The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of immigrants on wages for natives with divergent skill level within one country. Skill level is measured as education level and the purpose is to focus on the level where it according to us is a lack in research, namely the effect on high skilled native-born worker wages. Further, our contribution to the already existing studies may be considered to be a complement. Using panel data, collected from the time period 2000-2008 for the 290 municipalities in Sweden to get regional variation, we investigate and interpret the estimated outcome of how wages for native-born workers in the Swedish labor market respond to immigration into Sweden. The main findings, when controlling for age, unemployment, and differences between year and municipalities in this study are on the short run, in line with the theory. The closer to a substitute the native-born and foreign-born workers are, the greater are the adverse effect on the wage for native-born, given that we assume immigrants as low skilled. The effect on wage for high skilled native workers in short run, when assuming immigrants and natives as complement, is positive, i.e. the wage for high skilled natives increases as the share of immigrants increases. The effect on high skilled native-born wages is positive even in mid-long run and adverse for the low and medium skilled native-workers. This is not an expected outcome since we according to theory predict the wage to be unaffected in mid-long run. This may be the result of errors in the assumption that immigrants are low skilled, or that five years is a too short time to see the expected effect in the long run; the Swedish labor market may need more time to adjust to what we predict the outcome to be.

The educational system in Sweden is expanding and while some see higher education as a remedy for unemployment, others argue that credentialing of the society with diplomas will harm the competition on the labour market and the value of higher education. However, the effects of educational expansion are noticeable not only at the macro, but also at the micro level. Studies have shown that Sweden is internationally on the bottom of the list when it comes to gross returns of higher education. During the 1990s the educational expansion led to the impairment of university and college degrees to uplift individuals to high income positions. Studies have also shown that fluctuations in training premia are inconsistent with the supply of higher educated labour force. The focus of this quantitative dissertation is on the period between 2000 and 2010. By measuring the success on the labour market in terms of monthly salary the aim is to find out how the educational expansion affected Swedish labour market after the 1990s. By using SPSS, a multiple linear regression analysis is applied on data that is extracted from Levnadsnivåundersökningen (LNU) 2000 and 2010. The results suggest that even though the effects of higher education are not dramatically different between these years, it explained more of the total variance in monthly salary in 2000. Furthermore, social background and social networks had stronger effects on the success on the labour market in 2010. This implies that meritocratic principles were utilized more during the early twenty first century and that social status continues to determine salaries in a modern capitalist society.

This thesis tries to determine some of the driving force behind Swedish foreign direct in-vestments into the Baltic counties. The analysis is performed in three steps, first we analyze global FDI into transitional economies, and afterwards we look at Swedish FDI and com-pare it with German FDI. The determinants examined are index of economic freedom, R&D intensity, trade balance, wage level and proximity. The analyzed period is form 1995 to 2005. The analysis use data on the following transition countries Latvia, Lithuania, Esto-nia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria. The results show that the determinants vary across the countries. The motives of Swedish and German investors differ. Thus, for Swedish investors R&D, economical free-dom and trade balance are the influencing factors, but for Germany only trade balance and wage level are important. The conclusion is that different determinants triggers foreign di-rect investment in transitional economies in different ways.

<p>This thesis tries to determine some of the driving force behind Swedish foreign direct in-vestments into the Baltic counties. The analysis is performed in three steps, first we analyze global FDI into transitional economies, and afterwards we look at Swedish FDI and com-pare it with German FDI. The determinants examined are index of economic freedom, R&D intensity, trade balance, wage level and proximity. The analyzed period is form 1995 to 2005. The analysis use data on the following transition countries Latvia, Lithuania, Esto-nia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria. The results show that the determinants vary across the countries. The motives of Swedish and German investors differ. Thus, for Swedish investors R&D, economical free-dom and trade balance are the influencing factors, but for Germany only trade balance and wage level are important. The conclusion is that different determinants triggers foreign di-rect investment in transitional economies in different ways.</p>

There are various factors effecting females' wage level such as marital status, occupation, education, and experience. This paper also includes firm size and answers the questions: What effect does firm size have on female earnings? Is that effect different for black than white females?

