Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur ett projekt startas upp, leds och drivs då det är kopplat till socialt arbete och efterbehandling för hemlösa kvinnor med missbruksproblematik. Bakgrunden är en tidigare b-uppsats som visade på brister i eftervården för dessa kvinnor. Examensarbetet har gjorts genom en litteraturstudie där vi undersökt projekt och projektledning, samt en halvstrukturerad personlig intervju och en telefonintervju med en nyckelperson med erfarenhet av projektarbete. Resultatet visade på att det är viktigt med samarbete och nätverk då det oftast finns många aktörer som kan hjälpa målgruppen, så som socialtjänsten, beroendecenter samt Röda Korset. Genom ett lösningsfokuserat arbete och en upplevelsebaserad metod kan målgruppen få hjälp att komma tillbaka in i samhället och få ett självständigt och värdigare liv. I projekt är det även viktigt med uppföljningar och utvärderingar för att man ska få en lärdom och en kunskapsbas genom projektet, då kan projektet bistå framtida liknande projekt. För att undvika problem i projektet är det viktigt med tydliga mål, roller och ansvarsfördelningar. Om dessa områden tidigt klargörs kan många framtida problem undanröjas. / The purpose of this paper was to examine how a project is being started, led and executed when it is connected to social work and post-rehabilitation of homeless women with a substance abuse. The background of this paper lies in a former paper on B-level that showed a lack in the post-rehabilitation of these women. This was done with the help of a literature study where projects and project management has been examined, a semi-structured personal interview and a telephone interview with a key person who had experience with project management. The result showed the importance of collaboration and networking though there are often many participants that can help the target group, such as social service, addiction-centers and organizations like the Red Cross. Through solution-focused work and experience based method the target group can achieve a way back into society and get an independent and worthy life. In projects it is of great importance to follow up and evaluate to gain learning and knowledge throughout the process, only then the project can contribute with wisdom and experience to other future projects. To avoid problems it is important to stake out clear goals, roles and responsibility-divisions. If these areas are straightened out early in the project a lot of future difficulties can be eliminated.

One of the difficulties most frequently encountered among music students is reading inadequacy. In this particular study we shall attempt to measure and increase the visual span of reading musical notation.

Bakgrund: Spädbarnsskrik associeras med intensiv gråt hos spädbarnet. Som pappa kan skrikperioden upplevas påfrestande. Specialistsjuksköterskan på barnhälsovården kan erbjuda vägledning och stöd i föräldraskapet. Huruvida spädbarnsskriket påverkar papparollen är inte väl studerat Syfte: Att beskriva pappors upplevelser och erfarenheter av spädbarnsskrik under spädbarnets första sex månader Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta pappor. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys Resultat: I resultatet framkom att papporna upplevde en otillräcklighet under skrikperioden. Otillräcklighet i kunskap om spädbarnsskrik, som pappa och i relationen till spädbarnets mamma. Stödet under skrikperioden var betydelsefullt. Det erhållna stödet var främst från spädbarnets mamma samt från socialt nätverk och sjukvården Slutsats: Pappan vill vara delaktig och medverka på BHV. Specialistsjuksköterskan kan uppmärksamma den otillräcklighet och det stöd pappan efterfrågar. Med pappagrupper skapas en möjlighet för pappan att utbyta erfarenhet med andra pappor sina upplevelser av spädbarnsskrik. / Background: Infant cry is associated with intensive crying. The father can experience the crying period as stressful. The specialist nurse at the child health care center has a guiding and supporting role in the fatherhood. How infant cry affects the father's role is not well documented Aim: To describe father's experiences of infant cry during the first six months after delivery Method: A qualitative interview study with content analysis was used to be able to grasp eight father's experiences of living with a crying infant Finding: In the present study the father experienced inadequacy during the crying period. The inadequacy the father felt were in areas such as knowledge about infant cry, as a father and in the relationship with the infant's mother. The support during the crying period was significant. Support from the infant's mother was important but also social network Conclusion: The father wanted to be involved in the infant care and the contact with the child health care center. The specialist nurse can notice the inadequacy the father felt and the support he needs in the fatherhood. Father groups can lead to an exchange of experiences between fathers.

