The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of immigrants on wages for natives with divergent skill level within one country. Skill level is measured as education level and the purpose is to focus on the level where it according to us is a lack in research, namely the effect on high skilled native-born worker wages. Further, our contribution to the already existing studies may be considered to be a complement. Using panel data, collected from the time period 2000-2008 for the 290 municipalities in Sweden to get regional variation, we investigate and interpret the estimated outcome of how wages for native-born workers in the Swedish labor market respond to immigration into Sweden. The main findings, when controlling for age, unemployment, and differences between year and municipalities in this study are on the short run, in line with the theory. The closer to a substitute the native-born and foreign-born workers are, the greater are the adverse effect on the wage for native-born, given that we assume immigrants as low skilled. The effect on wage for high skilled native workers in short run, when assuming immigrants and natives as complement, is positive, i.e. the wage for high skilled natives increases as the share of immigrants increases. The effect on high skilled native-born wages is positive even in mid-long run and adverse for the low and medium skilled native-workers. This is not an expected outcome since we according to theory predict the wage to be unaffected in mid-long run. This may be the result of errors in the assumption that immigrants are low skilled, or that five years is a too short time to see the expected effect in the long run; the Swedish labor market may need more time to adjust to what we predict the outcome to be.

For years, corporations in the United States have criticized the native workforce for not having enough qualified workers who are skilled in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Changing the immigration system could solve their problem. Current debates about how to best accomplish this task stem from different perceptions of whether high-skill immigrants adapt to the labor market, suffer from labor market disadvantages or meet rapid earnings growth. This study examines the initial wage gap immigrants working in the scientific research, development and testing services industry face upon entry to the United States as well as their income assimilation patterns. Ultimately, this paper provides evidence of a wage gap in this industry for recently arrived immigrants and otherwise similar natives, as well as confirms that the earnings for male immigrants in the industry tend to converge toward native levels the longer they remain in the country. Therefore, these results can provide valuable perspective on present immigration debates about whether to reduce immigration levels or change the skill composition of new immigrants.

With the recent influx of foreign-born individuals migrating to Sweden, this study aims to answer the question, “do high skilled foreign-born individuals relate positively to average wages in Sweden?”. We specifically observe high skilled foreign-born individuals and their contribution to the average wage across different municipalities in Sweden between the years 2011 and 2018. The method carried out in this study consisted of an empirical analysis where the significance of economic factors was interpreted in order to understand the variation in wages. The data was extracted from Statistics Sweden. The relationship of the share of highly educated foreign-born individuals has proved to be insignificant with respect to average wages in Sweden. Different theories are discussed in this paper in order to identify the key labour market outcomes due to the labour supply shock. Our findings disclose that differences in wages are present, meaning that natives and foreign-born individuals are complements in the short run

Nigeria is one of the most populous countries in the world. It is considered the giant of Africa due to its population density. Nigeria has had its history of emigration more than immigration. In the 1970s, most Nigeria emigrated permanently to the Western world to further their higher education; some emigrated for better opportunities. However, the emigration of Nigerian high- skilled youths has increased significantly in recent years. Using a qualitative design, this thesis is carried out to understand the factor(s) contributing to the emigration of Nigerian's younger generations of citizens. The issue of youth emigration in Nigeria is highly important due to the limited focus on emigration in Africa. By looking into youth emigration in Nigeria, this research shifts focus from Euro-centric immigration and contributes to the debate. The study reveals that there are more than one factors that influence the decision of high-skilled youth when deciding to emigrate.

