L'enquête relatée dans cette thèse a été menée en Bretagne et en région lyonnaise auprès de conteurs contemporains. La plupart des pratiques observées se sont constituées dans le sillage dudit "renouveau du conte" qui a pris place en France au début des années 1970. La présente recherche propose une analyse de la performance orale, dans le but de mieux comprendre la portée de cette pratique – les liens, accointances, rencontres qu'elle occasionne – et les causes de son efficience sociale. Pour ce faire, le terrain de recherche a été envisagé sous trois focales ethnographiques : la scène (quand l'énonciation est examinée de très près), les coulisses (une observation des processus d'élaboration) et le contexte (ethnographie qui vise à appréhender l'environnement social et culturel du contage). La méthodologie s'est voulue expérimentale – recherche par tâtonnements – réflexive et dialogique. De nombreux dispositifs d'enquête ont été élaborés, la majorité impliquant un recours aux technologies audiovisuelles. Le parcours proposé commence par une plongée dans l'univers de deux conteurs bretons : où l'on découvre pourquoi les conteurs peuvent être vus comme des porteurs de mémoire. Par la suite s'opère un "zoom" sur la performance orale des conteurs ; ce sont les modalités d'entrée en scène, la chorégraphie et la réception par l'auditoire qui font l'objet d'un long examen. Il en résulte que les artistes de la parole provoquent une situation dans laquelle les imaginaires se croisent. Le dernier itinéraire de recherche retracé renvoie aux situations dans lesquelles le conte est mobilisé comme un instrument de médiation sociale. Les conteurs et leurs apprentis s’attellent alors à "mettre en bouche" des histoires dans lesquelles s'expriment en filigrane des sentiments d'appartenance, des expériences vécues et au travers desquelles se créent des passerelles culturelles et sociales. / The investigation related in this thesis was conducted in Bretagne (France) and in urban areas of Lyon, in close collaboration with some contemporary storytellers. Most of their practice were formed in the wake of the so-called "revival of storytelling" that took place in France in the early 1970s. The present research provides an analysis of the oral performance, in order to better understand the scope of this practice – the social ties, acquaintances, encounters it creates -- and the causes of its social efficiency. In that aim, the fieldwork was considered under three ethnographic scales: the stage (when the enounciation is evaluated very closely), the wings (an observation of the creative process) and the context (ethnography that aims to understand social and cultural environment of storytelling). The methodology pretended to be experimental – searching by trial and error approach – reflexive and dialogic. Many devices were developed, most of them requiring the use of audiovisual technology.The itinerary proposed here starts with an immersion in the world of two Bretons storytellers, which shows why storytellers can be considered as "memory holders". Then, we make a "zoom" on the oral performance of storytellers; the ways they enter in stage, their choreography and the reception by audience are the subjects of a long examination. It follows that the storytellers inciting a situation in which the imaginaries cross. The last itinerary of research refers to the situations in which the storytelling is used as an instrument of social mediation. At that time, storytellers and their apprentices work to "put in their mouths" stories in which are expressed, beneath the surface, feelings of belonging, life experiences and through which social and cultural bridges are created.

The subject of this thesis is the temporary and travelling exhibition Velorios y santos vivos: comunidades negras, afrocolombianas, raizales y palenqueras [Wakes and living saints: Black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquero communities]. ‘Velorios,’ as many people involved in the project referred to it, portrayed Afro-Colombian funerals and devotions to Catholic saints, and was on display in the temporary exhibitions hall in the National Museum of Colombia, in Bogotá, from 21 August to 3 November 2008. Before it closed, a travelling version was designed that began to go around the country in 2009. When I wrote this thesis, ‘the Itinerante,’ as the travelling version was referred to at the Museum, was still available as one of the displays that its Travelling Exhibitions Programme (TEP) offered to the public. I use Velorios and the Itinerante as the main ‘characters’ in an ethnography of the National Museum of Colombia, where I explore the different instances in which this major exhibition produced visibilities and invisibilities regarding the place of Afro-Colombian people in the nation. As a museum, this institution is responsible for managing, researching and displaying its four collections (of art, history, ethnography and archaeology) but also, as one of the Ministry of Culture’s ‘special administrative units,’ it is in charge of designing and implementing policies that regulate all the other museums in Colombia. This is in keeping with national and international official legislation regarding cultural heritage, like the National Culture Plan and UNESCO’s resolutions, and in support of the development and strengthening of museums, museology and museum design in the whole country. Here I show what these responsibilities and duties translate into on the ground. The themes that the thesis explores are i) (in)visibility, ii) participatory collaboration and, also as the means to approach these themes, iii) documents and documentation. They are all components of the kind of curatorship that this museum exhibition conveyed.

