京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18759号 / 経博第510号 / 新制||経||273(附属図書館) / 31710 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 章久, 教授 三野 和雄, 教授 矢野 誠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID) is a rare condition where a person has a desire to become disabled. This desire creates distress so intense that some request, and in a few cases have received, disabling surgery. The condition has raised debate, both concerning the BID suffers autonomy and whether the disabling surgeries conflict with the medical profession's obligations to respect patients’ autonomy, promote well-being and not do harm. In this paper, I argue that some BID sufferers plausibly possess the abilities required for medical decisionmaking, which means that they could be sufficiently autonomous to make a decision about disabling surgery. Further, I argue that if a BID sufferer is decision-making competent, and if disabling surgery is expected to have therapeutic benefits that outweigh the expected harms, and if no other treatments have proven effective for them, then it seems morally permissible for the medical profession to offer them disabling surgery as an experimental treatment.

The responsibility of the homeless has for a long time been a gray area. Voluntary organizations were founded because no one else was helping the homeless. Today the responsibility to take care of the homeless lies with the public sector and the respective municipalities. So why is it that new voluntary organizations keep appearing? The purpose of the study is to find out what role voluntary organizations play in the work against homelessness and whether they have an impact on the social work of today. Analysis of the results was done with theories of street-level bureaucrats and social citizenship.  The results of this study show how much responsibility voluntary organizations take in the work against homelessness. A responsibility that many of the interviewees know should lie with the public sector instead. The voluntary organizations fulfills the participants' basic needs and provides them a sense of security. The results draw attention to the fact that the work that the voluntary organizations do is often taken for granted.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The study of the nonprofit sector has traditionally focused on nonprofit organizations as recipients of charity. A perspective that has been relatively neglected is that of nonprofit organizations as not only recipients but also as donors of charitable resources. This dissertation explores the phenomenon of philanthropic behavior of nonprofit organizations, using studies of the contributions and community health programs of nonprofit hospitals in Indiana as an example. Philanthropic behavior is defined as actions and programs initiated by a nonprofit organization to meet additional community needs – beyond its primary mission or services. It presents the hypothesis that such activities are undertaken for reasons similar to for-profit organizations – and have comparable organizational benefits. The studies reported in the dissertation show a wide variation in reporting such activities as well as of the organizational structures in place to manage such behavior. This variation is seen even in seemingly similar hospitals such as religious hospitals within an identified system. The dissertation discovers that while nonprofit organizations may engage in philanthropic behavior, these practices go largely unrecognized. Because the actions are not systematically noted or recorded, some very significant residual benefits that nonprofits provide for their defined communities are also unrecognized. It also finds that when these activities are evident, they are driven more by the professional values and actions of individual employees than by organizational policies. The dissertation concludes that drawing conclusions from this study of the data on Indiana hospitals – both from state reports and the IRS Form 990s – is difficult. There is an inconsistency between the two databases as well as within each of the datasets that makes any specific conclusions as to the relative values of different hospitals or to standards is suspect. It notes that while the revised Form 990 should help in overall transparency, the reporting of areas such as health education and donations will most probably continue to be inconsistent. This inconsistency makes the information difficult to use as either an evaluation tool or as policy to encourage community-serving behavior.

<p>This study examines whether directors appointed after a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) assumed office (“co-opted” directors) affect corporate voluntary disclosure. I find evidence that firms issue management earnings forecasts less frequently when directors are co-opted. These results hold even when these directors are considered independent by regulatory definitions. Cross-sectional tests indicate that my results are stronger when firms disclose bad news, provide higher pay to co-opted directors, CEOs have greater ability to withhold disclosure, and co-opt directors early in the CEO’s tenure. I use NASDAQ/NYSE listing requirements as an exogenous shock to board co-option and find that director co-option has a causal link to less voluntary disclosure. I further show that the effect was robust to the effect of CEOs’ disclosure preferences and experience inside the firm. This study suggests that boards that appear independent using the conventional measures may fail to elicit adequate voluntary disclosure to monitor managers. </p>

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This is a narrative inquiry study that describes the experiences of five junior high school teachers who participated in an interdisciplinary, voluntary professional learning community (PLC). Using identity as an analytic lens for the participants' experiences, and content-area literacy as the context for the PLC, the study describes how teachers involved in a PLC focused on inquiry and teacher learning storied their own experiences in the PLC. The participants' experiences highlighted three main themes which were (1) experiences with past ineffective professional development, (2) inadequacy, and (3) changes in thinking. The study highlights how these themes demonstrate the development of the participants' professional and group identities in their school setting. This study also includes a literature review and expanded methods section in the appendices.Keywords: