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Non-linear volcanic and magmatic processes control the occurrence and behavior of volcanic eruptions. Consequently, understanding the responses of volcanic systems to processes of different length scales, timescales, and magnitudes is critical to interpreting ancient deposits, understanding current eruption dynamics, and predicting future activity. Here I present the results of three studies wherein analytical geochemistry, experimental petrology, and turbulent flow analysis describe otherwise obscured volcanic processes. Injections of new magma are common events in magma chambers. Recharging magma can change the chamber composition and temperature and may facilitate assimilation of country rock. Plagioclase phenocrysts provide an opportunity to examine recharge and assimilation processes, because their compositions are sensitive to temperature and their Sr isotopic ratios can record compositional variations in the chamber. Chemical and isotopic microanalyses of crystals from 7 eruptions of El Chichón Volcano, Mexico, reveal that recharge and assimilation events are very common and mixing is efficient, but individual events seldom affect the entire chamber. During every eruption, magma decompresses and ascends through a conduit from a chamber at depth to a vent at the surface. Changes in pumice textures during the 1800 ¹⁴C yr BP eruption of Ksudach Volcano, Kamchatka, suggest that conduit structure changed following caldera collapse. Decompression experiments show that the post-collapse pumice decompressed at ~0.0025 MPa/s, compared to pre-collapse decompression rates of >0.01 MPa/s. By balancing those results with eruptive mass fluxes I quantify the effects of caldera collapse on a conduit, and show that collapse resulted in a conduit with a very broad base and narrow vent. Turbulent air entrainment controls whether an eruption column rises buoyantly or collapses to generate pyroclastic flows. Through extensive re-evaluation of video and photographs of the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, I report the first measurements of the turbulent velocity field of a volcanic column and show that changes in its turbulence reflect changes in eruption behavior. Those results indicate collapse was caused by a reduction in eddy size and turbulent air entrainment initiated by an increased vent size and the development of a buoyant annulus surrounding a dense, collapsing core. / text

Ruapehu is an active volcano located on the North Island of New Zealand, with the most recent major eruptions occurring in 1945, 1969, 1975, and 1995/96. Ruapehu is also home to the three major North Island ski areas, Whakapapa, Turoa, and Tukino. Because of the high frequency of eruptions, there is a significant volcanic hazard at the ski areas particularly from lahars which can form even after minor eruptions. Most recently, lahars have affected Whakapapa ski area in 1969, 1975, and 1995/96. The most significant risk at Turoa is from ballistic bombs due to the proximity of the top two T-Bars to the crater. Ash fall has also caused disruption at the ski areas, covering the snow and causing damage to structures. There is yet to be a death at the ski areas from a volcanic event; however the risk at the ski areas is too high to be completely ignored. The ski areas at Whakapapa and Turoa are currently operated by Ruapehu Alpine Lifts (RAL), who have been significantly improving their commitment to providing volcanic hazard training for their staff and preparing for handling a volcanic eruption. RAL is joined by the Institute of Geological Sciences (GNS) and the Department of Conservation (DoC) in trying to mitigate this risk through a range of initiatives, including an automated Eruption Detection System (EDS), linked to sirens and loudspeakers on Whakapapa ski areas, as well as by providing staff training and public education. The aim of this study was to provide RAL with recommendations to improve their staff training and warning system response. Staff induction week at both Turoa and Whakapapa ski areas was observed. Surveys were distributed and collected from staff at both ski areas, and interviews were conducted with staff at Whakapapa ski area. Data obtained from staff interviews and surveys provided the author with insight into staff's mental models regarding a volcanic event response. A simulation of the warning system was observed, as well as a blind test, to collect data on the effectiveness of training on staff response. Results indicated permanent and seasonal staff were knowledgeable of the volcanic hazards that may affect the ski areas, but had differing perspectives on the risk associated with those hazards. They were found to be confident in the initial response to a volcanic event (i.e. move to higher ground), but were unsure of what would happen after this initial response. RAL was also found to have greatly improved their volcanic hazard training in the past year, however further recommendations were suggested to increase training effectiveness. A training needs analysis was done for different departments at the ski areas by taking a new approach of anticipating demands staff may encounter during a volcanic event and complementing these demands with existing staff competencies. Additional recommendations were made to assist RAL in developing an effective plan to use when responding to volcanic events, as well as other changes that could be made to improve the likelihood of customer safety at the ski areas during an eruption.

