Since the war on drugs in the 1980s, the United States has seen an exponential rise in the number of imprisoned individuals. This increase has been particularly dramatic for women. Nationwide, the population of women in prison has grown by 834% over the past 40 years, more than double the growth rate of men. Compared with incarcerated men, women in prison have higher rates of substance abuse, histories of physical and sexual abuse, mental illness, infectious disease and chronic illness. Most women in prison are defined by a challenging intersection of lower socioeconomic status and largely racial, ethnic, and minority gender status. This combination of identity factors both contributes to their health disparities and influences their experiences with health care. Given that the majority of women in prison are of reproductive age, gynecological care is a central aspect of women’s overall health care. However, women in prison are a small minority of the overall incarcerated population, and because of this, their gender-specific health needs are frequently unacknowledged. Using a feminist epistemology, this qualitative multiple case study provides an examination of the experiences of women before prison and in prison with gynecological care and prison staff’s experiences providing this care. The Gelberg Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations is adapted here for the study of women in prison. The model explains factors enabling and impeding women’s utilization of health care services, including previous health care experiences, prison infrastructure, and personal autonomy. Women in contact with the criminal justice system face difficulties accessing health care both outside and inside prison. Barriers on the outside included lack of health insurance, being addicted to drugs, and prioritizing children’s needs first. On the inside women cited a lack of confidentiality, the absence of trust in providers, and the inability to participate in treatment decision-making. In the case of women in prison, multiple external oppressions result in internalized negative beliefs. Such feelings of powerlessness, lack of control, curtailed agency, and threatened self-worth ultimately influence how women experience gynecological care in prison. Policy, practice and research implications are provided to meet the gender specific health needs of women in prison.

Dans les métiers de l’investissement financier, le risque est un outil de travail quotidien et reconnu. Tout individu est ainsi amené à déterminer quels risques valent la peine d’être pris, ou quelle perte vaut la peine d’être risquée. Plus le risque pris est important, plus grands seront les bénéfices – ou pertes – encourus. Ces caractéristiques, le monde de l’investissement financier les partage avec les sports à hauts risques, ou sports extrêmes. Malgré cette similitude, la littérature scientifique issue de chacun des ces domaines adopte une perspective qui lui est propre afin d’expliquer le risque et la prise de risques. Alors que la recherche en finance s’attarde avant tout à la quantification des risques, la littérature sportive s’intéresse davantage à la personnalité des pratiquants de sports extrêmes, répondant donc aux questions : Qui prend des risques ? Pourquoi ? De récentes études ont avancé que les traits de personnalité du narcissisme et de l’alexithymie contribuent significativement à expliquer la tendance à la prise de risques dans le sport. Par le biais de six études successives et complémentaires, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’élargir ces résultats par la mise en évidence des relations entre les traits narcissiques et alexithymiques, et la prise de risques financiers / In the world of financial investment, risk is recognised as a daily working tool. Individuals are constantly asked to determine whether risks are worthwhile, in other words whether the potential associated loss is worth risking. The higher the risk, the higher the potential wins or losses. These characteristics are shared between the world of financial investment and high-risk – or extreme – sports. Notwithstanding their similarities, scientific studies conducted within each of these domains have adopted distinct understandings of risk and risk-taking. Whilst research in finance aims to quantify and control risk, the sport literature is rather more interested in the personality of high-risk sport partakers. The latter thus aims to answer questions such as who takes risks and why. Recent studies have highlighted the significant roles played by narcissism and alexithymia, two stable personality traits. Through six successive and complementary studies, the present thesis aims to broaden these results by uncovering the links between both narcissistic and alexithymic personality traits and financial risk-taking.

<p>This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS.</p>

In this dissertation, several essays in the field of bio-security are presented. The estimation of the probability of an FMD outbreak by type and location of premises is important for decision making. In Essay I, we estimate and predict the probability/risk of an FMD outbreak spreading to the various premises in the study area. We first used a Poisson regression model with adjustment dispersion associated with random simulation results from the AusSpead model to estimate the parameters of the model. Our estimation and prediction show that large cattle loss could be concentrated in three counties-Deaf Smith, Parmer, and Castro. These results are based on approximately 70% of the feedlots with over 10,000 cattle located in the three counties previously mentioned. In Essay II, our objective is to determine the best mitigation strategies in minimizing animal loss based on AusSpead simulation model. We tested 15 mitigation strategies by using multiple comparison. The results show that the best mitigation strategies for all four scenarios are regular surveillance, slaughter of the infected animals, and early detection. We then used the Mixed Integer Programming to estimate costs of disposing of animal carcasses and transportation. Results show that the unit disposal cost will vary with carcass scale and the unit transportation cost also varies with the distribution of the infected premises and disposal locations. FMD seems to have varying impacts on equity markets. In Essay III, we studied returns at three different levels of the stock market. We determined results in a structural break, and then estimated the impact of the announcement of confirmed cases of FMD disease on the volatility of stock market returns by using a GARCH-Mean model. Our results show that the structure break occurs on the day with the largest number of confirmed cases for meat product firms rather than the day of the first confirmed case. We found that the conditional volatilities over the FMD period are higher than those over the sample period. The announcement of confirmed cases had the largest marginal impact on meat products. Investors may always consider maintaining a portfolio consisting of index funds or hedge funds.

