Orientador: Marney Pascolli Cereda / Banca: Claudio Cabello / Banca: Ary Fernandes Junior / Banca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Hugo Moreira Soares / Resumo: Um grande problema enfrentado pelas indústrias produtoras de farinha de mandioca é o destino da manipueira, resíduo líquido gerado na proporção de 300L/ton de raiz processada. Poluente devido à alta carga orgânica e tóxico pela presença do glicosídeo cianogênico Linamarina, potencialmente hidrolisável a cianeto. Sem solução a baixo custo, as empresas descartam o efluente em rios e terrenos próximos. Com a promulgação da Lei Federal nº9433, sancionada em 8 de janeiro de 1997, que instituiu sobre a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, maior atenção deve ser dada aos resíduos industriais. Por essa lei as empresas passam a pagar não apenas pela água consumida, mas pela quantidade e qualidade do efluente descartado em corpos d'água. As farinheiras também utilizam grande quantidade de lenha para secagem da farinha em fornos de baixa eficiência. Para tentar solucionar os dois problemas, poluição ambiental e energético, pesquisas têm sido feitas no CERAT, Centro de raízes e Amidos Tropicais, sobre tratamento anaeróbio de manipueira. Nesse processo, além de redução da carga orgânica, ocorre produção de gás metano, que pode ser queimado, substituindo parte da lenha na secagem da farinha. Pesquisas anteriores comprovaram que o tratamento da manipueira em biodigestores de fase única não é viável, devido à acidificação excessiva do meio. Neste trabalho, foi feita a avaliação do tratamento de manipueira em biodigestores fase acidogênica e metanogênica. O reator acidogênico utilizado foi do tipo fluxo ascendente, TRH (Tempo de Retenção Hidráulica) de um dia e temperatura mantida em 35 1ºC. O metanogênico, um filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, foi operado com TRH de três dias e temperatura de 32º 1C. O efluente do reator acidogênico foi utilizado como afluente do reator metanogênico. Foram analisados nos afluentes e efluentes de cada reator...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the biggest problems faced by cassava flour factories is the destination of manipueira, a liquid waste generated in large amounts (300L/ton of processed roots). This waste causes pollution due to its high organic load and is toxic because contains lynamarine, a cyanogenic glycoside potentially convertible to cyanide. Without any low-cost solution, cassava flour factories discard this waste in rivers or in areas close to them. After implementation of Brazilian law nº9433, from January 8th, 1997 that is related to the National Policy for Water Resources more attention should be paid relatively to industrial waste treatment. The industries will have to pay not only for the consumed water, but also for the amount and quality of the waste discharged in the rivers. Cassava factories also need large amounts of firewood for drying flour on low-efficiency ovens. Searching for a solution for these problems, environmental and energy, researches are being developed at CERAT about anaerobic treatment of manipueira. In this process, beyond reducing organic load there is production of methane a fuel gas that can advantageously substitute firewood in flour drying. Previous researches showed that treating manipueira in one-phase biodigestors was not viable due to excessive acidification. In the present work acidogenic and methanogenic biodigestors were evaluated for treating manipueira. The acidogenic reactor was an upflow reactor, one-day HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) and temperature kept at 35 l 1ºC. The methanogenic reactor, an anaerobic upflow filter, was operated with a three-day HRT, temperature of 32 l 1ºC. The acidogenic reactor effluent was employed as influent of the methanogenic reactor. Total and volatile solids, pH, alkalinity and acidity, COD (Chemical Demand Oxygen) and minerals were analysed for both influent and effluent, as well as the amount and composition of the produced biogas...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Maria Lúcia Pereira Antunes / Banca: Nilson Cristino da Cruz / Banca: Rosana Fernandes Antonio / Resumo: O caulim é um mineral largamente explorado no mercado nacional e internacional para diversos fins industriais em especial para clareamento e carga de papel. O processo de beneficiamento do caulim gera 500 mil toneladas de resíduos anuais. O resíduo normalmente é disposto em pilhas à céu aberto podendo acarretar danos ambientais como a contaminação da água e do solo, além de mudança da paisagem natural. Sendo esse resíduo rico em silício e visando sua valorização, este trabalho propõe seu uso na produção de camada protetora em liga de alumínio pela técnica de oxidação eletrolítica assistida por plasma (do inglês: PEO - Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) e avaliação das características dos revestimentos obtidos. Neste trabalho foram produzidos e caracterizados revestimentos obtidos em substratos de liga de alumínio 5052 pela técnica de PEO usando solução eletrolítica nas concentrações de 5 e 10 g/L de resíduo de caulim. Uma fonte forneceu a