I dagens skolmiljö är det alltmer erkänt att skolor kan variera avsevärt i sin struktur, elevsammansättning och personaluppsättning, vilket kan få betydelse för såväl elever som lärares uppfattningar om miljön i skolan. En yrkeskategori som blivit allt vanligare i skolans värld är paraprofessionella. Avsikten med införandet av denna yrkesgrupp och deras arbetsuppgifter kan variera från skola till skola, däremot kan arbetet i många fall innebära att främja sociala aspekter i skolmiljön samt ett elevsocialt arbete. Eftersom vissa skolor har infört paraprofessionella med dessa uppgifter, medan andra skolor inte har gjort det, har denna studie som syfte att med hjälp av data från TIMSS 2019 analysera och beskriva en ögonblicksbild av två olika skolkontexter. Mer specifikt är syftet att undersöka skillnader mellan skolkontexter med och utan paraprofessionella avseende elevernas och lärarnas uppfattningar om sociala aspekter i skolmiljön. För att utforska och beskriva dessa skillnader har en tvärsnitts- och explorativ design med kvantitativ ansats använts. Resultaten indikerar att det kan finnas skillnader i elevernas uppfattningar om klassrumsklimatet, samt i lärarnas arbetstillfredsställelse gällande tidsmässiga villkor. Dessa fynd betonar vikten av att förstå hur olika skolkontexter påverkar skolmiljön och kan bidra till att informera framtida skolutvecklingsinitiativ. / In today's educational environment, it is increasingly recognized that schools can vary significantly in their structure, student composition, and staffing, which can impact both students' and teachers' perceptions of the school environment. One professional category that has become more common in the school setting is paraprofessionals. The purpose and tasks assigned to this group can vary from school to school, but their work often involves promoting social aspects within the school environment and providing social support to students. Since some schools have implemented paraprofessionals with these roles while others have not, this study aims to analyze and describe a snapshot of two different school contexts using data from TIMSS 2019. Specifically, the aim is to examine differences between school contexts with and without paraprofessionals regarding students' and teachers' perceptions of social aspects in the school environment. To explore and describe these differences, a cross-sectional and exploratory design with a quantitative approach has been used. The results indicate that there may be differences in students' perceptions of classroom climate and in teachers' job satisfaction regarding time-related conditions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding how different school contexts affect the school environment and can contribute to informing future school development initiatives.

<p> Object-oriented programs have many unique features that are not present in conventional programs, such as Inheritance, Polymorphism, Dynamic binding and Encapsulation, etc. Hence, testing object-oriented programs using only traditional techniques is unlikely to find the faults associated with these features. A study shows that approximately 40% of software errors can be traced to component interaction problems discovered during integration. Integration testing is an important part of the testing process. However, few integration testing techniques have been systematically studied or defined.</p> <p> The goal of this research is to develop an approach for automatic test case execution at the integration level. The approach is based on the concept of Coordination Contract, which was developed by J. Fiadeiro and L. Andrade. A coordination contract is a connection between a group of objects. Through contracts, rules and constraints are superposed on the behavior of the participants without interfering with their implementation. Due to the contract's character, integration test case execution and test result evaluation are suitably implemented by contracts. A tool has been developed to automatically generate the relevant contracts to implement integration test cases generated by some mechanism for test case generation.</p> <p> In recent years, more and more software developers use the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and corresponding visual modeling tools to design and develop their application software. So we are using UML sequence diagrams and class diagrams as integration testing specifications. Actually, there are few practical tools to generate test cases from UML, and even fewer tools to execute test cases. Therefore, the result of this research will play an important role in testing object-oriented programs at the integration level. Our accomplishment makes some progress in the integration testing for object-oriented programs.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Visual modeling concept of integrated constructs (essence) of mathematical objects in teacher training of humanistic area is presented as technology of education in problem solving. The main goal of innovative approach is student’s activity in mathematics on generating of concrete essence manifestations on concepts, methods, theorems, algorithms, procedures and so on. Such student’s activity should be: · Success in an area of actual interests and person’s experience and reached by perception; · Have high level of variability in visual modeling; · Success in domain of reflection process stimulation. Similar creative behavior of persons is typical for actors, dancing, and figure skating and so on. Now we show that such technology will be fruitful for teacher training in mathematics for humanistic specialties.

Visual modeling concept of integrated constructs (essence) of mathematical objects in teacher training of humanistic area is presented as technology of education in problem solving. The main goal of innovative approach is student’s activity in mathematics on generating of concrete essence manifestations on concepts, methods, theorems, algorithms, procedures and so on. Such student’s activity should be: · Success in an area of actual interests and person’s experience and reached by perception; · Have high level of variability in visual modeling; · Success in domain of reflection process stimulation. Similar creative behavior of persons is typical for actors, dancing, and figure skating and so on. Now we show that such technology will be fruitful for teacher training in mathematics for humanistic specialties.