El sistema interamericano de protección de derechos, que tiene a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (CADH) como instrumento básico, ha desarrollado a través de la Corte IDH, un conjunto de estándares mínimos a través de sus opiniones consultivas y casos contenciosos, que los Estados partes del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos tienen el deber de asumir, adoptando las medidas especiales de protección y asistencia, en favor de los niños bajo su jurisdicción, atendiendo al carácter de interprete auténtico y final de la Corte IDH del corpus iuris interamericano conforme al artículo 62. 1 y 3 de la CADH y al hecho de que sus sentencias constituyen cosa juzgada e interpretada, que es eltema en que se centra el presente artículo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:50:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_Joselaine Araujo_impressao.pdf: 268534 bytes, checksum: 29083daee7ee87925c7201ffe4a70661 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / This research was developed according to line of research entitled Instituição Educacional, Organização e Gestão , from the Post Graduation Program at Universidade do Oeste Paulista. Theoretical assumptions used in this work were related to issues from the public politic co-participation based on non-formal education experiences for youth in social vulnerability condition; besides, we used contents involved the pedagogical process from non-formal education and contributions from different non-formal educational actions for youth in social vulnerability condition. The study had as its main aimed analyze, from cientific productions as dissertations and thesis from 2003 until 2013, their contribution and limits of experiences of the non-formal education to youth in social vulnerability condition. To answer the leading question - what are the contributions and limits of the non-formal education focused on youth in social vulnerability condition? The methodology adopted was based on qualitative research and took into account the environment of the research, the theoretical approach and techniques used during data collection, moreover we used bibliographic research. We consulted Digital Libraries such as UNESP, UNICAMP, UFSCAR, PUC/SP and USP, five universities which study the same area can help us to understand the set of experiments, regularities, direction, common aspects and related to a specific period and political context. We checked, besides other aspects, that in many cases, non-formal education programs resulting from compensatory politics, especially when they refer to professional qualification of youth. When we analyze actions and characteristics of our youth who are attended, we discovered the user s profile who uses programs of compensatory politics and that is in social vulnerability condition. Thus, the conception seems to be deluded by the ideal of professionals education since the access to material goods and educational projects is able to change youth in people with rights. / Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no âmbito da Linha de Pesquisa Instituição Educacional, Organização e Gestão, do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade do Oeste Paulista. Abordou-se a coparticipação da política pública nas experiências de educação não formal para a juventude considerada vulnerável por meio da análise de pesquisas realizadas que traziam os conteúdos envolvidos no processo pedagógico de algumas ações de educação não formal. Objetivou-se analisar, com base na produção científica em teses e dissertações de 2003 a 2013, a contribuição e os limites das experiências de educação não formal aos jovens em condição de vulnerabilidade social. Para isso, elaborou-se a seguinte questão norteadora: Quais as contribuições e limites da educação não formal direcionada aos jovens em condição de vulnerabilidade social? Tendo em vista os objetivos da pesquisa, adotou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica que se realizou por meio da revisão sistemática da literatura e, em seguida, da seleção de teses e dissertações publicadas na base de dados das bibliotecas digitais das seguintes Universidades do estado de São Paulo: UNESP, UNICAMP, UFSCAR, PUC/SP e USP. Buscou-se, com essa abordagem, compreender algumas experiências significativas de educação não formal com vista a identificar: os aspectos comuns envolvidos nas diferentes experiências ou regularidades; as descontinuidades existentes em decorrência da especificidade de cada experiência; o período e contexto político nos quais elas ocorreram. Verificou-se, dentre outros aspectos, que, em muitos casos, os programas de educação não formal são decorrentes de políticas compensatórias, sobretudo quando diz respeito à qualificação profissional dos jovens. Ao analisarmos as ações e as características dos sujeitos atendidos, encontramos o chamado perfil do usuário dos programas de políticas compensatórias que predominantemente encontra-se em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Embora os jovens tenham, no projeto educativo das experiências analisadas, acesso aos conteúdos voltados para cidadania, os condicionantes políticos e sociais são desconsiderados de modo que as ações encerram-se no processo de formação dentro do programa sem ligação com a realidade social onde o jovem atua.