tensão de 650V e as deposições foram feitas em 3 diferentes tempos: 300, 600 e 900s para cada concentração. Foram feitas análises de caracterização do resíduo de caulim, do substrato de liga de alumínio e dos revestimentos produzidos utilizando: Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectrometria de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho (FTIR), Perfilometria e Molhabilidade. Também foi feita uma avaliação do desgaste mecânico dos revestimentos através do teste de pino sobre disco. O tratamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Kaolin is a mineral widely exploited in the national and international market for various industrial purposes especially for bleaching and paper loading. The kaolin processing process generates 500 thousand tons of annual waste. Waste is usually disposed of in open piles and can cause environmental damage such as water and soil contamination, as well as changes in the natural landscape. This work proposes its use in the production of protective layer in aluminum alloy by the technique of electrolytic oxidation assisted by plasma (known as PEO of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) and evaluation of the characteristics of the coatings obtained. In this work, coatings obtained on 5052 aluminum alloy substrates were produced and characterized by PEO using electrolytic solution at concentrations of 5 and 10 g / L of kaolin residue. One source provided the voltage of 650V and the depositions were made in 3 different times: 300, 600 and 900s for each concentration. The analysis of the kaolin residue, the aluminum alloy substrate and the coatings produced using: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dispersive Energy Spectrometry (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR), Profilometry and Wettability. An evaluation of the mechanical wear of the coatings was also made through the Pin to Disk Test. The treatment in aluminum substrate by PEO using electrolytic kaolin solution produces a rough, hydrophobic coating at the concentration of 5 g / L and hydrophilic at the concent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering: Chemical Engineering, Durban University, Durban, South Africa, 2018. / Thermochemical catalytic conversion of ethanol-waste cooking oil (eth-WCO) mixtures was studied over synthesised aluminosilicate catalysts HZSM-5, FeHZSM-5 and NiHZSM-5. The thermochemical reactions were carried out at temperatures of 400° and 450°C at a fixed weight hourly space velocity of 2.5 h-1 in a fixed bed reactor system. Successful conversion of the eth-WCO mixtures was carried out over the synthesised catalyst systems and in order to fully understand the influence of the catalysts, several techniques were used to characterise the synthesised materials which include XRD, SEM, EDS, BET techniques. Results of the catalyst characterisation showed that highly crystalline solid material had been formed as evidenced by the high relative crystallinity in comparison with the commercial HZSM-5 catalyst at 2θ peak values of 7°- 9° and 23°- 24°. The introduction of metals decreased the intensity of the peaks leading to lower values of relative crystallinity of 88% and 90% for FeHZSM-5 and NiHZSM-5, respectively. However this was even slightly higher than the commercial sample which had a value of 86% with respect to HZSM-5 synthesised catalyst taken as reference material. There was no significant change in XRD patterns due to the introduction of metal. Elemental analysis done with energy dispersive spectroscopy showed the presence of the metal promoters (Fe, Ni) and the Si/Al ratio obtained from this technique was 38 compared to the target ratio of 50 set out initially in the synthesis. From the SEM micrographs the morphology of the crystals could be described as regular agglomerated sheet like material. Surface area analysis showed that highly microporous crystals had been synthesised with lower external surface area values ranging from 57.23 m2/g - 100.82 m2/g compared to the microporous surface area values ranging from 195.96 m2/g to 212.51 m2/g. For all catalyst employed in this study high conversions were observed with values of over 93 %, almost total conversion was achieved for some samples with values as high as 99.6 % with FeHZSM-5 catalysts. Despite the high level of conversion the extent of deoxygenation varied with lower values recorded for FeHZSM-5 (25%WCO) at 400°C and NiHZSM-5 (75%WCO) at 450°C with oxygenated hydrocarbons of 19.5% and 19.33% respectively. The organic liquid product yield comprised mostly of aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene, p-xylene and naphthalene) decreased with the introduction of metal promoters with NiHZSM-5 producing higher yields than FeHZSM-5. For the pure waste cooking oil (WCO) feedstock the parent catalyst HZSM-5 had a liquid yield of 50% followed by NiHZSM-5 with 44% and lastly FeHZSM-5 had 40% at 400°C which may be seen to follow the pattern of loss of relative crystallinity. An increase in operating temperature to 450°C lowered the quantity of organic liquid product obtained in the same manner with the HZSM-5 parent catalyst still having the