The main rock unit exposed in the southern part of the Tucson Mountains, Pima County, Arizona, is the Cat Mountain rhyolite. It forms the eastward dipping slope and the western escarpment of the mountain range, capping the large fault blocks which make up the range. Petrographic and radiometric data combine to show that the Cat Mountain rhyolite, as originally defined, consists of two major ash flow eruption sequences. The lower sequence is less uniform and continuous than the highly welded characteristically jointed upper unit. A basal non welded unit is found along the western escarpment, a partly welded transition zone is found between the welded units, and a capping partly-to-non-welded unit is exposed in protected parts of the eastern slope. The volcanic history of the area began with the emplacement of a nuee ardente deposit forming the “chaos” unit. This was followed by two ash flow pulses through the same vents, and the sequence was terminated by the intrusion of spherulitic rhyolite sealing up the vents.

A detailed comparative geochemical characterization of three different types of Iceland glacial systems was conducted during June, August, and October, 2016. The study was carried out at a total of 11 outlet glacier rivers flowing from the icecaps Vatnajökull, Eyjafjallajökull, and Mýrdalsjökull. A total of 75 grab samples were collected (25 for each sampling period). The hydrogeochemical variations of Icelandic glacial meltwater are influenced by volcanic activity, temporal changes, and geographical location, which differed between the sampling sites within the glaciers and icecaps. Lower pH range, and comparatively higher and variable specific conductivity, SO4, S and F is linked to higher volcanic influences, including residuals from the 2010 eruption at Eyjafjallajökull (located above a tectonic plate boundary zone). High concentrations of Al and Fe were found at Kötlujökull and Kvíárjökull, both of which are close to active volcanic zones. Changes in hydrogeochemistry of the meltwater caused by volcanic activity may be used to forecast eruptions and jökulhlaups; however, given the variability of Icelandic meltwater chemistry, high-resolution monitoring should be done in order to determine a precursor threshold for an volcanic event, as the chemical composition of one jökulhlaup could be within normal range for a different glacier. TSS concentrations depicted high spatial and temporal variation as the highest and lowest values of TSS drained from the same glacier. Hydrogeochemical weathering is driven by Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 dissolution. Concentrations of ions varied with respect to their geographic location, as specific conductivity increase distance downstream from glaciers, proglacial lagoons, and river reaches. Ca, Mg, K, Na, and HCO3 increased from 1984 to 2016 for Fjallsjökull, which may be from an increased weathering rate, due to temperature, CO2 increase, and increased erosion beneath glaciers under a changing climate. This study of hydrogeochemical variation in Icelandic glaciers complements the database of physical and chemical compositions of understudied glaciers. The hydrogeochemical variations of Icelandic glacial meltwater throughout a diverse sample of glaciers and their respective icecaps are related to internal and external factors, and their diversity indicates a much more complex set of processes underway at the different icecaps and their respective glaciers.