La présente étude s’intéresse, dans une perspective anthropologique, à lier acteurs et chercheurs à la gestion halieutique d’une ressource dont la visibilité économique et sociale est en pleine expansion. L’observation et l’analyse de la pêche artisanale telle qu’elle est pratiquée par les Indiens Tzutuj’iil au lac Atitlán (Guatemala) constitue une activité clef où se donne à voir la configuration croisée des subjectivités et du collectif, un lieu privilégié où se tissent des filets de relations entre les pêcheurs, entre les pêcheurs et le lac, entre les pêcheurs et le chercheur. En vue d’apprécier ce qui est en train de se passer collectivement, des relations ont été élaborées entre les champs cinématographiques et anthropologiques. Cette recherche mène conjointement une approche sensible - le cinéma - et une approche sociale et culturelle en vue de rendre compte des liens empreints de contingence et non univoques entre les représentations collectives et les pratiques. À l’inverse d’une anthropologie partagée où prime le nom d’un réalisateur, ce travail suscite une anthropologie partageable au sein de laquelle le pluriel, ce mode grammatical de la relativité, s’avère propice à une science du divers. Ainsi, à partir d’une scène halieutique où se déploient des gestes traditionnels, cette recherche privilégie grâce aux nouvelles technologies les rapports sociaux sous un angle interactif. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche participative et promeut une « ethnographie en réseau » où les maillages sont représentatifs de la manière dont les acteurs se rattachent les uns aux autres de manière horizontale. / Summary: the present study is concerned, in an anthropological perspective, with connecting actors and researchers to the halieutic management of a resource of which the economic and social visibility is rapidly growing.The observation and the analysis of the small-scale fishing such as it is practised by the Indians Tzutuj' iil on the lake Atitlán (Guatemala) constitutes a key activity in which the crossed configuration of the subjectivity and the collective appears, a privileged environment where relations nets are woven between the fishermen, between the fishermen and the lake, between the fishermen and the researcher.To appreciate what is taking place collectively; links were set up between cinematographic and anthropological fields. This research leads jointly a sensitive approach - the cinema - and a social and cultural approach to report links stamped with contingency and not unequivocal between the collective representations and the practices. Contrary to a shared anthropology where the name of a director predominates, this work creates a shareable anthropology within which the plural, this grammatical mode of the relativity, turns out to be convenient for a science of the diversity. So, from a halieutic stage where traditional movements are unfold, this study favours, thanks to new technologies, the social connections under an interactive angle. It is part of the structure of a participative research and promotes “an ethnography in network” where meshing are representative of the way the actors are connected with one another in a horizontal way.

This experimental research rises from the need to demonstrate how Bateson' s ecological model can be applied and expanded to visual communication. The purpose is to draw the relationships and mechanisms that create for us the world as an energetic vibrant and interconnected network in the contemporary culture, which is mainly based on visual communication, pursuing the goal of suggesting a theory for the metropolitan flows. This study is intended to be developed in two parts and has an anthropological - even if interdisciplinary - imprinting. The first part (narratively theoretical) will be focused on the main concepts of my research (creation of identity and avatars, social body, the city architectural body, relationships, non-lieux, visual communication, in-between, editing - mounting - bricolage, goods visual fetishism, visual anthropology, pattern) through authors the likes of Bateson, Canevacci, Simmel, Benjamin, Bataille, Baudelaire, Augé and more. The second part of this Prague city behave exploration will be evinced through the dialogic methodology (cf. Bakhtin), namely the narrative flow of voices that with the editing technique will create a polyphonic narration, proving my hypothesis. This narration will be strongly supported by the monographic documentary film, titled "Fluxusná...