highest yield of 38% followed by Ni-HZSM-5 with 36% and Fe-HZSM-5 having a value of 30% for pure waste cooking oil feedstock which may be attributed to thermally induced secondary cracking reactions. For all catalyst systems with an increase in the content of waste cooking oil from 25% to 100% in the feed mixture there was a linearly increasing trend of the liquid product yield. HZSM-5 catalyst increased from 14% to 50% while FeHZSM-5 increased from 16% to 40% and NiHZSM-5 increased from 12% to 44% at a temperature setting of 400°C with lower values observed at 450°C.Results obtained in this study show the potential of producing aromatics for fuel and chemical use with highly microporous zeolite from waste material such as waste cooking oil forming part of the feedstock. / M

Orientador: Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis / Banca: Cassiana Maria Reganhan Coneglian / Banca: Roberta Barros Lovaglio / Banca: Ederio Dino Bidoia / Banca: Michel Brienzo / Resumo: Diversos estudos tem avaliado a utilização da vinhaça em uma nova fermentação, visando a obtenção de sub-produtos. Nesta fermentação, chamada acetona-butanol-etanol (ABE), bactérias anaeróbias do gênero Clostridium podem converter matéria orgânica presente na vinhaça em acetona, butanol, etanol e ácidos orgânicos, que são recuperados do caldo fermentado mediante técnicas de separação. Após a recuperação dos produtos de interesse e da biomassa bacteriana, o resíduo final é descartado. Este resíduo, denominado vinhaça FA (vinhaça da fermentação anaeróbia) foi o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, bem como o processo fermentativo para a sua obtenção. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a vinhaça FA com relação às suas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas, bem como avaliar sua biodegradação em solo e sua toxicidade. Além disso, realizou-se fermentação utilizando-se cultura mista anaeróbia em meio de cultura sintético (MCS) suplementado com vinhaça e melaço. Avaliou-se a produção de ácidos orgânicos, acetona, butanol e etanol. A biodegradação da vinhaça FA em amostras de solo na presença e ausência de inóculo comercial foi avaliada mediante a produção de CO2 durante 57 dias. A quantificação de microrganismos foi realizada no início e no final do ensaio. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda utilizando-se o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis; fitotoxicidade sobre Lactuca sativa e genotoxicidade ambiental com Allium cepa. A fermentação foi conduzida por 7 ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Several studies have evaluated the use of stillage in a new fermentation in order to obtain by-products. In this fermentation, called acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE), anaerobic bacterias of the genus Clostridium can convert organic matter present in the stillage in acetone, butanol, ethanol and organic acids which are recovered from the fermented broth by separation techniques. After recovering the interest products and bacterial biomass, the final residue is discarded. This residue, called AF stillage (stillage from anaerobic fermentation) was the object of study of this work, as well as the fermentation process to obtain it. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate AF stillage in relation to its physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics, as well as to evaluate its biodegradation in soil and its toxicity. In addition, fermentation was carried out using anaerobic mixed culture in synthetic culture medium (SCM) supplemented with stillage and molasses. The production of organic acids, acetone, butanol and ethanol was evaluated. The biodegradation of AF stillage was evaluated in soil samples in the presence and absence of commercial inoculum, through the production of CO2 for 57 days. Microorganisms quantification was performed at the beginning and at the end of the test. Acute toxicity tests using the microcrustacean Daphnia similis; phytotoxicity with Lactuca sativa and environmental genotoxicity with Allium cepa were performed. The fermentation was conducted ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This research was established due to an increase of interest in renewable energy sources and utilisation of various wastes and biomass. Gasification is currently one of the most promising thermal-chemical conversion techniques for recovering energy from waste, and the pyrolytic behaviour of secondary refuse fuel (SRF) briquettes and biomass-derived fuels is the starting point for the process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pyrolytic characteristics of SRF briquettes and biomass materials, suggest a kinetic model for simulating the pyrolytic process and obtaining the kinetic parameters, and then predict the yield of volatile products in pyrolysis. Knowledge of the chemical composition, the thermal behaviour and the reactivity of SRF briquettes and their blends with other materials, such as biomass and plastic during pyrolysis is very important for the effective design operation of gasification units. The kinetics of the pyrolysis of simulated SRF briquettes, SRF