På Kanarieön La Palma finns sprickzonen och vulkanen Cumbre Vieja. Under ett vulkanutbrott år 1949 bildades ett förkastningssystem längs vulkanens västra sida som skulle kunna vara ett förstadium till en framtida kollaps av vulkanen. Denna kollaps skulle kunna leda till bildandet av en tsunami när kollapsmaterial rasar ner i havet likt ett jordskred. Tsunamin kan komma att spridas över stora delar av Atlanten och i olika grad påverka de omkringliggande kontinenterna. Det finns olika teorier om hur stort jordskredet kommer att bli och om det kommer att ske successivt eller kollapsa som en enda enhet. I detta arbete studeras fyra kollapsscenarier med volymer av 20 km3, 40 km3, 80 km3 och 450 km3 närmare. Utifrån dessa volymer skapas riskanalyskartor i GIS över ön Teneriffa och New Yorks storstadsområde som visar hur långt över land tsunamin når vid de olika kollapsscenarierna. Dessa kartor jämförs sedan med markanvändningskartor över Teneriffa och New Yorks storstadsområde. Trots att tsunamivågen kan bli mycket hög vid Teneriffas kust kommer stora delar av ön att undkomma tsunamin, vilket bl.a. beror på öns höga höjd över havet. Då de flesta byggnader är belägna vid kusten innebär det att många människor ändå riskerar att drabbas. New Yorks storstadsområde är istället lågt beläget, vilket bidrar till att många kustnära områden kommer att drabbas trots att våghöjden har avtagit väsentligt. Då detta område är mycket tätbefolkat kan en tsunami därför leda till en stor påverkan. / On the Canary Island La Palma there is a volcanic ridge called Cumbre Vieja. During an eruption in 1949 a fault system was formed along the western flank of the volcano that can be an early stage of a future flank collapse of Cumbre Vieja. During this collapse a large volume of rock material will fall into the ocean like a landslide, which could lead to the formation of a tsunami. The tsunami could spread over large parts of the Atlantic Ocean and to varying extent affect the surrounding continents. There are different theories of how big the landslide will be and if it will collapse gradually or as a coherent block. In this study four collapse scenarios with different volumes, 20 km3, 40 km3, 80 km3 and 450 km3, are studied more closely. Based on these volumes, vulnerability maps are created in GIS covering the island Tenerife and the New York metropolitan area. The maps show the land reach of the tsunami for each of the collapse scenarios. These maps are thereafter compared with land use maps over Tenerife and the New York metropolitan area. Despite the high amplitude of the tsunami wave at the coast of Tenerife, large parts of the island will remain unaffected by the tsunami. This is due to, among other things, the high altitude of the island. However, most buildings are located along the coast, which means that many people are at risk. The New York metropolitan area has, on the other hand, low altitude which is one explanation why many coastal areas will be affected despite the significant decrease in tsunami wave height. A tsunami would have a major impact due to these areas being densely populated.

Gases and particles released by volcanoes pose a serious hazard to humans and society. Emissions can be transported over long distances before being reduced to harmless concentrations. Knowing which areas are, or will be, exposed to volcanic emissions is an important part inreducing the impact on human health and society. In this thesis, the dispersion of volcanic emissions is studied using a set of atmospheric models. The work includes contribution to the development of the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART-WRF. Three case studies have been performed, one studying potential ash emissions from potential future eruptions on Iceland, a second covering SO2 emissions from Mt. Nyiragongo in D.R. Congo, and a third studying the SO2 emission rate of the Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) in 2014–2015. The first study covers volcanic ash hazard for air traffic over Europe. Three years of meteorological data are used to repeatedly simulate dispersion from different eruption scenarios. The simulations are used to study the probability of hazardous concentrations in ash in European airspace. The ash hazard shows a seasonal variation with a higher probability of efficient eastward transport in winter, while summer eruptions pose a more persistent hazard. In the second study, regional gas exposure around Mt. Nyiragongo is modelled using flux measurements to improve the description of the emission source. Gases are generally transported to the north-west in June–August and to the south-west in December–January. A diurnal variation due to land breeze around