the current situation through a redesign in Av. Mariscal Castilla incorporates segregated lanes for public transport The traffic microsimulation study was developed in 4 stages. First, field measurements were carried out for 2 days to obtain data on vehicle and pedestrian capacity, intersectiongeometry, travel times and queue lengths for each of the entrances. For the second stage, a microsimulation model was developed in Vissim 9.0 software to analyze the operational behavior of the vehicles. Subsequently, a geometric change of the North and South incomes was proposed, implementing a segregated lane and a traffic light phase for public transport. Finally, the results of the proposal and the comparison with the current reality are presented, managing to reduce the average queue length for public transport by 47.90% and 34.12% of the north and south accesses respectively. / Tesis

El estudio evalúa el impacto de aplicar el carril reversible para reducir la congestión vehicular en una zona urbana. La evaluación se realizó usando simulación y desarrollando a su vez escenarios de ciclo de semáforo que se acople a su mejoría, de esta manera conocer los cambios de reducción de sus parámetros como demoras, tiempos de viaje y longitud de cola. El análisis parte de los datos recopilados del estado real del tráfico a través de la implementación y simulación microscópica con la aplicación del software VISSIM 9.0. Una vez calibrado y validado el modelo se implementa el carril reversible en la Av. José Carlos Mariátegui entre la av. Magnolias – av. 1ro de mayo. Los resultados de acuerdo a los parámetros se obtuvieron la mejora del nivel de servicio en las intersecciones 1 pasando del nivel F al nivel E y en la intersección 2 del nivel E al nivel D. También, mejoro el tiempo de viaje en la intersección 1 a un 42% y la intersección 2 en un 15%. En cuanto a la simulación de los escenarios del semáforo implementado con el carril reversible, se realizó dos escenarios 1 y 2, lo cual, se tomará en cuenta el escenario 2 del ciclo de semáforo, ya que en ella se ve una gran mejora en la longitud de cola en un 53%. / The study evaluates the impact of applying the reversible lane to reduce traffic congestion in an urban area. The evaluation was carried out using simulation and in turn developing traffic light cycle scenarios that are coupled to its improvement, in this way knowing the reduction changes of its parameters such as delays, travel times and queue length. The analysis is based on the data collected from the real state of the traffic through the implementation and microscopic simulation with the application of the VISSIM 9.0 software. Once the model has been calibrated and validated, the reversible lane is implemented on Av. José Carlos Mariátegui between Av. Magnolias - av. May 1st. The results according to the parameters were obtained from the improvement of the service level at intersections 1, going from level F to level E and at intersection 2 from level E to level D. Also, the travel time at intersection 1 was improved. 42% and intersection 2 15%. Regarding the simulation of the traffic light scenarios implemented with the reversible lane, two scenarios 1 and 2 were carried out, which will take into account scenario 2 of the traffic light cycle, since it shows a great improvement in the tail length by 53%. / Trabajo de investigación