This experimental research rises from the need to demonstrate how Bateson' s ecological model can be applied and expanded to visual communication. The purpose is to draw the relationships and mechanisms that create for us the world as an energetic vibrant and interconnected network in the contemporary culture, which is mainly based on visual communication, pursuing the goal of suggesting a theory for the metropolitan flows. This study is intended to be developed in two parts and has an anthropological - even if interdisciplinary - imprinting. The first part (narratively theoretical) will be focused on the main concepts of my research (creation of identity and avatars, social body, the city architectural body, relationships, non-lieux, visual communication, in-between, editing - mounting - bricolage, goods visual fetishism, visual anthropology, pattern) through authors the likes of Bateson, Canevacci, Simmel, Benjamin, Augé and more. The second part of this Prague city behave exploration will be evinced through the dialogic methodology (cf. Bakhtin), namely the narrative flow of voices that with the editing technique will create a polyphonic narration, proving my hypothesis.

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This thesis explores the ways in which discourses of citizenship are circulated and incorporated into the practice of non-formal educational filmmaking initiatives for young people in London. I utilise an ethnographic approach focusing on young participants, adult facilitators and funders to demonstrate how youth filmmaking facilitates an exploration of abstract conceptions of citizenship with the on-the-ground reality of young peoples’ “practice” as citizens. To provide context for this material, I present both a theoretical overview of the heady yet labile term “citizenship” and a historical narrative of youth filmmaking, particularly in its relationship to wider political economies of funding and youth policy. Although discourses of citizenship in youth filmmaking have changed subtly over time, the youth filmmaking programmes considered here marshal three central conceptions of citizenship; “engagement,” “empowerment” and “belonging.” To explore each of these notions, I draw on case studies to show how these citizenship discourses become operationalised. First, I consider the Reelhood project for young Muslims, which aimed at encouraging “political engagement.” I demonstrate how young people challenge notions of “disengagement” and operate as “justice-oriented” citizens, in contradistinction to the premise of the funding source itself. Second, I use the example of the This is My Story project, amongst other films that dealt with youth violence, to explore discourses of “empowerment.” Using the metaphor of the “shot/reverse shot” sequence, I demonstrate how youth filmmaking projects situate themselves as an alternative to the representation of young people in mainstream press. Finally, I describe the River Lea project in which the sensory and technological processes of filmmaking became a means for young people to “focus in” and attune their sensory and perceptive faculties to the experience of “place-making.” Each of these case studies exhibits how the creative, social and technical processes of filmmaking provide a challenge to or re-interpretation of citizenship discourse.

Visual communication is a part of everyone's daily existence. It is a ubiquitous mode that shapes not only the environment that individuals inhabit, but the very identity of the individual. Graphic designers, who create the vast majority of the visual communication encountered, play a crucial role in the production of cultural identity. It is a necessity that designers understand that role, as agents of cultural production.[ethno]graphic design is an ever-evolving approach to graphic design which utilizes anthropological methods in the creative process. This document presents a collection of projects which take an anthropological approach to the design process, utilizing techniques developed by cultural anthropologists to aid the design process — primarily ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, collaboration, multivocal representation and reflexivity.