lake Kivu contributes to high concentrations of SO2 along the northern shore during the night. Potentially hazardous concentrations are occasionally reached in populated areas in the region, but mainly during the nights. The third study uses inverse dispersion modelling to determine the height and emission rates based on traverse measurements of the plume at 80–240 km from the source. The calculated source term yields better agreement with satellite observations compared to commonly used column sources. The work in this thesis presents improvements in dispersion modelling of volcanic emissions through improved models, more accurate representation of the source terms, and through incorporating new types of measurements into the modelling systems. / Gas- och partikelutsläpp från vulkaner utgör en fara för människor och för vårt samhälle. Utsläppen kan transporteras över långa avstånd innan de reduceras till oskadliga halter. Att känna till vilka områden som utsätts för, eller kommer utsättas för, utsläppen är ett viktigt verktyg föratt minska påverkan på folkhälsa och samhälle. I avhandlingen studeras spridningen av utsläpp från vulkanutbrott med hjälp av en uppsättning numeriska atmosfärsmodeller. Den Lagrangiska Partikelspridningsmodellen FLEXPART-WRF har förbättrats och applicerats för spridningsmodellering av vulkanutbrott. Tre studier har utförts, en fokuserar på vulkanaska från potentiella framtida utbrott på Island, den andra studerar SO2-ustläpp från vulkanen Nyiragongo i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo, och den tredje studerar SO2-ustläpp från utbrottet i Holuhraun (Island) 2014–2015. Den första studien uppskattar sannolikheten för att vulkanaska från framtida vulkanutbrott på Island ska överskrida de gränsvärden som tillämpas för flygtrafik. Tre år av meteorologisk data används för att simulera spridningen från olika utbrottsscenarier. Sannolikheten för skadliga halter aska varierar med årstid, med en högre sannolikhet för effektiv transport österut under vintermånaderna, sommarutbrott är istället mer benägna att orsaka långvariga problem överspecifika områden. In den andra studien undersöks spridningen av SO2 från Nyiragongo över en ettårsperiod. Flödesmätningar av plymen används för att förbättra källtermen i modellen. Gaserna transporteras i regel mot nordväst i juni–augusti och mot sydväst i december–februari En dygnsvariation, kopplad till mesoskaliga processer runt Kivusjön, bidrar till förhöjda halter av SO2 nattetid längs Kivusjöns norra kust. Potentiellt skadliga halter av SO2 uppnås av och till i befolkade områden men huvudsakligen nattetid. Den tredje studien utnyttjar inversmodellering för att avgöra plymhöjd och gasutsläpp baserat på traversmätningar av plymen runt 80–240 km från utsläppskällan. Den beräknade källtermen resulterar i bättre överensstämmelse mellan modell- och satellitdata jämfört med enklare källtermer. Arbetet i den här avhandlingen presenterar flertalet förbättringar för spridningsmodellering av vulkanutbrott genom bättre modeller, nogrannare beskrivning av källtermer, och genom nya metoder för tillämpning av olika typer av mätdata.

Depuis maintenant une dizaine d'années, la vision du cycle sismique en zone de subduction a beaucoup évolué. Des découvertes récentes ont mis en évidence une grande diversité des régimes de glissement dans ces zones, avec notamment des glissements asismiques transitoires appelés « séismes lents » (SSE) et des vibrations de faibles amplitudes, persistantes dans le temps, appelées « trémors non volcaniques » (NVT). Ce travail a pour objectif l'étude des trémors non volcaniques afin de caractériser ces nouvelles manifestations des zones de faille. Nous avons abordé ce problème avec deux approches distinctes :1. Observer les trémors dans le milieu naturel afin de déterminer leurs caractéristiques. La zone étudiée correspond à la lacune sismique de Guerrero le long de la subduction mexicaine. Nous avons développé une méthode de détection et de localisation des NVT au Mexique grâce à des analyses d'antennes par formation de voie sur les corrélations. Cette méthode permet de mettre en évidence cer taines caractéristiques des NVT : une complexité des sources pour un épisode de trémors, une corrélation entre les activités de NVT et les pics de vitesse des glissements lents à plus long terme. Par ailleurs, l'étude de l'impact du séisme de Maule (2010, Chili, Mw 8.8) au Mexique montre qu'il a déclenché le second sous évènement du séisme lent de 2009-2010. Ce déclenchement d'un SSE s'ac- compagne de fortes activités de trémors, modulées par les ondes du séisme de Maule dans un premier temps, puis simplement associées au SSE.2. Modéliser les trémors expérimentalement et