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<p>This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS.</p>

This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS. / Philosophiae Doctor - PhD

Section A: Article 1.Due to the increasing number of people being infected with or affected by HIV or AIDS, the need for home-based care services has increased. The psycho-social needs of families have also increased due to HIV infection resulting in a need for more extensive service rendering by relevant service providers. By exploring the role of Hospice T.L.C. caregivers in meeting these needs, recommendations could be made for service rendering to families infected with or affected by HIV or AIDS. Main focus areas for service rendering to these families were identified. / Section B, Article 1: In Kokstad, Kwazulu-Natal Hospice caregivers have been rendering services to families infected with and affected by HIV and AIDS. The role of these caregivers was explored by means of a qualitative study making use of focus groups. The focus of this article is the role that Hospice caregivers fulfil in meeting the needs of these families. Through their training and knowledge they obtain access to families infected with and affected by HIV and AIDS. From the study, certain recommendations could be made that could improve future service rendering, and assist the caregivers in meeting the needs of their patients more effectively. / Section B, Article 2: Literature indicates that people are widely affected by the presence of HIV or AIDS in their lives. The effects are of a physical, psychological, as well as a social nature. This has several implications for the affected families. In this study the bio-psychosocial needs, as identified by families themselves, receive attention. This qualitative study was conducted with the help of caregivers of Hospice T.L.C. operating in the Kokstad area, Kwazulu-Natal and involved home visits to affected families where an interview schedule guided the process of data collection. Material needs, as well as a need for emotional support were the most prevalent. The relationship between the caregivers and affected families are very positive, allowing an open door for further service rendering. / Section B, Article 3: Hospice T.L.C. is a non-profit organization (NPO) operating since 2006. They are rendering holistic, palliative and frail care services to ail patients in the Kokstad area, southern. KwaZulu-Natal. This qualitative study was aimed at exploring the extent of involvement of welfare organisations in meeting the bio-psychosocial needs of families infected with and affected by HIV or AIDS. This article deals with the stakeholders rendering services to these families and possible ways in which service rendering could be improved. Data was obtained during a focus group session with the caregivers and their supervisor. Interviews were conducted with members of the relevant resources that could meet the bio-psychosocial needs of families infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Section A: Article 1.Due to the increasing number of people being infected with or affected by HIV or AIDS, the need for home-based care services has increased. The psycho-social needs of families have also increased due to HIV infection resulting in a need for more extensive service rendering by relevant service providers. By exploring the role of Hospice T.L.C. caregivers in meeting these needs, recommendations could be made for service rendering to families infected with or affected by HIV or AIDS. Main focus areas for service rendering to these families were identified. / Section B, Article 1: In Kokstad, Kwazulu-Natal Hospice caregivers have been rendering services to families infected with and affected by HIV and AIDS. The role of these caregivers was explored by means of a qualitative study making use of focus groups. The focus of this article is the role that Hospice caregivers fulfil in meeting the needs of these families. Through their training and knowledge they obtain access to families infected with and affected by HIV and AIDS. From the study, certain recommendations could be made that could improve future service rendering, and assist the caregivers in meeting the needs of their patients more effectively. / Section B, Article 2: Literature indicates that people are widely affected by the presence of HIV or AIDS in their lives. The effects are of a physical, psychological, as well as a social nature. This has several implications for the affected families. In this study the bio-psychosocial needs, as identified by families themselves, receive attention. This qualitative study was conducted with the help of caregivers of Hospice T.L.C. operating in the Kokstad area, Kwazulu-Natal and involved home visits to affected families where an interview schedule guided the process of data collection. Material needs, as well as a need for emotional support were the most prevalent. The relationship between the caregivers and affected families are very positive, allowing an open door for further service rendering. / Section B, Article 3: Hospice T.L.C. is a non-profit organization (NPO) operating since 2006. They are rendering holistic, palliative and frail care services to ail patients in the Kokstad area, southern. KwaZulu-Natal. This qualitative study was aimed at exploring the extent of involvement of welfare organisations in meeting the bio-psychosocial needs of families infected with and affected by HIV or AIDS. This article deals with the stakeholders rendering services to these families and possible ways in which service rendering could be improved. Data was obtained during a focus group session with the caregivers and their supervisor. Interviews were conducted with members of the relevant resources that could meet the bio-psychosocial needs of families infected with or affected by HIV and AIDS. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Nursing) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-199). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;