Yes / In early 2021, over 5 million European Union (EU) citizens had applied for settled status to secure their right to continue to live, work and study in the United Kingdom (UK) after the country’s withdrawal from the EU (Brexit). In 2018, the Home Office launched a Statement of Intent to implement an application process for EU citizens through its EU Settlement Scheme. In the period leading to Brexit, the UK government assured EU migrants that their existing rights under EU law will remain essentially unchanged, and that applying for the settled status will be smooth, transparent and simple. However, the application process has resulted in some long-term residents failing to obtain settled status, despite providing the required information. Based on qualitative in-depth interviews with 20 EU migrants living in 2 major metropolitan areas in North East England, this article discusses the significant barriers which EU citizens face with the application process. This situation affects especially the most vulnerable EU migrants with limited English language skills and/or low literacy levels as well as those who are digitally excluded. This study contributes to the growing body of research on the consequences of Brexit to vulnerable EU migrants in the UK, focusing specifically on Central and Eastern European migrants.

Yes / Pregnant women seeking asylum in the UK may be particularly vulnerable with poor underlying health, more complex pregnancies and an increased risk of maternal and perinatal mortality. Studies have shown that some women seeking asylum have poor experiences of maternity care. This is despite the implementation of NICE guidelines to improve care for women with complex social factors. This article reports on a phenomenological study undertaken in West Yorkshire, aiming to explore the maternity care experiences of local pregnant asylum seeking women, to inform service development. Six women were interviewed over a three-month period. The findings focused more broadly on their experiences of living in the UK whilst being an asylum seeker and pregnant rather than focusing on maternity care, although this was included. Five key themes emerged: ‘pre-booking challenges’, ‘inappropriate accommodation’, ‘being pregnant and dispersed’, ‘being alone and pregnant’ and ‘not being asked or listened to’. These findings could be used as the basis for training midwives to understand how the difficulties women experience can impact on their health and social needs.

The purpose of this study is to determine social factors that influence help seeking behaviors by mothers who are concurrently involved in two social service systems: Child Protective Services (CPS) and family violence advocacy programs. Through the application of the behavioral model (of service use) for vulnerable populations, this study seeks to determine predisposing, enabling and need characteristics that impact help seeking behaviors at a family violence agency after participation in an ADVANCE (Acknowledging Domestic Violence and Navigating Child Protection Effectively) course, a group intervention class developed specifically for women involved with CPS. The research design is a mixed-method approach with an ADVANCE course evaluation embedded within the overall analysis of help seeking behaviors. The analytic strategies include pre-test/post-test means comparisons through paired t-tests, qualitative thematic analysis through arts-based methodology, and ordinary least squares and logistic regression analysis. This study considers six outcome variables related to protective help seeking behaviors: seeking services, seeking protective actions related to children, seeking a safety plan, seeking a protective order, seeking safe housing, and seeking financial independence. Several social factors identified influenced help seeking behaviors amongst child welfare involved women experiencing violence, namely, number of children, age of children, level of interest in services, previous participation in services, level of social support, perceived victim status, perceived need for a safety plan, and perceived need for change in family. This study should serve to enhance intervention practices utilized by both family violence advocates and child welfare professionals.

This thesis constitutes an analysis and instructions for use of the Communi-crate resources, the 'communication crate' which is a set of specific practical tools used in working with vulnerable children and families as used in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and are being introduced in practice in the Czech Republic. The tools contained in this thesis are designed for use by special educators and social workers in direct work with vulnerable families, children, young persons, or even adults. All of these tools have actually been tested and proven in practice and some have been adapted from their original language versions for use in the Czech Republic. In this thesis, the resources contained in the Communi-crate are divided into logical groups and each of them is described structured into chapters accordingly. Each tool is described in more or less detail, including tips for use. Most resources are also illustrated. The case studies described have been collected from practice in the Czech Republic and in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This thesis has been compiled from materials gathered by the author during foreign study visits and in seminars conducted by foreign experts in the Czech Republic in 2009 through 2014. This thesis uses analytical...