Mobility and patterns of mobility were discussed by many scholars. Previous studies reveal that mobility helps in changing human social identities. This paper aims to understand high-skilled migrants' mobility and the activities that form their identities. These activities are self-interested to learn and gain knowledge for self-development. The focus of the study is the identity formation and modification of migrated medical doctors in the Emirates of Dubai.  Identities- self (internal) and public (external) are powerful factors potentially shaping human activities. Building on a framework of identifying schools of thought in the social sciences, the paper will initially analyze the nature of social identity through interviews. Subsequently, research attention will shift from analyzing identity per se to the identity work process through which migrant doctors’ identity is shaped and developed for identification. The identity work process will be analyzed empirically based on actors’ self-experiences in their daily routines.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilda Amaral Carvalho Momo.pdf: 2485919 bytes, checksum: a1982f3c3d3569cc5c367341143371d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, Brazil has been experiencing frequent influx of foreign professionals seeking work in the country. As a result of Brazil's resilience to the global financial crisis started in 2008, the country has become an increasingly attractive destination for immigrants, constituting a unique opportunity to attract talent in the international market and thus promote the development of the country more effectively. The objective of this dissertation is to study the high-skilled immigration in Brazil in the 21st century. Through survey data obtained from the Ministry of Labour of Brazil (2012) more than 73,000 immigrants arrived in Brazil in the year 2012, which represents an increase of over 50% compared to 2009. Much of this contingent is made up of professionals with higher education and with high technical expertise. They are highly qualified which made them wanted by any transnational company in a globalized world where knowledge is the key requirement to develop a country like Brazil. We intend to analyze these immigrants, their countries of origin, professional activity, in which areas they work in Brazil, gender and level of education. We will start a field research through interviews with immigrants to know about their trajectories, the reasons that brought them to Brazil and their experiences in working in a country so distant and multiethnic. It is therefore an empirical research, exploratory and incorporates bibliographies and surveys of a documentary nature, from which yielded quantitative and qualitative information. The work raises chances that the international economic crisis and social networking were important factors in the decision to migrate to Brazil. Hypotheses that will be confirmed by the search result. Although the phenomenon of skilled immigration is not recent, it is little studied and the dissertation will enrich that study by presenting a single fact in the history of Brazilian immigration with a wealth of amazing data about this new international migratory flow which begins in the 21st century, where high professional qualification requirement determines human mobility on the world stage / O Brasil vem presenciando nos últimos anos um aumento frequente de profissionais estrangeiros que buscam trabalho qualificado no país. Como resultado da resiliência brasileira perante a crise financeira internacional iniciada em 2008, o país se tornou um destino cada vez mais atraente para os imigrantes, o que constitui uma oportunidade única para atrair talentos no mercado internacional que possam contribuir de uma maneira efetiva para o desenvolvimento do país. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir e analisar a imigração qualificada para o Brasil no século XXI. De acordo com dados fornecidos pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil, mais de 73.000 imigrantes chegaram ao Brasil no ano de 2012, o que equivale a um aumento de mais de 50% em relação a 2009. Grande parte deste contingente é constituída por profissionais com ensino superior completo e com alta especialização técnica. São profissionais altamente qualificados que os fazem serem requisitados por qualquer empresa transnacional no mundo, mas principalmente no Brasil que ainda não os dispõe em número suficiente para satisfazer as necessidades de crescimento do país. Pretendemos analisar a imigração qualificada no Brasil, identificando estes imigrantes, a partir de critérios como nacionalidade, escolaridade, atividade profissional, em que setores atuam no Brasil, estado civil, gênero. Daremos início a uma pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas com os imigrantes para saber sobre suas trajetórias, os motivos que os trouxeram para o Brasil e suas experiências em trabalhar num país tão distante e multiétnico. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa empírica, de caráter exploratório e que incorpora levantamento de natureza bibliográfica e documental, a partir do qual se produziram informações quantitativas e qualitativas. O trabalho levanta as hipóteses de que a crise econômica internacional e as redes sociais foram fatores importantes na decisão de imigrar para o Brasil. Hipóteses que se confirmarão com o resultado da pesquisa. Embora o fenômeno da imigração qualificada não seja recente, é pouco estudado e o presente trabalho inovará ao apresentar essa nova face da imigração brasileira e internacional que se inicia no século XXI, onde a exigência de alta qualificação profissional determina a mobilidade humana no cenário mundial