The theme of my thesis is "The concept of an average consumer in the Czech and European law." The concept of a consumer and its evolution is explained in the first chapter. In the Czech legislation, I focused on the consumer in terms of private and public law. The notion of the consumer is explained from the perspective of the Czech law, the French legislation and, ultimately, the European legislation. Furthermore the French Consumer Code is discussed and its advantages and disadvantages in a light of the German model of consumer law, which is included in the Czech legislation. Finally, I have studied the impact of the European case law on the development of the concept of the consumer and possible proposals for consumer law de lege ferenda. In the second part, the attention is paid to the average consumer. The work deals with its origins in the Czech, German and European case law. Thesis describes a development from an empirical approach, when sociological surveys were used in assessing the impact of business practices, to the normative concept of an average consumer, which is applied consistently with regard to the decision-making practice of the Court of Justice of the EU. The average consumer is a legal construct, an exemplary consumer, from which is expected a certain degree of attention,...

In 2011 there were an estimated 3.9 million orphaned children in South Africa, many of them orphaned by HIV/AIDS. These children are at high risk for developing psychosocial and mental health problems. The National Strategy for the care of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVCs) recognizes the importance of psychosocial support but there are few specific guidelines on best practice and little research on the effectiveness of psychosocial support programs. There is even less research capturing the perspectives of front-line staff and caregivers. This master’s thesis project conducted a case study of an NGO that provides foster care for OVCs in the Western Cape of South Africa. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 foster mothers, four social workers and one administrator of the HomeFromHome organization. Interviews explored the experiences, opinions and concerns of participants regarding psychosocial support and the respondents’ views on the (1) main challenges they face in providing psychosocial support (2) what they see as the most effective forms of support and (3) their recommendations for policy changes. Responses highlighted the psychosocial challenges faced by OVCs, those caring for children, and program staff. The research findings support the existing literature, which promotes psychosocial support as essential for orphaned, and vulnerable children. This case study found that HomeFromHome social workers, foster mothers and administration want increased levels of psychosocial support for both children and caregivers. Respondents identified foster mothers and a primary loving caregiver as the most significant form and source of psychosocial support for the children. An analysis of the participant responses identified several areas that warrant further investigation for future policy and program development. These include: the different forms of alternative childcare, the role of the community and the church, the gap between policy and implementation, gendered issues, the aging out process, and issues concerning biological families.

L'enfermement carcéral au regard de la loi pénitentiaire demeure la forme de privation de liberté la plus extrême. En théorie, l'incarcération ne doit porter atteinte qu'à la liberté d'aller et venir. Toutefois, en pratique, la peine de prison pèse sur de nombreux droits fondamentaux. Parmi ces libertés fondamentales, l'accès à la santé se situe au premier rang. En outre, la protection de ce droit est accrue par la publication des RPE par le Conseil de l'Europe et la jurisprudence de la Cr EDH portant sur les droits subjectifs primordiaux reconnus aux détenus, sur le régime de leur détention, la santé, le bon ordre et la sécurité des établissements pénitentiaires, les agents de l 'AP, le contrôle et l'inspection des prisons. Au regard de la législation interne et du droit européen, tous les détenus sans exception ont droit à une prise en charge sanitaire équivalente à celle en milieu libre et les catégories-vulnérables emprisonnées à des soins spécifiques. Cependant, la réalité de la santé publique en détention s'est considérablement dégradée: toxicomanies variées, alimentation pauvre et déséquilibrée, isolement carcéral, absence de soleil et de lumière naturelle, manque d'hygiène et nuisances diverses. Ainsi, tous ces facteurs concourent à altérer encore plus la santé physique et psychique des détenus. Plus généralement, les atteintes à l'exercice du droit à et/ou de la santé des personnes privées de liberté et plus spécifiquement des catégories-vulnérables dans les mêmes circonstances appellent à une sérieuse prise de conscience par la France, Haute Partie contractante à la CEDH, et une réelle mise en perspective des exigences institutionnelles européennes sur cette question fondamentale. Seul le plein respect du droit européen en la matière permettra que soit réellement reconnue la qualité de patient à part entière à l'ensemble des personnes privées de liberté au sens légal et quelque soit le régime de leur incarcération ( détention provisoire, condamnation à une peine criminelle et/ou correctionnelle à l'emprisonnement) avec un traitement médical adapté aux personnes fragiles en détention. / Imprisonment in the eyes of penitentiary law remains the most extreme form of freedom deprivation. Theoretically imprisonment must not be detrimental to the freedom to corne and go. Nevertheless, in practise, being sentenced to confinement weighs heavily on numerous fundamental rights, the access to health being the foremost one. Moreover the protection of this right has been increased by the publishing of the European Prison Rules by