Standardization, flexibility and transparency had been the eminent keywords of Modern Architecture that have also provided material for the re-interpretation and re-production of several discussions on concepts like &lsquo / form&rsquo / and &lsquo / function&rsquo / in architecture. This study is an inquiry into a number of different interpretations that scrutinize the intricate relationship between architectural form and function in the 20th century with respect to the concepts defined above. The conceptualization of this thesis will be based on the assumption that function is an inadequate and weak concept for the generation of architectural form. It is in this context that form is accepted as an architectural &ldquo / fragment&rdquo / that attains its autonomy not from the strictures imposed by other architectural fragment like &lsquo / function&rsquo / , &lsquo / structure&rsquo / , &lsquo / program&rsquo / and &lsquo / site / but from an infinite number of internal relationships or &lsquo / design tools&rsquo / as we call. The aim of this study is to propose a project for &ldquo / A Multi &ndash / Functional Hall at METU&rdquo / which has the capability of expanding its limits in future, both physically and conceptually / and investigate the &lsquo / design tools&rsquo / that will direct the steps of transformations in the process of architectural production. Within this framework, the investigation is concerned with the production of a flexible, unstable and indeterminant building, focused on the concepts of &lsquo / transformation of space&rsquo / and &lsquo / constant change&rsquo / , that could be re-designed and re-generated in respect to possible future transformations in the program. Thus, architectural production is defined merely as a &lsquo / step&rsquo / or a &lsquo / snap-shot&rsquo / , controlled by the design tools suggesting the solutions for an ever-lasting transformation as the conditions change.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskans arbete präglas av såväl lagar och förodningar men också av värdegrunder och etiska koder vilket medför ett stort moraliskt ansvar. Samvete beskrivs som en grundläggande förmåga att skilja mellan rätt och fel, och att vara i konflikt med samvetet kan innebära att förlora sin identitet och värdighet. Äldre människor på särskilt boende eller som har hemtjänst anser inte att de får tillräckligt bra tillgång till vård, samtidigt som vårdarbete med äldre präglas av underbemanning och låg moral. Syfte: Belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av samvetsstress i vårdandet av äldre. Metod: I litteraturöversikten har 15 artiklar analyserats. Utifrån dessa har tre kategorier framkommit vilka är utlösande faktorer och orsaker till samvetsstress, sjuksköterskors upplevelser av samvetssress framkallar samt sjuksköterskors sätt att hantera samvetsstress. Resultat: I studien framträdde flertalet faktorer som orsakar samvetsstress bland sjuksköterskor, däribland onödigt patientlidande och yttre krav. Samvetsstress väckte känslor så som otillräcklighet, maktlöshet och dåligt samvete. För att hantera dessa känslor användes så kallat coping-strategier i form av exempelvis byte av arbetsplats, undvikande av patientkontakt och ifrågasättande av egen kunskap. Diskussion: Situationen på arbetsplatsen i form av konflikter och dåligt ledarskap i kombination med idealbilden av sig själv som vårdare visar ett tydligt samband mellan samvetsstress och även utbrändhet. Ökad förståelse kring ledarskap, konflikthantering samt att försonas med sin egen och andras otillräcklighet kan förebygga samvetsstress. / Background: The nurse profession is characterized by law and constitutions, but also by ethical codes and values, which brings a big moral responsibility. Conscience is described as a basic ability of knowing what is right and what is wrong, and being in conflict with one’s conscience can lead to loss of own identity and dignity. Older people in nursing homes or home-care service consider themselves to have bad access to healthcare. At the same time working in care for older people is characterized by under-staffing and low morals. Aim: Describe nurses’ experiences of stress of conscience in their work with older people. Methods: Analysis of 15 scientific articles. Out of the analysis, three categories emerged; factors and causes of stress of conscience, nurses perceptions of stress of conscience and nurses way of handling stress of conscience. Results: In this study a number of factors that causes stressed conscience among nurses, such as unnecessary patient suffering and outer demands were prominent. Stress of conscience caused feelings of inadequacy, powerlessness and bad conscience. To handle these feelings so called coping-strategies were used, for example change of workplace, avoiding patient contact and questioning one’s own knowledge. Discussions: Nurses’ working conditions, for example conflicts and bad leadership combined with the ideal of oneself as being a caring person shows a clear association with stress of conscience and even sometimes even burnout. An increased understanding of democratic leadership, handling conflicts and reconciling with oneself and others inadequacy can prevent stress of conscience.

Bakgrund: Stress är ett vanligt förekommande problem inom vården och grundas i underbemanning samt hög arbetsbelastning. Sjuksköterskans tid med patienter påverkas av dessa faktorer. Relationen mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten utgör grunden för vårdandet. Relationen påverkas genom stress i sjuksköterskans arbete som leder till att patienter inte blir sedda eller bekräftade. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att se till helheten hos patienten. Stress kan resultera i en försämrad vårdmiljö samt arbetsmiljö. Sjuksköterskan påverkas emotionellt av dessa faktorer vilket kan leda till utbrändhet och avsikt att lämna professionen, samt leda till försämrad omvårdnadskvalitet och patientsäkerhet. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser av otillräcklighet i vårdandet när sjuksköterskan påverkas av stress. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt är vald och innefattar både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre teman, dessa var bristande tid, dokumentationens inverkan samt sjuksköterskans välbefinnande. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans stressiga arbetsmiljö behöver reduceras för att sjuksköterskan ska ha möjlighet att uppnå sina omvårdnadsmål och därmed uppleva sig nöjd med vårdandet. Underbemanning, hög arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist är faktorer som påverkar vårdandet och resulterar i försämrad omvårdnad samt patientsäkerhet. Detta påverkar även sjuksköterskan fysiskt och psykiskt. / Background: Stress is a common problem in nursing care, based on understaffing and high workload. The nurse’s time with patients are affected by these factors. The relationship between the nurse and the patient is the basis in nursing care. The relationship is affected by the stress in nurse’s work leading to patients not being seen or confirmed. Nurses have a responsibility to ensure patient’s integrity. Stress can result in a deterioration of care environment and work environment. Nurses are affected by this emotionally, leading to burnout and intention to leave the profession and may result in deterioration in quality of care and patient safety. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe nurses’ experiences of inadequacy in nursing care when the nurse is affected by stress. Method: A systematic literature review is selected and include qualitative and quantitative articles. Findings: The findings revealed three themes: lack of time, the impact of documentation and the nurse’s well—being. Conclusions: Nurse’s stressful work environment needs to be reduced to achieve optimal nursing care and so that they can feel satisfied with their care. Understaffing, high workload and lack of time are factors that affect nursing care and results in deteriorated care and patient safety. This also affects the nurse physically and mentally.