numériquement pour mieux com- prendre leur origine physique et leurs évolutions sur le long terme. Nous avons en particulier utilisé une expérience de frottement à faible vitesse qui indique une corrélation systématique entre les accélérations d'un glissement et l'émission de signaux qui ressemblent à des NVT. Une modélisation numérique de la zone de subduction mexicaine est également présentée et montre la possibilité de reproduire des trémors en considérant une transition d'affaiblissement critique associée à un processus de décrochage. / The vision of the seismic cycle in subduction zones has considerably evolved over the last 10 years. New discoveries has pointed the diversity of slip behaviors in these zones with aseismic slow slip called « slow slip events » (SSE) and persistent low amplitudes vibrations called « non-volcanic tremors » (NVT). The goal of this thesis is to study the non-volcanic tremors in order to characterize these new manifestations of fault zones. We used two different approaches: 1. We first observed the non-volcanic tremors in the nature in order to characterize this phenomenon. The area of interest is the Guerrero seismic gap along the Mexican subduction zone. We develop a new detection and location method based on beamforming of correlations of seismic signals. This new method exhibits some characteristics of NVT: a complex source for a single tremor episode and a correlation between the NVT episodes and the long-term peak of movement velocity in southwards direction. Moreover, the study of the consequences of the Maule earthquake on the Mexican subduction zone showed that this earthquake triggered the 2009-2010 SSE in Guerrero. This triggering of slow slip is accompanied by strong seismic tremor actvity that are first modulated by the passing waves and then associated to the SSE. 2. We model numerically and experimentally the tremors in order to better understand their physical origin and their long-term evolution. We used a very slow friction experiment that indicates a systematic correlation between slip acceleration of a slider and emission of acoustic signals that are similar to NVT. A numerical modeling of the Mexican subduction zone is also presented and shows the possibility to reproduce NVT with a critical depinning transition.

Este estudo se propôs a avaliar a influência da cristalinidade e da deformação do quartzo na ocorrência da reação álcali-agregado. A influência da cristalinidade do quartzo foi analisada através da mesóstase, material intersticial que constitui as rochas vulcânicas, que é um material composto por grãos sub-microscópicos de quartzo e feldspatos. Para tanto foram selecionadas duas rochas vulcânicas, constituídas por quartzo em diferentes quantidades e com diferentes graus de cristalinidade: um basalto, com pouca quantidade de sílica, sem quartzo livre e cuja mesóstase apresenta grãos pobremente cristalizados; e um riolito, com grande quantidade de sílica e de quartzo livre, além de uma mesóstase com grãos melhor cristalizados. A caracterização da cristalinidade do quartzo mostrou que a mesóstase, que tem aparência de material amorfo em microscopia ótica, apresenta diferentes feições quando observada através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura: mesóstase com grãos criptocristalinos de quartzo e K-feldspatos (Mm); mesóstase com grãos de quartzo e feldspato microcristalinos (Mq); mesóstase constituída predominantemente por argilominerais (Ma). Relacionando-se essas características com a reatividade das rochas verificou-se que o quartzo presente nas mesóstases Mm e Mq reage rápida e intensamente, sobressaindo-se à dissolução da mesóstase Mm, enquanto os grãos da mesóstase Ma são preservados. Através da compração dessas constatações, obtidas com o basalto e o riolito, com as características do material intersticial de um basalto inócuo, em ensaios acelerados e em campo, verificou-se que seu material intersticial da rocha inócua possui pouca quantidade de sílica livre (quartzo). Isso evidencia que a reatividade das rochas vulcânicas está relacionada à quantidade de sílica livre presente (quartzo) e a velocidade de ocorrência da reação com a cristalinidade do quartzo constituinte da mesóstase (Mm). A influência da deformação do quartzo no desencadeamento da reação álcali-agregado foi avaliada através do estudo de rochas graníticas com diferentes graus de deformação: uma rocha pouco deformada (granito), uma rocha com deformação intermediária (proto-milonito) e uma rocha muito deformada (orto-milonito). Os graus de deformação do quartzo foram caracterizados, através de microscopia ótica, como: grau 0= ausência de deformação; grau 1= grãos pouco deformados, com extinção ondulante leve; grau 