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El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla el análisis de la viabilidad del proyecto Centro de Bienestar R.I.E., una empresa dedicada a brindar los servicios de clases virtuales de ejercicios y de relajación, dirigido exclusivamente para personas mayores de 60 años. Este proyecto pretende atender la necesidad del cuidado de la salud física y emocional del adulto mayor en nuestro país; quienes debido al contexto actual de la crisis sanitaria, generado por la pandemia del COVID-19, ha sido identificado como parte de la población vulnerable frente a este virus. Es así que, esta idea de negocio le brindará la opción a este segmento de contratar los servicios de clases virtuales, a través de membresías, para que desde la comodidad de su hogar puedan mantener una rutina física que los ayude a mantener un buen estado físico. En principio, el proyecto está dirigido al NSE A y B del segmento y que residen en Lima Metropolitana; sin embargo, se proyecta una expansión gradual a nivel nacional para el segundo año y tercer año de operaciones. De acuerdo con la investigación del mercado, la viabilidad del proyecto, según el análisis respectivo, presenta resultados favorables para los tres años de horizonte planteados, con una tasa de porcentaje de retorno de inversión, lo cual demuestra que el proyecto tiene grandes probabilidades de éxito. / This research work develops the analysis of the viability of the R.I.E. Wellness Center Project, a company dedicated to providing virtual exercise and relaxation lessons services, aimed exclusively for people over 60 years old. This project aims to meet the need for physical and emotional health care of the elderly in our country; who, due to the current context of the health crisis, generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has been identified as part of the population vulnerable to this virus. Thus, this business idea will give this segment the option of hiring the services of virtual classes, through memberships, so that from the comfort of their home they can maintain a physical routine that helps them maintain a good physical condition. At the beginning of the project, the socioeconomic level is aimed at A and B of the segment who reside in Metropolitan Lima; however, a gradual expansion at the national level is projected for the second and third years of operations. According to market research, the viability of the project, according to the respective analysis, presents favorable results for the three-year horizon proposed, with a% rate of return on investment, which shows that the project has a high probability of success. / Trabajo de investigación

Many children and adolescents that live under vulnerable social conditions in Latin America and Colombia do not have access to quality programmes that focus on psychosocial education based on socio-emotional learning. Research evidence on practices used by programme facilitators is still underdeveloped in the region. This study explores facilitators’ perceptions of practices that are considered to generate socio-emotional learning in children and adolescents who participate in related programmes in Bogotá-Colombia. The main objective of this exploratory, non-experimental research study is to provide an account of existing methodologies and practices as perceived by facilitators belonging to the fields of social work, education, and psychology. An interview guide was designed to invite respondents to share their views and experiences of socio-emotional learning. Then, content analysis procedures were used to find out the relevant themes and categories shared by the respondents, and thereby identify the critical factors related to the stated research problem. Respondents were invited to answer a predetermined sequence of questions following an interview guide. This process resulted in two main themes: (1) Conditions that contribute to socio-emotional learning and (2) Factors considered relevant for programme operation. Emerging categories explore the following topics: further observation of needs among children; social, emotional and pedagogical skills among facilitators; parents’ current situation with parenting and social and emotional skills; ways to plan and implement activities or interventions; examples of key partnerships; and ways to follow up the impact of practices on children. In this study, respondents’ shared experiences show that socio-emotional learning is key to resilience processes. With the enacted legislation and some design and management of programmes to promote mental wellbeing through social and emotional education, continued research from psychosocial and education fields is needed to assess the impact of programme practices in schools, families, and communities. Research is also needed on how to revise social and emotional learning approaches implemented in school settings for use by participants in other contexts with increased levels of aggressiveness and violence. These aspects must be considered in regard to a family’s or a community’s willingness to learn and adopt socio-emotional skills. / Muchos niños, niñas y adolescentes que viven en condiciones sociales vulnerables en América Latina y Colombia no tienen acceso a programas de calidad que se enfoquen en la educación psicosocial basada en el aprendizaje socioemocional. La evidencia acerca de la investigación sobre las prácticas utilizadas por los facilitadores en programas relacionados aún está poco desarrollada en la región. Este estudio explora las percepciones de facilitadores sobre prácticas que se consideran generadoras de aprendizaje socioemocional en niñas, niños y adolescentes que participan en programas relacionados en Bogotá-Colombia. El objetivo principal de esta investigación exploratoria, no experimental, es dar cuenta de las metodologías y prácticas existentes tal como las perciben los facilitadores pertenecientes a los campos del trabajo social, la educación y la psicología. Se diseñó una guía de entrevistas para invitar a los participantes a compartir sus puntos de vista y experiencias sobre el aprendizaje socioemocional. Luego, se utilizaron procedimientos de análisis de contenido para derivar temas y categorías relevantes compartidos por los encuestados, y así identificar factores críticos relacionados con el problema de investigación planteado. Se invitó a los encuestados a responder una secuencia predeterminada de preguntas siguiendo una guía de entrevista. Este proceso resultó en dos temas principales: (1) Condiciones que contribuyen al aprendizaje socioemocional y (2) Factores considerados relevantes para la operación del programa. Las categorías emergentes exploran los siguientes temas: mayor observación de las necesidades de los niños; habilidades sociales, emocionales y pedagógicas entre los facilitadores; la situación actual de los padres en relación a la crianza y sus habilidades sociales y emocionales; formas de planificar e implementar actividades o intervenciones; ejemplos de asociaciones clave; y formas de hacer un seguimiento del impacto de las prácticas en los niños. En este estudio, las experiencias compartidas de los participantes muestran que el aprendizaje socioemocional es clave para los procesos de resiliencia. Con la legislación promulgada y algunas iniciativas de diseño y administración de programas para promover el bienestar mental a través de la educación social y emocional, se hace necesaria el desarrollo de una investigación continua desde los campos psicosociales y educativos para evaluar el impacto de las prácticas de programas en las escuelas, las familias y las comunidades. También se requiere investigación sobre cómo evaluar los enfoques de aprendizaje social y emocional implementados en entornos escolares para revisar el uso las habilidades aprendidas en otros contextos con mayores niveles de agresividad y violencia. Estos aspectos deben considerarse en relación con la disposición de una familia o una comunidad para aprender y adoptar habilidades socioemocionales.