briquettes and pulverised biomass samples was successfully modelled by a scheme consisting of two independent general order parallel reactions of the main components which were hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and plastic. The kinetic parameters estimated through the model were comparable with those reported in the literature. In this research, activation energy values varied between 30 – 70 kJ/mol for lignin pyrolysis, 96 – 137 kJ/mol for hemicellulose and cellulose pyrolysis, and about 260 kJ/mol for plastic pyrolysis. Biomass has a very high volatile content. Adding biomass into SRF briquettes could increase the volatile yield. Increasing the plastic content of SRF briquettes could increase the volatile yield, the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) peak height and the repeatability of pyrolysis. Inorganic component could shift the cellulose pyrolysis to a lower temperature and cause the hemicellulose pyrolysis and the cellulose pyrolysis highly overlapped, but it could have a positive effect by acting as catalysts and lower the activation energy in the pyrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose. Molasses used as a binder could improve the DTG peak height and restrain the curve shifting effect of inorganic component on the hemicellulose and cellulose pyrolysis, but couldn’t restrain the lignin pyrolysis at low temperatures during the hemicellulose and cellulose pyrolysis. Molasses could restrain the effect of the lignin pyrolysis at high temperatures on the plastic pyrolysis. Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) process could highly improve the volatile yield and improve the DTG peak height of SRF briquettes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-04. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857283.pdf: 793661 bytes, checksum: 225eeda10d503453d88a459ee0ac5005 (MD5) / O lodo proveniente de estações de tratamento de efluentes geralmente é rico em nutrientes e possui alto teor de matéria orgânica, por isso pode desempenhar importante papel no condicionamento do solo e na produção agrícola. Porém, visto que o lodo pode conter poluentes e agentes patogênicos, é importante que sua utilização no solo seja feita de maneira controlada e segura. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de estação de tratamento de efluentes em uma área de Latossolo cultivado com eucalipto no solo e na água subterrânea, assim como avaliar a compatibilidade do lodo com a disposição no solo. Os resultados indicam que o lodo utilizado apresenta características adequadas à aplicação no solo de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 375/2006, desde que passe por processo de redução de patógenos. Todos os parâmetros analisados na água subterrânea e no solo estiveram de acordo com o padrão de qualidade determinado na Resolução CONAMA nº 420/2009, sendo que não houve diferença entre as áreas receptoras de lodo e testemunha quanto às substâncias orgânicas potencialmente tóxicas. Foi verificada uma tendência de pequeno aumento da concentração dos constituintes inorgânicos (Al, Ba, B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn), o que não foi confirmado estatisticamente. A aplicação de lodo contribuiu para o aumento da fertilidade do solo das glebas receptoras, indicado pelo aumento da saturação por bases, soma de bases, Capacidade de Troca Catiônica (CTC) e matéria orgânica, além da redução do alumínio trocável e da saturação por alumínio / Sludge from wastewater treatment plants usually contains high levels of organic matter and nutrients, and therefore it can be used as fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, its disposal on the soil has to be properly managed because it can contain contaminants and pathogens. The aim of this work was to study the effects of food industry sludge disposal on the soil and groundwater, as well as to assess the sludge application viability. The results show that the sludge characteristics are adequate for its application on latosol according to brazilian federal regulation (Resolução CONAMA nº 375/2006), but it must be treated prior to the land disposal to reduce the pathogens levels. All soil and groundwater parameters met the constituents' quality standards settled by brazilian federal regulation (Resolução CONAMA nº 420/2009), and there was no statistically significant difference for toxic organic substances between the amended and unamended soil treatments. There was a small concentration increase of inorganic compounds (Al, Ba, B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) in the soil area with sludge, but it was not statistically confirmed. Soil fertility, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter values increased with sludge application, and exchangeable Al and Al saturation values decreased