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilda Amaral Carvalho Momo.pdf: 2485919 bytes, checksum: a1982f3c3d3569cc5c367341143371d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, Brazil has been experiencing frequent influx of foreign professionals seeking work in the country. As a result of Brazil's resilience to the global financial crisis started in 2008, the country has become an increasingly attractive destination for immigrants, constituting a unique opportunity to attract talent in the international market and thus promote the development of the country more effectively. The objective of this dissertation is to study the high-skilled immigration in Brazil in the 21st century. Through survey data obtained from the Ministry of Labour of Brazil (2012) more than 73,000 immigrants arrived in Brazil in the year 2012, which represents an increase of over 50% compared to 2009. Much of this contingent is made up of professionals with higher education and with high technical expertise. They are highly qualified which made them wanted by any transnational company in a globalized world where knowledge is the key requirement to develop a country like Brazil. We intend to analyze these immigrants, their countries of origin, professional activity, in which areas they work in Brazil, gender and level of education. We will start a field research through interviews with immigrants to know about their trajectories, the reasons that brought them to Brazil and their experiences in working in a country so distant and multiethnic. It is therefore an empirical research, exploratory and incorporates bibliographies and surveys of a documentary nature, from which yielded quantitative and qualitative information. The work raises chances that the international economic crisis and social networking were important factors in the decision to migrate to Brazil. Hypotheses that will be confirmed by the search result. Although the phenomenon of skilled immigration is not recent, it is little studied and the dissertation will enrich that study by presenting a single fact in the history of Brazilian immigration with a wealth of amazing data about this new international migratory flow which begins in the 21st century, where high professional qualification requirement determines human mobility on the world stage / O Brasil vem presenciando nos últimos anos um aumento frequente de profissionais estrangeiros que buscam trabalho qualificado no país. Como resultado da resiliência brasileira perante a crise financeira internacional iniciada em 2008, o país se tornou um destino cada vez mais atraente para os imigrantes, o que constitui uma oportunidade única para atrair talentos no mercado internacional que possam contribuir de uma maneira efetiva para o desenvolvimento do país. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir e analisar a imigração qualificada para o Brasil no século XXI. De acordo com dados fornecidos pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil, mais de 73.000 imigrantes chegaram ao Brasil no ano de 2012, o que equivale a um aumento de mais de 50% em relação a 2009. Grande parte deste contingente é constituída por profissionais com ensino superior completo e com alta especialização técnica. São profissionais altamente qualificados que os fazem serem requisitados por qualquer empresa transnacional no mundo, mas principalmente no Brasil que ainda não os dispõe em número suficiente para satisfazer as necessidades de crescimento do país. Pretendemos analisar a imigração qualificada no Brasil, identificando estes imigrantes, a partir de critérios como nacionalidade, escolaridade, atividade profissional, em que setores atuam no Brasil, estado civil, gênero. Daremos início a uma pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas com os imigrantes para saber sobre suas trajetórias, os motivos que os trouxeram para o Brasil e suas experiências em trabalhar num país tão distante e multiétnico. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa empírica, de caráter exploratório e que incorpora levantamento de natureza bibliográfica e documental, a partir do qual se produziram informações quantitativas e qualitativas. O trabalho levanta as hipóteses de que a crise econômica internacional e as redes sociais foram fatores importantes na decisão de imigrar para o Brasil. Hipóteses que se confirmarão com o resultado da pesquisa. Embora o fenômeno da imigração qualificada não seja recente, é pouco estudado e o presente trabalho inovará ao apresentar essa nova face da imigração brasileira e internacional que se inicia no século XXI, onde a exigência de alta qualificação profissional determina a mobilidade humana no cenário mundial

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5612.pdf: 2158490 bytes, checksum: 1cafc42a999e2f47e82a9609a77794e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-17 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The focus of this work is Brazilians who migrated to the city of Toronto, Canada, through government programs to attract skilled labor from the Canadian government. This dissertation examines the relationship between skilled migration and social networks from fieldwork conducted in the city of Toronto between December 2011 and June 2012. Sought to understand how the migration process occurs, as potential migrants are actual migrants, from analyzing the decision to migrate and move to Toronto to adaptation processes in the destination society. From ethnography, participant observation and semistructured interviews with these Brazilian immigrants, we see how the internet and communications technologies are important mediators of this process, the creation of social networks and integration in existing networks. The profile of skilled labor bounded by the Canadian government was also analyzed in comparison to the profile of Brazilians who actually migrate, generating different modes of insertion in Canadian society. These paths and trajectories were analyzed from the theory of social networks and understood as adaptation strategies of immigrants. Different social groups and networks are formed in this process, including connecting individuals who intend to migrate, even in Brazil. Finally, gender differences were important in this process, they produced deferent types of networks and marked paths of women and men in the adaptation process in the city, having booked a chapter to this discussion. / O foco deste trabalho são os brasileiros que migraram para a cidade de Toronto, no Canadá, através dos programas governamentais de atração de mão de obra qualificada do governo canadense. Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre migração qualificada e redes sociais a partir do trabalho de campo realizado na cidade de Toronto entre dezembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. Buscou compreender como o processo de migração ocorre, como possíveis sujeitos migrantes tornam-se migrantes reais, analisando desde a decisão de migrar e a mudança para Toronto até os processos de adaptação na sociedade de destino. A partir da etnografia, observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com esses imigrantes brasileiros, pudemos perceber como a internet e as tecnologias de comunicações são importantes mediadores desse processo, de criação de redes sociais e inserção em redes já existentes. O perfil de mão de obra qualificada delimitado pelo governo canadense também foi analisado em comparação ao perfil dos brasileiros que realmente migram, gerando diferentes modos de inserção na sociedade torontiana. Esses percursos e trajetórias foram analisadas a partir da teoria das redes sociais e compreendidas como estratégias de adaptação do imigrante. Diferentes grupos e redes sociais se formam nesse processo, conectando inclusive sujeitos que pretendem migrar, ainda no Brasil. Por fim, as diferenciações de gênero se mostraram importantes nesse processo, pois produziam deferentes tipos de redes e marcavam as trajetórias de mulheres e homens no processo de adaptação na cidade, tendo reservado um capítulo específico para essa discussão.