1) Objetivo El planteamiento de esta tesis tiene como objeto de investigación la representación del “otro” en el retrato fotográfico. El contexto histórico que manejamos incluye dos polaridades: por un lado los retratos documentales elaborados durante la colonia entre el s. XIX y principios del s. XX y por otro, obras de artistas contemporáneos cuyo marco conceptual pone a debate la herencia colonial en la contemporaneidad, mediante retratos de estilo documental. A partir de aquí han surgido cuestiones que vertebran el desarrollo de la investigación. ¿Cuáles son los estereotipos e imaginarios creados a partir del retrato antropológico colonial?, ¿Qué aspectos de estos estereotipos son utilizados por los artistas contemporáneos?, ¿Es la fotografía documental una construcción simbólica?, ¿Qué aporta el género documental en la construcción de imaginarios contemporáneos? 2) Metodología La metodología escogida es el análisis cualitativo de fotografías, con un énfasis en la perspectiva sociológica, que engloba el contexto cultural, social y político en el que se desarrollaron dichas imágenes. 3) Conclusiones La fotografía, tanto documental, como artística, es una construcción simbólica. A través de los artistas contemporáneos que hemos analizado a lo largo de ésta investigación, se demuestra que desde el arte se transgreden los modelos de representación del otro realizados durante la colonia. En los casos de estudio, se definen dos modelos de representación del retrato fotográfico: algunos artistas se apropian de fotografías documentales e históricas de la época colonial, para hacer un uso artístico de ellas y construir su propio proyecto de creación. Mientras que otros artistas generan fotografías nuevas, mimetizando las formas del documental, para aportar a sus proyectos una apariencia de veracidad histórica. La consecuencia final es la creación de un discurso en el que se evidencia la “colonialidad” contemporánea. La representación del “otro”, desde nuestro momento actual, desde la fotografía artística contemporánea, es una constante re-evaluación de paradigmas y de estereotipos, en donde la pluralidad, la multiplicidad y la hibridación son inherentes a la identidad del sujeto contemporáneo. . / 1) Objective The main object of this researching is the representation of the otherness in photo portraits. Our historical context includes two polarities: one is about documental portraits doing during colonial period, between XIXth Century and beginnings XXth century; and by another hand, contemporary art works that discuss the contemporary colonial heritage through documentary-style portraits. During this itinerary of the development of research, we propose four main questions: What are the stereotypes and imaginaries created from colonial anthropological portraits?, What aspects of these stereotypes are used by contemporary artists?, Is documentary photography a symbolic construction?, What brings the documentary genre in contemporary imaginary building?. 2) Metodología The methodology is the qualitative analysis of photographs, with an emphasis on the sociological perspective, into the cultural, social and political context in which these images were developed. 3) Conclusiones The documentary and artistic photography are a symbolic construction. Through contemporary artists projects, the representation of the otherness transgress the prototypes made during the colony. In this researching we define two models of representation of photographic portraiture: some artists appropriate documentary and historical photographs from the colonial period, for making an artistic use and building your own creative projects. While other artists generate new photographs imitate the documentary genre, to bring to their projects a semblance of historical accuracy . The representation of the otherness, in our present time, into the contemporary art photography is a constant reassessment of paradigms and stereotypes, wherein the plurality, multiplicity and hybridization are inherent to the identity of the contemporary subject.

For people who live with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity syndrome illness is a hidden construct. The body does not display the chronicity of the internal experience. This thesis removes the barrier between what is experienced and what is visible by creating visual means of communicating the body’s hidden experience. The place of the viewer is part of this discussion. Through visual methods digital photographic techniques and the current interest in sensory anthropology the embodied sensory chronic illness experience is explored. The hidden experiences were made visual creating “MeBoxes” and masks which showed both the external and embodied internal experiences of chronic illness. As the process of working with and walking beside the participants developed, I found that the discourse on imaging within the literature was inadequate to show the real lived experiences of those with chronic illness. My interactions with the people of this thesis and the process of honouring their experiences required a model that would encourage the viewer to new and perhaps unrealised depths of participation to understand the participant’s multi-faceted and multi-layered experiences. Part of the discussion is the ability of images to communicate sensory experience as is the case with Munch’s The Scream and Picasso’s Guernica. Through the use of a hypertextual self-scape I show how participants created access to their experiences through their visual representations and through a collaborative approach became composite hypertextual self-scape metaphors.