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ks_me_bauru.pdf: 16912396 bytes, checksum: 7f7137cb4315617223caa084b8a92d39 (MD5) / A cobertura final de um aterro de resíduos se dá quando a última célula alcança sua cota mais alta. Os principais objetivos da cobertura final em aterros são: minimizar a infiltração de água de chuva, limitar a emissão descontrolada de gases proveniente da decomposição dos resíduos, suprimir a proliferação de vetores, fornecer uma superfície adequada para a revegetação e servir como o elemento central na recuperação do local. Esta pesquisa tem o propósito de analisar as características geotécnicas (mecânicas e hidráulicas) de um solo residual maduro de biotita gnaisse compactado como vermiculita expandida verificando a aplicabilidade desta mistura para construção de cobertura de aterros de resíduos. A vermiculita é um material inodoro, não abrasivo e não carcinogênico e suas propriedades de superfície, em especial a porosidade e carga superficial negativa, promovem a esta material alto poder de absorvente e carreador de nutrientes. Incialmente foram realizados ensaios de absorção de água e de secagem ao ar em amostras compactadas com diferentes porcentagens em volume de vermiculita acrescentada ao solo. Os resultados preliminares mostraram que a relação vermiculita/solo na razão de 40% em volume de solo compactado apresentou um melhor resultado para os testes realizados. A absorção de água atingiu 51% quando comparada ao solo natural (14%) e com relação à perda de massa esta mesma mistura apresentou uma estabilidade de 72 horas a umidade absorvida enquanto o solo natural após 24 horas de secagem ao ar a umidade inicial já havia sico alcançada. Também foram realizados ensaios complementares tais como curva característica, ensaio de compressão diametral e compressão simples, compressibilidade e adensamento, resistência ao cisalhamento direto, permeabilidade e ensaio de formação de trinca... / The final cover for a landfill of waste occurs when the last cell reaches its highest elevation, and he main objectives of this cover are: to minimize infiltration of rainwater, to limit the uncontrolled emission of gases of gases from the decomposition of waste, to suppress the proliferation of vectors, to provide a suitable surface for revegetation and serving as the central element in the recovery site. This study aims to analyze the geotechnical characteristics (mechanical and hydraulic) of soil residual biotite gneiss mature compacted with expanded vermiculite and to verify the applicability of this mixture for construction in waste landfill cover. Vermiculite is a odorless, non-abrasive, non-carcinogenic material, in addition their surface properties, in particular the porosoty and surface charge negative, make this material a high power of absorving and nutrient carrier. Initially, were performed tests by water absorption and drying compressed air in samples with different percentages by volume of vermiculite added to the soil. Preliminary results showed that the vermiculite/soil ratio of 40% by volume of compacted soil was better for the tests. The water absorption reached a value of 51% compared to the natural soil (14%) and with about the mass loss, that same mixture showed a stability of 72 hours of the absorved moisture while the natural soil, after 24 hours by drying the initial moisture content had already been achieved. Then, were conducted additional tests such as the characteristic curve, diametral compreension test, simply compressive compressibility and density, direct shear strength, permeability and formation tests crack. Considering the results presented, the use of expanded vermicule to the soil compacted presents itself as a alternative for a final landfill of waste cover

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2000-06-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barana_ac_dr_botfca.pdf: 290669 bytes, checksum: 49423519af96902f8d4f492037f21e42 (MD5) / Um grande problema enfrentado pelas indústrias produtoras de farinha de mandioca é o destino da manipueira, resíduo líquido gerado na proporção de 300L/ton de raiz processada. Poluente devido à alta carga orgânica e tóxico pela presença do glicosídeo cianogênico Linamarina, potencialmente hidrolisável a cianeto. Sem solução a baixo custo, as empresas descartam o efluente em rios e terrenos próximos. Com a promulgação da Lei Federal nº9433, sancionada em 8 de janeiro de 1997, que instituiu sobre a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, maior atenção deve ser dada aos resíduos industriais. Por essa lei as empresas passam a pagar não apenas pela água consumida, mas pela quantidade e qualidade do efluente descartado em corpos d'água. As farinheiras também utilizam grande quantidade de lenha para secagem da farinha em fornos de baixa eficiência. Para tentar solucionar os dois problemas, poluição ambiental e energético, pesquisas têm sido feitas no CERAT, Centro de raízes e Amidos Tropicais, sobre tratamento anaeróbio de manipueira. Nesse processo, além de redução da carga orgânica, ocorre produção de gás metano, que pode ser queimado, substituindo parte da lenha na secagem da farinha. Pesquisas anteriores comprovaram que o tratamento da manipueira em biodigestores de fase única não é viável, devido à acidificação excessiva do meio. Neste trabalho, foi feita a avaliação do tratamento de manipueira em biodigestores fase acidogênica e metanogênica. O reator acidogênico utilizado foi do tipo fluxo ascendente, TRH (Tempo de Retenção