The Adolescent Discouragement Indicator (ADI) was developed to assess the Adlerian construct of discouragement. The 75-item ADI contains five subscales corresponding to the five life tasks specified in Individual Psychology and is specifically designed to pinpoint the area and degree of adolescent discouragement. Item selection was based on ratings by five prominent Adlerians and item correlation with subscale scores. Age and sex norms for the ADI were established on 225 females and 299 males 12 to 18 years of age. Findings indicate that female adolescents are less discouraged than male adolescents on all scales except the love scale and both sexes reported the least amount of discouragment on the love scale. The only significant difference among the age groups is between the 13-year-olds and the 15, 16, and 17-year-olds on the love scale. An internal consistency coefficient of .95, a 2-week test-retest coefficient of .89, and a 4-week test-retest coefficient of .92 indicates that the ADI is a reliable instrument. Negative and significant (p < .001) correlations between the ADI and Social Interest Index (Greever, Tseng, & Friedland, 1973) and between the ADI and the Social Interest Scale (Crandall, 1975) contribute to construct validity and support Adler's belief that discouragement and social interest are inversely related. Results of behavioral and academic comparisons on a sample of adolescent males (N=57) seem to indicate a link between behavior, academic performance, and levels of discouragement. Results of factor analysis and interscale correlations are presented. Implications for further research include continued validation using behavioral criteria associated with discouragement, refinement of the subscales and establishment of score ranges to indicate when an adolescent is considered discouraged.

This is a narrative inquiry study that describes the experiences of five junior high school teachers who participated in an interdisciplinary, voluntary professional learning community (PLC). Using identity as an analytic lens for the participants' experiences, and content-area literacy as the context for the PLC, the study describes how teachers involved in a PLC focused on inquiry and teacher learning storied their own experiences in the PLC. The participants' experiences highlighted three main themes which were (1) experiences with past ineffective professional development, (2) inadequacy, and (3) changes in thinking. The study highlights how these themes demonstrate the development of the participants' professional and group identities in their school setting. This study also includes a literature review and expanded methods section in the appendices.Keywords:

According to statistics, a significant increase in sickness has occurred in the public sector in recent decades in Sweden. Human therapeutic professions is the area where the illness is most prevalent. The purpose of this study was through a qualitative method and hermeneutic approaches explore how conscious six social workers in the social services are on stress and how they cope with it. Further it investigates and analyzes how these results affect their daily work. One important result due to stress is that the social workers ability to treat their clients is impaired and they are less able to be empathetic. Inadequacy in the work environment leads to a sense of insufficiency by social workers, and a reduced quality of life. This despite the fact that they express a variety of coping strategies. The conclusion of the study shows that due to high demands, a lack of control over ones work and lack of support from management, social workers have a sense of inadequacy.

This thesis aims at contributing to a critical discussion on the supposedly far-reaching secularity of Sweden on the one hand, and on the incongruence and inconsistency of lived religion on the other. At the center are people referred to as semi-secular Swedes – a group that is often neglected in the study of religion. These people do not go to church or get involved in any other alternative organized spiritual activities, neither are they actively opposed to religion or entirely indifferent to it. Most of them describe the ways they are – or are not – religious as in line with the majority patterns in Swedish society. The study is qualitative in method and the material has been gathered through interviews and a questionnaire. It offers a close reading of 28 semi-secular Swedes’ ways of talking about and relating to religion, particularly in reference to their everyday lives and their own experiences, and it analyzes the material with a focus on incongruences. By exploring how the term religion is employed vernacularly by the respondents, the study pinpoints one particular feature in the material, namely simultaneity. The concept of simultaneity is descriptive and puts emphasis on a ‘both and’ approach in (1) the way the respondents ascribe meaning to the term religion, (2) how they talk about themselves in relation to different religious designations, and (3) how they interpret experiences that they single out as ‘out-of-the-ordinary’. These simultaneities are explained and theorized through analyses focusing on intersubjective and discursive processes. In relation to theorizing on religion and religious people this study offers empirical material that nuance a dichotomous understanding of ‘the religious’ and ‘the secular’. In relation to methodology it is argued that the salience of simultaneity in the material shows that when patterns of religiosity among semi-secular Swedes are studied there is a need to be attentive to expressions of complexity, contradiction and incongruity. / Religious ambiguities on the urban scene