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:10:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jarbas de Paula.pdf: 1962869 bytes, checksum: b66eda51e38fe14c5dfd10219c2ad661 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / This study integrates the line of research State and Education Policy of the Program of Post-graduation in Education from Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal de Goiás. It has as its object of study the implementation of the Minimum Wage of Professional of the Magisterium (PSPN) in public field schools of Goiás. It aims to analyze the implementation of public policy for salary enhancement and highlighting the conflicts and highlighting the conflicts and limits that permeate the boundaries of the case. Using the bibliographic and documental search, this study concern is to describe the route of PSPN since the 1988 Federal Constitution, to the approval of the Law No. 11.738/2008 and empirically analyzes its implementation in the public state of Goias in 2009 establishing a relation between the financial years of 2008 and 2010. The guiding questions of the study include the analysis of the Law of the Minimum and its relation to other legal rules, the sufficiency of the Government of Goiás for implementation from the revenue and expenditure considered for the Development of Education (MDE), the relationship with the Fund for the Development of Basic Education and Appreciation of the Teaching Profession (Fundeb), the ratio of the number of students served by the number of teachers paid by the network and how to participate in the implementation process of the minimum wage as important agents of the Union Education Workers State of Goiás (Sintego), the Court of Goiás (GO-TEC), the State Council Fundeb (Confundeb), the Legislative Assembly and the government itself. The major conflicts involving the deployment of the minimum wage in the public state of Goias refer to the way that legislation is interpreted with emphasis on the mechanism used by the government to "fulfill" the Law: to divide the minimum wage into a deployment phase, 17 monthly and update it in another stage of four monthly pareels. There is also a conflict about the value of minimum wage: CNTE and for the Sintego PSPN in 2010 would be worth R $ 1,312.00 and for the government, based on interpretation of the Attorney General of the Union (AGU), the value is R$ 1.024,00. Insufficient financial, the adequation for a Career Plan in effect, how the expenses are treated with MDE, the low student / teacher ratio in the network and competition policies to expand the student's school time are major factors limiting progress in implementation of PSPN Goiás Despite the fragmentation of its implementation the minimum wage presents as a mechanism for enhancement of teachers' payment. As the government of Goiás has not complied strictly with the established subdivision, the starting salary paid in November 2010 was R $ 1,006.25, representing a growth of 40.6% compared to February 2009. Nevertheless, disregarding the inflation period, gauged according to a real increase of more than 30%. As a recent happening it was not possible to verify whether the implementation of the minimum wage had the effect desired by the researchers who advocate this policy of upgrading of teachers' payment which, among others, is set to attract and retain good candidates for teaching, and fighting multiexpedient and underemployment. However based on the years 2009 and 2010 in which case the implementation of this policy in public state of Goias, the minimum wage appears, along with the Career Plan in force, as a promoter of better salaries for the public teaching of basic education. / Este estudo integra a linha de pesquisa Estado e Políticas Educacionais do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal de Goiás. Possui como objeto a implantação do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional do Magistério (PSPN) na rede pública estadual de Goiás. Objetiva analisar a implantação dessa política pública de valorização salarial docente destacando os conflitos e os limites que permeiam o campo de estudo. Utilizando da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, este estudo de caso preocupa-se em descrever o itinerário do PSPN, da Constituição Federal de 1988 até a aprovação da Lei do Piso (Lei nº 11.738/2008), e analisar empiricamente sua implantação na rede pública estadual de Goiás no ano de 2009 estabelecendo relação com os exercícios financeiros de 2008 e 2010. As questões norteadoras do estudo contemplam, dentre outros, a análise da Lei do Piso e sua relação com outras normas legais, a suficiência financeira para implantação, a relação com o Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação (Fundeb) e a relação do número de alunos atendidos pelo número de professores da rede. Os principais conflitos que envolvem a implantação do Piso na rede pública estadual de Goiás referem-se à forma como a legislação é interpretada com destaque para o mecanismo utilizado pelo governo para cumprir a Lei: fragmentar a implantação do Piso em dezessete parcelas mensais e posteriormente atualizá-lo n&#8223;outra etapa de quatro parcelas. Outro conflito refere-se ao valor do Piso: para a Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores em Educação (CNTE) e o Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Educação de Goiás (Sintego), o PSPN em 2010 deveria ser de R$ 1.312,00 enquanto que para o governo do estado, tendo como referência a interpretação da Advocacia Geral da União (AGU), o valor do Piso corresponde a R$ 1.024,00. A insuficiência financeira, a adequação ao Plano de Carreira vigente, a forma como as despesas com Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino (MDE) são tratadas, a baixa proporção alunos/professor na rede e a concorrência das políticas de ampliação do tempo escolar do aluno são fatores limitadores da implantação do PSPN em Goiás. Apesar do parcelamento de sua implantação, o Piso se apresenta como mecanismo de valorização salarial do magistério. Como o governo de Goiás não cumpriu rigorosamente o parcelamento estabelecido, o vencimento inicial pago em novembro de 2010 foi de R$ 1.006,25, mesmo assim representando um crescimento de 40,6% em relação a fevereiro de 2009 onde, desprezando a inflação do período, pode-se aferir um aumento real superior a 30%. Por ser recente, não foi possível verificar se a implantação do Piso teve o efeito desejado pelos pesquisadores que defendem essa política de valorização salarial do magistério que, dentre outros, consta atrair e manter bons candidatos à docência e combater a multijornada e o subemprego. Entretanto, baseando-se em 2009 e 2010 quando acontece sua implantação na rede pública estadual goiana, o Piso aparece, aliado ao Plano de Carreira vigente, como indutor de melhoria salarial para o magistério público da educação básica.

This thesis examines the measurement, applications and properties of consumer inflation expectations in the context of eight European Union countries: France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. The data proceed mainly from the European Commission's Consumer Survey and are qualitative in nature, therefore requiring quantification prior to use. This study first seeks to determine the optimal quantification methodology among a set of approaches spanning three traditions, associated with Carlson-Parkin (1975), Pesaran (1984) and Seitz (1988). The success of a quantification methodology is assessed on the basis of its ability to match quantitative expectations data and on its behaviour in an important economic application, namely the modelling of wages for our sample countries. The wage equation developed here draws on the theoretical background of the staggered contracts and the wage bargaining literature, and controls carefully for inflation expectations and institutional variables. The Carlson-Parkin variation proposed in Curto Millet (2004) was found to be the most satisfactory. This being established, the wage equations are used to test the hypothesis that the advent of EMU generated an increase in labour market flexibility, which would be reflected in structural breaks. The hypothesis is essentially rejected. Finally, the properties of inflation expectations and perceptions themselves are examined, especially in the context of EMU. Both the rational expectations and rational perceptions hypotheses are rejected. Popular expectations mechanisms, such as the "rule-of-thumb" model or Akerlof et al.'s (2000) "near-rationality hypothesis" are similarly unsupported. On the other hand, evidence is found for the transmission of expert forecasts to consumer expectations in the case of the UK, as in Carroll's (2003) model. The distribution of consumer expectations and perceptions is also considered, showing a tendency for gradual (as in Mankiw and Reis, 2002) but non-rational adjustment. Expectations formation is further shown to have important qualitative features.