the Council of Europe and the jurisprudence of the European human rights court focusing on the essential subjective rights acknowledged to the prisoners, on their detention regime, health, good order and safety of the penal establishments, the officers of the Prison Authorities, the control and inspection of prisons. In the eyes of inner laws and the European Right, all the prisoners are entitled to be medically taken care of, like any person at libertiy and the vulnerable groups to specific medical treatment. However the reality of public health in prison has enormously deteriorated : various drug addictions, poor and unbalanced diet, isolation, lack of sun and natural light, lack of hygiene and diverse nuisances. Therefore all these factors contribute to impair the prisoners' physical and mental health. More generally the undermining of exercising imprisoned people's right to health and/or health right, and more specifically, the vulnerable groups' health care rights under the same circumstances, calls for France, as a great contracting party of the European Human Rights Convention, to show serious awareness and for the European institutional requirements to be put in perspective, as regard this essential issue. Only the full respect of the European Right will enable to really acknowledge the status of patient on his/her own right, to every single one of the prisoners, with medical treatments adapted to the fragile detainees.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_Joselaine Araujo_impressao.pdf: 268534 bytes, checksum: 29083daee7ee87925c7201ffe4a70661 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / This research was developed according to line of research entitled Instituição Educacional, Organização e Gestão , from the Post Graduation Program at Universidade do Oeste Paulista. Theoretical assumptions used in this work were related to issues from the public politic co-participation based on non-formal education experiences for youth in social vulnerability condition; besides, we used contents involved the pedagogical process from non-formal education and contributions from different non-formal educational actions for youth in social vulnerability condition. The study had as its main aimed analyze, from cientific productions as dissertations and thesis from 2003 until 2013, their contribution and limits of experiences of the non-formal education to youth in social vulnerability condition. To answer the leading question - what are the contributions and limits of the non-formal education focused on youth in social vulnerability condition? The methodology adopted was based on qualitative research and took into account the environment of the research, the theoretical approach and techniques used during data collection, moreover we used bibliographic research. We consulted Digital Libraries such as UNESP, UNICAMP, UFSCAR, PUC/SP and USP, five universities which study the same area can help us to understand the set of experiments, regularities, direction, common aspects and related to a specific period and political context. We checked, besides other aspects, that in many cases, non-formal education programs resulting from compensatory politics, especially when they refer to professional qualification of youth. When we analyze actions and characteristics of our youth who are attended, we discovered the user s profile who uses programs of compensatory politics and that is in social vulnerability condition. Thus, the conception seems to be deluded by the ideal of professionals education since the access to material goods and educational projects is able to change youth in people with rights. / Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no âmbito da Linha de Pesquisa Instituição Educacional, Organização e Gestão, do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade do Oeste Paulista. Abordou-se a coparticipação da política pública nas experiências de educação não formal para a juventude considerada vulnerável por meio da análise de pesquisas realizadas que traziam os conteúdos envolvidos no processo pedagógico de algumas ações de educação não formal. Objetivou-se analisar, com base na produção científica em teses e dissertações de 2003 a 2013, a contribuição e os limites das experiências de educação não formal aos jovens em condição de vulnerabilidade social. Para isso, elaborou-se a seguinte questão norteadora: Quais as contribuições e limites da educação não formal direcionada aos jovens em condição de vulnerabilidade social? Tendo em vista os objetivos da pesquisa, adotou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica que se realizou por meio da revisão sistemática da literatura e, em seguida, da seleção de teses e dissertações publicadas na base de dados das bibliotecas digitais das seguintes Universidades do estado de São Paulo: UNESP, UNICAMP, UFSCAR, PUC/SP e USP. Buscou-se, com essa abordagem, compreender algumas experiências significativas de educação não formal com vista a identificar: os aspectos comuns envolvidos nas diferentes experiências ou regularidades; as descontinuidades existentes em decorrência da especificidade de cada experiência; o período e contexto político nos quais elas ocorreram. Verificou-se, dentre outros aspectos, que, em muitos casos, os programas de educação não formal são decorrentes de políticas compensatórias, sobretudo quando diz respeito à qualificação profissional dos jovens. Ao analisarmos as ações e as características dos sujeitos atendidos, encontramos o chamado perfil do usuário dos programas de políticas compensatórias que predominantemente encontra-se em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Embora os jovens tenham, no projeto educativo das experiências analisadas, acesso aos conteúdos voltados para cidadania, os condicionantes políticos e sociais são desconsiderados de modo que as ações encerram-se no processo de formação dentro do programa sem ligação com a realidade social onde o jovem atua.