2= quartzo muito deformado, com forte extinção ondulante, chegando a formar bandas de deformação; grau 3= forte deformação, com formação de subgrãos; grau 4= grãos recristalizados. O estudo mostrou que a presença preponderante de quartzo com grau 2 nas rochas denota uma maior velocidade de desencadeamento da reação álcali-agregado. A partir dessa constatação efetuou-se a avaliação das características texturais dos grãos de quartzo de rochas reativas em campo, verificando-se que quanto maior a quantidade de grãos com grau 2 mais rápida a ocorrência da reação em campo. / This research aims to study the influence of crystallinity and deformation of quartz to the occurrence of alkali-aggregate reaction. The influence of the cristallinitiy of quartz was analyzed through the interstitial material (volcanic glass/mesostase) into volcanic rocks. This material is composing by sub-microscopic grains of quartz and feldspars, thus it was selected a basaltic rock, with poor crystallized interstitial material and low silica content; and a rhyolitic rock, with better crystallized interstitial material and high silica content. The characterization of the crystallinity of the quartz showed that interstitial mesostase has appearance of amorphous material on the optical microscopy, but, at scanning electron microscopy it was observe the following features: mesostase with microcrystalline grains of quartz and K-feldspar (Mm); mesostase with better crystallized grains of quartz and K-feldspar (Mq); mesostase with clay predominantly (Ma). Reactivity potential tests showed that quartz in Mm and Mq react quickly and intensely, especially Mm, while quartz in Ma was preserved. Comparing these evidences, obtained with basalt and rhyolite, with interstitial material into innocuous basalt, it was found that interstitial material in innocuous rock has smaller amount of free silica (quartz). It proof that reactivity of volcanic rocks is related to the amount of free silica present into the rocks and poor cristalinity of quartz into mesostase make alkali-aggregate reaction quickness (Mm). The influence of the deformation of quartz on alkali-aggregate reaction was analyzed through granitic rocks with different degrees of deformation: a rock with very little deformation (granite), a medium deformed rock (proto-mylonite), a very deformed rock (orto-mylonite). Deformation degree of quartz was characterized through optical microscopy as follows: order 0= absence of the deformation; order 1= slightly deformed grain (weak ondulatory extinction); order 2= very deformed quartz, with strong ondulatory extinction and forming deformation bands; order 3= very deformed quartz, with formation of sub-grains, order 4= recrystallized quartz. The study showed that rocks with most quartz „order 2‟ denotes the development of alkali-aggregate reaction faster than rocks with other „orders‟ deformation of the quartz. From this conclusion it was obseve the textural characteristics of quartz grains in reative rocks on the field, confirming that quartz with deformation bands cause alkali-aggregate reaction quickly.

Les glissements de terrain se produisent dans toutes les chaînes de montagnes où la résistance de massifs rocheux est insuffisante pour contrer l’action de la gravité. Les terrains volcaniques sont particulièrement susceptibles de s’effondrer car les édifices sont composés des lithologies diverses et variées qui peuvent être fortement fracturées. En plus, la croissance rapide des édifices volcaniques favorise leur instabilité et leur effondrement. L’activité magmatique est un facteur additionnel responsable de la déformation des édifices, tandis que l’activité hydrothermale réduit la résistance des roches volcaniques. Pour ces raisons, l’évaluation des aléas liés à l’effondrement des édifices et à la formation des avalanches des débris volcaniques mérite une attention particulière. Les caractéristiques physiques des composants des avalanches des débris ont une influence directe sur la dynamique de ce type d'écoulement. Les dépôts des avalanches de débris présentent une morphologie de surface composée des nombreuses collines (hummocks), qui montrent fréquemment les séquences volcaniques initiales, ce qui suggère un mécanisme de mise en place proche de celui des glissements de terrain. Cependant, d’autres dépôts présentent des crêtes allongées (rides) dont le mécanisme de formation est encore méconnu. Le volcan Tutucapa (sud du Pérou) a été affecté récemment par deux avalanches de débris. La plus ancienne, « Azufre », est d’âge Holocène et résulte de l’effondrement d’un complexe des dômes et d’une séquence volcanique altérée (hydrothermalisée) sous-jacente. La deuxième avalanche, « Paipatja », a