No description available.

This research aims to study the dynamic effect of emigration on the human development of the sending countries. For this, emigration is measured through low-skilled and high-skilled emigrants, as well as remittances. Additionally, human development is understood as having a decent standard of life, long healthy life, and education. This research is not concerned with why migrants choose to move. Instead, the concern here is to assess what happens to the human development of the sending countries when they exit their home countries. This work is based on the New Economics of Migration theory and uses Latin America as the sample of sending countries. The data are analyzed through Feasible Generalized Least Squares, Panel Corrected Standard Errors, and GMM-IV. The period covered in this research goes from 1970 to 2015. 5-year-averages are employed in order to calculate the long-run effect of emigration on human development. From the results obtained through the statistical analysis, it can be said that the impacts of emigration on human development are heterogeneous, and that depend on the type of emigration (high-skilled or low-skilled) and on time (short-run or long-run). The findings suggest that there are important short-term benefits of emigration on the access to a decent living standard and to education. However, there are also some worrying negative short-term effects, mostly on a long healthy life. Nevertheless, most of these negative short-run effects revert in the long-run and become more positive. Furthermore, the results show that high-skilled emigration has more positive effects on living standards and on a long healthy life than the low-skilled emigration. On the other hand, in the case of education, it seems like low-skilled emigration has more positive long-run effects when compared to the high-skilled one. / Esta pesquisa visa estudar o efeito dinâmico da emigração no desenvolvimento humano dos países de origem. Para isto, a emigração é mensurada através de emigrantes pouco qualificados e altamente qualificados, bem como remessas. Além disso, o desenvolvimento humano é analisado através de um nível de vida decente, vida longa e saudável, e educação. Esta pesquisa não estuda o porquê os migrantes escolhem se mudar. Em vez disso, a preocupação aqui é analisar o quê acontece com o desenvolvimento humano dos países de origem quando os migrantes saem dos seus países de origem. Este trabalho baseia-se na teoria da Nova Economia da Migração e usa a América Latina como a amostra dos países de origem. Os dados são analisados através de Feasible Generalized Least Squares, Panel Corrected Standard Errors, and GMM-IV. O período abrangido por esta pesquisa é desde 1970 até 2015. São empregadas médias de 5 anos para calcular o efeito de longo prazo da emigração no desenvolvimento humano. A partir dos resultados obtidos através da análise estatística, pode-se dizer que os impactos da emigração no desenvolvimento humano são heterogêneos e que dependem do tipo de emigração (altamente qualificados ou pouco qualificados) e do tempo (curto ou longo prazo). Os resultados desta pesquisa mostram que sugerem que há benefícios importantes no curto prazo no acesso a um nível de vida decente e na educação. No entanto, também há alguns efeitos negativos preocupantes, principalmente em uma vida longa e saudável. No entanto, a maioria desses efeitos negativos no curto prazo se revertem no longo prazo e tornam-se mais positivos. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a emigração altamente qualificada tem efeitos mais positivos sobre o nível de vida e sobre uma longa vida saudável do que a emigração pouco qualificada. Por outro lado, no caso da educação, a emigração pouco qualificada tem efeitos mais positivos no longo prazo quando comparada com a emigração altamente qualificada.