South Africa faces a high disease burden and a limited public capacity to provide care to the ill. Research from the UK and sub-Saharan Africa suggests the burden often falls to children, who also take over domestic responsibilities necessary for household survival. To date, there is limited research exploring the relationship between parental illness and children’ responsibilities, or the moderating effect of socio-demographic variables. The thesis is comprised of three research phases. The first is a literature review to summarise existing research and identify substantial gaps, which included limited amounts of quantitative evidence on this topic and a lack of a tool to as-sess child responsibility that had both been adapted to the South African context and included caring responsibilities. The second research phase consists of an exploratory study of n = 349 children living with ill adults in urban and rural communities in the Western Cape province of South Africa to investigate their range of responsibility, which included caring for an ill parent, household chores, childcare, and income-generation. The resulting data were used to create the Child Responsibility Measure, which assesses the range and time burden of re-sponsibilities among South African children. The third research phase is a cross-sectional quantitative survey of n = 2,476 pairs of children and parents from urban and rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Resulting data on parental health, socio-demographics, and child responsibilities were analysed with multiple regres-sions to determine drivers of children’s responsibility. Among the findings were that parental illnesses increase the likelihood children provide care and have larger responsibility workloads, and girls are more likely to take on all types of responsibility excluding income-generating activities, which were more common in boys. Additionally, while urban children were more likely to provide personal care, rural children had greater responsibility workloads.