eu lieu il y a seulement 200-230 ans BP et est associée à une grande éruption explosive du Tutupaca. Les dépôts de cette avalanche présentent notamment de nombreuses rides. Les deux dépôts d’avalanche montrent deux unités différentes : une unité inférieure, caractérisée par la présence des blocs altérés (hydrothermalisés) provenant de l’édifice basal, tandis que l’unité supérieure est constituée par des blocs du complexe de dômes actifs. Le travail de terrain montre que les rides de l’avalanche « Paipatja » présentent une forte variation de granulométrie entre leur partie centrale (enrichie en blocs grossiers) et leurs parties latérales, ce qui suggère un processus de ségrégation granulaire. Des expériences analogiques montrent que des écoulements de mélanges de particules des différentes tailles subissent un processus de ségrégation et de digitation granulaire qui engendre des rides par jonction de levées statiques qui délimitent un chenal d’écoulement. Le processus de formation des rides est facilité par de faibles différence de taille des particules dans des mélanges bidisperses. Ces résultats suggèrent que les rides observées au Tutupaca résultent d’un écoulement granulaire. Les principales caractéristiques morphologiques des structures formées lors de ces expériences de laboratoire ont été comparées qualitativement avec les structures observées dans les dépôts du Tutupaca. Les structures observées au Tutupaca montrent que deux mécanismes de mise en place peuvent coexister dans les avalanches de débris volcaniques : le glissement de blocs plus ou moins cohérents, et l’écoulement semblable à celui d’un matériau granulaire. Cela dépend probablement de la nature des différents matériaux à la source des avalanches. Cette information doit être prise en compte pour l’évaluation des aléas liés aux avalanches des débris car des mécanismes d’écoulement différents peuvent induire des fortes variations de la distance parcourue par ces avalanches. / Landslides occur in all mountainous terrain, where the rock strength is unable to support topographic loading. Volcanic rocks are particularly landslide prone, as they mix strong and weak lithologies and are highly pre-fractured. Also, volcanoes themselves, are peculiar mountains, as they grow, thus creating their own topographic instability. Magmatic activity also deforms the edifice, and hydrothermal activity reduces strength. For all these reasons, volcanoes need close consideration for hazards, especially for the landslide-derived rock avalanches. The characteristics and properties of different debris avalanche components influence their behavior during motion. Deposits are generally hummocky, preserving original layering, which indicates a slide-type emplacement. However, some deposits have ridged morphology for which the formation mechanisms are not well understood. Two recent debris avalanches occurred at the Tutupaca volcano (S Peru). The first one, “Azufre” is Holocene and involved the collapse of active domes and underlying older hydrothermally altered rocks. The second debris avalanche, “Paipatja” occurred 200-230 y BP and is associated with a large explosive event and this deposit is ridged. The excellent conservation state of the deposits and surface structures allows a comprehensive analysis of the ridges. Both deposits have two contrasting units: a lower basal edifice-derived hydrothermally-rich subunit and an upper dome-derived block-rich unit. Detailed fieldwork has shown that Paipatja ridges have coarser core material and are finer in troughs, suggesting grain size segregation. Using analog experiments, the process that allow ridge formation are explored. We find that the mixtures undergo granular segregation and differential flow that create fingering that forms ridges by junction of static léeves defining a channel flow. Granular segregation and fingering are favored by small particle size contrast during bi-dispersed flow. The results suggest that the ridges observed at Tutupaca are product of a granular flow We extract the morphological characteristics of the deposits of granular flows generated in the laboratory and make a qualitative comparison with the Tutupaca deposits. The description of the different landslide and debris avalanche features at Tutupaca shows that two types of debris avalanche motion can occur in volcanic debris avalanches: the sliding of blocks more or less coherent and a flow similar to a granular material. This probably depends on source materials and the conditions of different parts of the initial landslide. Such information should be taken into account when estimating hazards at other volcanic landslide sites, as the different behaviors may result in different run outs.