A discriminação étnico-racial é um evento estressor capaz de produzir múltiplos danos físicos e mentais. Apesar do crescente interesse científico mundial e de ser tema estratégico para a saúde coletiva, permanece pouco estudado no Brasil, especialmente quando comparado aos EUA, responsável por expressiva produção acadêmica nessa área. Acerca das comunidades remanescentes de quilombo, são ainda mais escassos os dados disponíveis na literatura sobre a sua situação de saúde, sendo nula a investigação abrangendo discriminação étnico-racial entre esses indivíduos. Buscando contribuir para essas questões, a presente pesquisa analisou as frequências de discriminação entre os adultos quilombolas do município de São Lourenço do Sul/RS, por intermédio da escala Experiences of Discrimination, além de verificar as condições sociodemográficas e de saúde dessa população, mensurados pelos questionários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde adaptados para esse trabalho. Foram realizadas 103 entrevistas, sendo a amostra composta por 55,3% de mulheres, 71,8% com idades entre 18 e 59 anos e 72,8% da raça/cor preta. A prevalência de discriminação étnico-racial percebida em algum momento da vida foi de 59,2%, resultado superior ao encontrado em outros estudos importantes acerca do tema no país. As frequências com que os entrevistados reportaram ter sofrido discriminação nos contextos cotidianos investigados variaram de 1,9% ao pedir crédito ou empréstimo bancário até 28,2% ao frequentar a escola. Os itens acerca de agravos em saúde revelaram alta (64,1%) frequência de doenças crônicas, sendo a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (45,6%) a doença mais prevalente. Foram baixos os índices de tabagismo e de uso abusivo de álcool. Os resultados desse estudo permitem concluir que a prevalência de discriminação racial nas comunidades remanescentes de quilombo do município de São Lourenço do Sul foi alta e o local no qual ela foi percebida com maior frequência foi o ambiente escolar. É de suma importância que se reconheça a existência da prática do racismo dentro da sociedade brasileira para que se sistematizem ações para transformar essa realidade. / The ethnic-racial discrimination is a stressor event related to multiple physical and mental damages. However, despite the growing scientific interest in a global scale, it remains little studied in Brazil, especially when compared to the USA, responsible for expressive academic production in this area. Concerning the remaining communities of quilombo, the data available in the literature about their health status is even scarcer, with no research covering ethnic-racial discrimination on these individuals. In order to analyze these questions, the present study investigated the frequencies of discrimination among quilombola adults in the city of São Lourenço do Sul / RS, through the scale “Experiences of Discrimination”, beside verifying the sociodemographic and health conditions of this population, measured by questionnaires of the National Health Survey adapted for this work. A total of 103 interviews were conducted, with 55.3% of women, 71.8% between 18 and 59 years old, and 72.8% of blacks. The prevalence of ethnic-racial discrimination perceived at some point in life was 59.2%, a result superior to that found in other important studies on this matter in the country. The frequencies with which respondents reported discrimination in the daily contexts of the questionnaire ranged from 1.9% when applying for credit or bank loan up to 28.2% when attending school. The items about health problems revealed a high (64.1%) frequency of chronic diseases, with systemic arterial hypertension (45.6%) being the most prevalent disease. The rates of smoking and alcohol abuse were low. The results of this study allow us to conclude that the prevalence of racial discrimination in the remaining communities of quilombo in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul was high and the place where it was most frequently perceived was the school environment. It is extremely important to recognize the existence of the practice of racism within Brazilian society to systematize actions to change this reality.