Hidráulica) de um dia e temperatura mantida em 35 1ºC. O metanogênico, um filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, foi operado com TRH de três dias e temperatura de 32º 1C. O efluente do reator acidogênico foi utilizado como afluente do reator metanogênico. Foram analisados nos afluentes e efluentes de cada reator... / One of the biggest problems faced by cassava flour factories is the destination of manipueira, a liquid waste generated in large amounts (300L/ton of processed roots). This waste causes pollution due to its high organic load and is toxic because contains lynamarine, a cyanogenic glycoside potentially convertible to cyanide. Without any low-cost solution, cassava flour factories discard this waste in rivers or in areas close to them. After implementation of Brazilian law nº9433, from January 8th, 1997 that is related to the National Policy for Water Resources more attention should be paid relatively to industrial waste treatment. The industries will have to pay not only for the consumed water, but also for the amount and quality of the waste discharged in the rivers. Cassava factories also need large amounts of firewood for drying flour on low-efficiency ovens. Searching for a solution for these problems, environmental and energy, researches are being developed at CERAT about anaerobic treatment of manipueira. In this process, beyond reducing organic load there is production of methane a fuel gas that can advantageously substitute firewood in flour drying. Previous researches showed that treating manipueira in one-phase biodigestors was not viable due to excessive acidification. In the present work acidogenic and methanogenic biodigestors were evaluated for treating manipueira. The acidogenic reactor was an upflow reactor, one-day HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) and temperature kept at 35 l 1ºC. The methanogenic reactor, an anaerobic upflow filter, was operated with a three-day HRT, temperature of 32 l 1ºC. The acidogenic reactor effluent was employed as influent of the methanogenic reactor. Total and volatile solids, pH, alkalinity and acidity, COD (Chemical Demand Oxygen) and minerals were analysed for both influent and effluent, as well as the amount and composition of the produced biogas...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-24Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000812415.pdf: 1722287 bytes, checksum: c066ecddbc51552ad1f1203b192ef451 (MD5) / A destinação final inadequada dos resíduos orgânicos urbanos representa uma barreira frente ao desenvolvimento ambiental sustentável, sendo assim, a busca por soluções e alternativas voltadas ao reaproveitamento destacam-se quanto à gestão integrada e gerenciamento do lixo, principalmente a partir da instituição da “Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos”, por intermédio da Lei nº 12.305 de 02 de agosto de 2010. Sendo assim, com o presente estudo o objetivo foi coletar e caracterizar os resíduos provenientes da estação de tratamento de esgotos (ETE) do município de Pirangi, SP, bem como os originados a partir da trituração da poda de árvores, com vistas à bioestabilização por meio da compostagem e reutilização para a formulação de substratos alternativos na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de Croton urucurana Baill. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP, bem como no viveiro municipal de mudas de Pirangi. A partir da coleta, caracterização e análises dos resíduos, estes foram submetidos ao processo de compostagem, onde inseriu-se 50% de lodo de esgoto e 50% de poda triturada (agente estruturante). Após a obtenção do composto, este foi submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: T1-100% de terra de barranco com adubação mineral (100% TBAM); T2-100% de terra de barranco sem adubação (100% TBSA); T3-25% de composto orgânico + 75% de terra de barranco (25%CO); T4-50% de composto orgânico + 50% de terra de barranco (50%CO); T5-75% de composto orgânico + 25% de terra de barranco (75%CO) e T6-100% de composto orgânico (100%CO). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial com 6 substratos, 3 lâminas de água (50, 100 e 150% da evapotranspiração) e 3 repetições. A partir da semeadura, foram realizadas as avaliações de emergência, e aos 150 dias, observou-se a altura da parte aérea, diâmetro ... / Improper disposal of municipal organic waste represents an environmentally sustainable development front barrier, thus being the search for solutions and alternatives aimed at reusing stand out as an integrated management and waste management, mainly from the institution of the National Policy Solid Waste, through Law Number 12.305 of August 2, 2010. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to collect and characterize the waste from the municipality of Pirangi, SP sewage treatment plant, as well as those originating from the grinding of pruning trees, with a view to biostabilization through composting and reuse for the development of alternative substrates on the germination and early development of Croton urucurana Baill. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Rural Engineering FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, as well as the municipal nursery Pirangi. From the collection, characterization and analysis of waste, these were submitted to the composting process, which was inserted 50% sewage sludge and 50% crushed pruning (bulking agent). After obtaining compound, has been subjected to the following treatments: T1-100% steep bank with mineral fertilizer (100% TBAM); T2-100% steep bank without fertilization (100% TBSA); T3-25% organic compost + 75% of steep bank (25% CO); T4-50% organic compost + 50% steep bank (50% CO); T5-75% organic compost + 25% steep bank (75% CO) and T6-100% organic compound (100% CO). The experimental design was randomized blocks, factorial with 6 substrates, 3 water levels (50, 100 and 150% evapotranspiration) and 3 replications.From sowing, evaluations of emergency were held, and at 150 days, there was a shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, length of taproot, the fresh mass (air, root and total) and dry matter (air, root and total). Among the results it was found that the sewage sludge collected at ETE Pirangi presents agronomic potential, since it fits in CONAMA Resolution Number 357/2005. For ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-28Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000810645.pdf: 397244 bytes, checksum: 94974dbb366a34ea12a28f30d2fa02b6 (MD5) / A reutilização de resíduos agroindustriais está sendo vista como nova alternativa para a minimização de impactos ambientais e principalmente para obtenção de biocompostos presentes nesses resíduos. A secagem dos resíduos é uma alternativa para a obtenção de uma farinha rica em compostos de grande valor, sendo necessário encontrar procedimentos que diminuam a perda dessas substâncias. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de elaborar e analisar farinhas do resíduo de amora-preta industrial (Rubus spp.) e resíduo artesanal (Rubus sellowii) e analisar compostos bioativos. Foram realizadas cinéticas de secagem para ambos os resíduos, aplicando os modelos matemáticos de Page, Lewis e Handerson-Pabis. A partir das farinhas foi avaliada a influência do processo de secagem sobre o teor de biocompostos, como compostos fenólicos, antocianinas, vitamina C e atividade antioxidante. Todos os modelos estudados pelas cinéticas obtiveram resultados favoráveis, tendo o modelo de Lewis apresentado ligeira superioridade se comparado aos demais, concluindo também que o aumento da temperatura acarreta na diminuição do tempo de secagem, porém reduzem os teores dos biocompostos, principalmente os compostos fenólicos e ácido ascórbico. Sabendo que o crescimento de microrganismos nos alimentos está ligado com a quantidade água presente nele, foram realizadas isotermas de sorção, a fim de minimizar a degradação destes, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento das isotermas de sorção nas temperaturas próximas as dos ambientes brasileiros, 20, 30 e 40 ºC, utilizando diferentes tipos de sais, de modo a correlacionar atividade de água e umidade. As isotermas obtidas foram analisadas mediante os modelos matemáticos mais comuns GAB, Oswin, Peleg, BET, Langmuir e Halsey. Dentre as temperaturas estudadas os modelos que mais se ajustaram nas amostras foram os de Oswin, GAB e Peleg, sendo o modelo de GAB o mais adequado ... / The reutilization of agro-industrial waste is being seen as a new alternative to minimize environmental impacts and to obtain biocompounds mainly present in these residues, among them, the blackberry has stood out for its high nutritional value and excellent source of phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. Drying residues is an alternative for obtaining a flour rich in compounds of great value, it is necessary to find procedures that reduce the loss of these substances. Thus, this study aimed to develop industrial residue flour from the blackberry (Rubus spp.) and artisanal residue (Rubus sellowii). Drying kinetics were performed for both residues, applying mathematical models Page, Lewis and Handerson-Pabis. From the flours it was evaluated the influence of the process of drying on the content of biocompounds, such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. All models studied by the kinetics obtained favorable results, however the Lewis’s model presented slight superiority compared to others, also concluded that the increase of the temperature leads to decrease the drying time, but reduce the levels of biocompounds, especially phenolic and ascorbic acid. Knowing that the growth of microorganisms in foods is linked to the amount of water present in it, sorption isotherms were performed in order to minimize degradation of these, with the aim of studying the behavior of the sorption isotherms at temperatures near to the Brazilian environments, 20, 30 and 40 ° C, using different types of salts, in order to correlate the water activity and moisture. The isotherms obtained were analyzed by the most common mathematical models GAB, Oswin, Peleg, BET, Langmuir and Halsey. Among the studied temperatures models that best fit the samples were Oswin, GAB and Peleg, being the most appropriate model GAB independent sample or temperature