Bakgrund: Människans sårbarhet är särskilt utsatt då man drabbats av en sjukdom som kan kräva intensivvård, där det handlar om att överleva. Kommunikation är ett av de mest grundläggande mänskliga verktyg som vi använder oss av, dessutom handlar kommunikationen om mer än endast den verbala kommunikationen. Syftet med kommunikationen är att lära känna patienten och utforska och tillgodose dennes behov. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva kommunikationens betydelse för patientens upplevda sårbarhet, när denna vårdas vaken i respirator på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Litteraturstudie där 15 kvalitativa artiklar granskades. Resultat: Tre teman framkom. Sårbarhet orsakad av beroendet av vårdpersonal och brist på kontroll i intensivvårdsmiljö, anhörigas betydelse för att lindra sårbarheten och kommunikationens betydelse för patientens upplevda sårbarhet.  Slutsats: Trots tidigare teoretiker, etiska koder, värdegrunder, lagar och forskning om korrekt bemötande prioriteras inte bemötandet med patienten och är ett fortsatt problem. Det finns ett samband mellan att vistas i en intensivvårdsmiljö, bristen på återhämtning, förlorad sekretess och symtom som ångest, stress, panik och rädsla. Minst forskning verkar göras på den patientgrupp som är allra mest sårbar, patienter som vårdas i ett land, där de inte behärskar språket eller har det aktuella språket som modersmål.  När patienten känner sig trygg förbättras kommunikationen och sårbarheten lindras. / Background: A humans vulnerability is particularly exposed when dealing with an illness in need of intensive care, when the focus is to survive. Communication is one of the most essential human tools that we can use in interaction with others. Communication is more than just a verbal way of expressing oneself. The aim with the communication is to get to know the patient and explore his or her needs to be able to fulfill them. Aim: the purpose with this study was to describe the importance of communication for a patients feeling of vulnerability, when cared for in ICU and awake on a respirator. Method: Literature study, where 15 qualitative articles was reviewed. Results: three themes developed. The vulnerability caused by dependence on medical staff and lack of control in the critical care environment, next of kins importance to minimize the patients vulnerability and the importance of communication for the patient's perceived vulnerability. Conclusion: although earlier theorist, ethical codes, values, laws and research, about the correct treatment exist, are the meeting with the patient often not prioritized and therefore remain a concern. There is a clear connection between the ICU environment, lack of recovery, loss of dignity, and symptoms as anxiety, stress, panic and fear. It seems that the least research is done on the patient groups that are the most vulnerable, patients receiving care in a country where they do not speak the language or have that language as their mother tongue.  The communication improves and vulnerability eases when the patient feel safe.

Water is one of the most precious but least valued common property resource. Efficient ways of water resources management are vital to socio-economic development and the overall feat of societal stability. However, water conflicts have further exacerbated the access to water especially in low-income developing countries. Most notably, little attention has been given to studying water conflicts at the local level when compared to international water conflicts. As a result, there is insufficient information and theory on the exponentially increasing number of local water conflicts. In the Middle East, water was a tool for military purposes; in Asia disputes over water occur due to development-related activities, whilst in Africa, control over water resources has been the root cause of many conflicts affecting millions of vulnerable communities. This research investigates the nature, causes and dimensions of local water conflicts in the context of low-income developing countries based on the Afar region, which is located in the Awash Trans-regional River Basin of Ethiopia. The research suggests a new multidimensional approach for pre-identification, early warning services and local water conflict neutralization. This approach also introduces preparedness techniques, which play a significant role in reducing potential risks and tensions that trigger local water conflicts between communities sharing the same water resources. The study further proposes a policy guideline matrix that would serve as a technique for reducing local water conflicts by providing new ways of thinking about the links between sustainable developments, local water conflict management and strategic partnerships. The research is implemented through the process of designing a framework based on essential theoretical and practical findings supported by survey data of 134 household representatives of local communities and 26 institutions, together with 22 interviews. The introduced multipurpose framework is based on five fundamental parameters, namely: contribution to Sustainable Development, Information, Preparedness, Tolerance Capacity and Interaction (DIPTI). The research proposes the Sparkling Effects of Conflict , a new approach in understanding and predicting the coverage of the effects of conflicts other than the primary conflicting parties and conflict location. In addition, two pillars of the conceptual frameworks emerged from the findings. First, the WEC (Water, Early Warning and Conflict) information pyramid, a framework designed to indicate the core components of local WEC-related information identification and management. Second, the Pillars of Conflict Pyramid, the simplest conceptual framework, easily helps to pre-identify the effects of local water conflicts with certain limitations. Besides, the study addressed six additional conflict neutralization and resolution inputs that incorporate the significance of the participation of women and other vulnerable members of communities. These findings also highlight the advantage of co-existence between useful traditional and modern practices in neutralizing conflicts. Overall, the study will assist local people, policy and decision makers and institutions in low-income developing countries with a similar context to that of the study area.