The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors have been important for young men from the Järva-area to not develop a criminal lifestyle. The study also examines what it means for the interviewees to live in the Järva-area. This is to find out if the Järva-area has limited the interviewees or given them skills. This is because the Järva-area has been classified in media as a problem area. Which means that the people of Järva are stigmatized and stamped. The study is qualitatively designed, and the empirical material is collected from six interviews. All participants are young men aged 20–35 who grew up in different areas around the Järva field. The results of the collected empirical evidence suggest that family and friendships are the most important factors for the young men to not end up choosing a criminal lifestyle. The place Järva has meant an incredible sense of community for all participants in the explicit exclusion of society. The participants experience the most stigmatization and stamping when they are in surroundings outside of the Järva community. Growing up in Järva does not mean that all young men become criminals. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som varit av betydelse för att unga vuxna män från Järvaområdet inte ska utveckla en kriminell livsstil. Studien undersöker även vad det innebär för intervjupersonerna att bo i Järvafältet och hur bostadsområdet begränsar och möjliggör olika förutsättningar. Eftersom Järvaområdet inom den mediala sfären klassats som ett problemområde, har detta lett till att Järvaborna stämplats och stigmatiserats av. Studien är kvalitativt utformad och det empiriska materialet är insamlad med hjälp av fem intervjuer. Samtliga intervjupersoner är unga vuxna män i åldrarna 20–35 som växt upp i olika områden i Järvafältet. Resultatet av den insamlade empirin tyder på att familj och vänskapsrelationer är de mest betydelsefulla faktorerna för att de unga vuxna männen inte hamnat i kriminella livsbanor. Platsen Järva har för intervjupersonerna inneburit en gemenskap i det upplevda utanförskapet. Stigmatisering och stämplingen har upplevts som starkast när intervjupersonerna befunnit sig utanför Järvaområdet. Att växa upp i Järvafältet innebär inte att alla unga vuxna män blir kriminella.

Flera studier har uppmärksammat att utsatt EU-medborgare i Sverige många gånger blir offer för hot, trakasserier och våldsbrott till följd av deras sårbara livssituation och nedsatta tillgång till skydd i landet. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur utsatta EU- medborgare upplever och hanterar risker för våld, hot och kränkande behandling. Datan består av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju utsatta EU-medborgare i Umeå kommun. I studien har två teorier använts för att analysera materialet vilka är stigma samt aktiva och passiva copingstrategier. Dessa har använts för att ge en djupare analys av hur copingstrategier sammanhänger med upplevelser av stigmatisering. Resultatet visar att de utsatta EU-medborgarna upplever att de till följd av deras ursprung från Rumänien förknippas med negativa egenskaper och riskerar att bli föremål för diskriminering och kränkande behandling. Det framkommer att gruppen på olika sätt måste förhålla sig till sitt stigma vilket begränsar deras handlingsutrymme och vilka strategier de har tillgång till för att hantera erfarenheter och oro av att utsättas för kränkande behandling. Resultatet visar att hur väl man har lyckats frigöra sig från den egna gruppen får tillgång till fler aktiva strategier. En slutsats från studien är att strategierna gruppen använder bör förstås utifrån dimensionen stigmatisering och förslagsvis benämnas som anpassade strategier, det vill säga där man agerar i en kontext av underordning och på olika sätt förhåller sig till stigmat. / Several studies have noted that vulnerable EU citizens in Sweden often become victims of threats, harassment and violent crimes due to their vulnerable life situation and reduced access to protection. This study aims to examine how vulnerable EU citizens experience and manage risks of violence, threats and abusive treatment. The data consists of qualitative semi- structured interviews with seven vulnerable EU citizens in Umeå municipality. In this study, two theories have been used to analyze the results which are stigma as well as active and passive coping strategies. These have been used to provide a deeper analysis of how coping strategies are associated with experiences of stigmatization. The results show that vulnerable EU citizens feel that they, as a result of their origin from Romania, are associated with negative characteristics and are at risk of discrimination and abusive treatment. It appears that the group must relate in various ways to their stigma, which limits their range of options and the strategies available to them, to deal with experience and fear of being subject to abusive treatment. The results show that people who manage to free themselves from the group get access to more active strategies. A conclusion from the study is that the understanding of strategies used by vulnerable EU citizens should include the dimension of stigmatization and be referred to as adaptive strategies, that is, where one acts in a context of subordination and in different ways must relate to the stigma.

More and more Swedish municipalities are adopting approaches that target ‘vulnerable EU citizens’ and the ‘passive collection of money’. This thesis analyses begging permits, bans, and other approaches, motivated by the positions supported in Eskilstuna, Katrineholm and Norrköping. The approaches analysed are irrespective of the municipalitiesthat implemented them. This thesis follows a ‘problem’ questioning approach, taking into consideration the context and the system under which the ‘problems’ are constructed and aims to find the implicit and explicit aims of the various approaches.