A obstrução de emissores por causas químicas, em sistemas de irrigação localizada, é um problema crucial enfrentado pelos irrigantes, que em muitos casos, dependendo da gravidade, são obrigados a substituir o sistema existente. Isso se deve à presença de íons específicos, que em determinadas condições precipitam, provocando a obstrução dos emissores e tubulações. No entanto, pode-se intervir nas condições propícias a esse processo, de modo a preveni-lo. Uma forma de intervenção é a injeção de ácido, uma vez que este processo ocorre com maior proporção quando a água de irrigação apresenta valores de pH acima de 7. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho desenvolver um dispositivo eletrônico de controle do pH da água para irrigação localizada. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (LEB) da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP). O sistema de controle apresenta de um dispositivo de injeção de ácido (atuadores) controlado através de uma válvula solenóide, comandada por pulsos elétricos, enviados pelo processador, que está associado a um circuito de leitura de um sensor, que detecta o pH da água em tempo real. A lógica de controle é baseada na diferença entre as entradas e as saídas do controlador, de modo que, as decisões futuras são baseadas nas respostas proporcionadas pelas ações anteriores. O ciclo de cada ação sobre os atuadores tem uma duração média de 3 s, que compreende o tempo entre 2 leituras consecutivas do pH e injeção de ácido na água. O sistema foi testado em águas de diferentes valores iniciais de pH (variando de 6,2 a 9,2) sob vazão constante (264 L h-1) e variável. Além disso, foi instalada uma linha lateral de irrigação com comprimento de 44 m, composta de microtubos (emissores) espaçados de 1 m, aonde foi verificado os valores de pH da água na saída dos emissores ao longo da linha lateral (início, 1/3, 2/3 e fim) e em diferentes intervalos de tempos a partir do início dos testes. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficiência do dispositivo em manter o pH da água na faixa desejada, tanto para a condição de vazão constante, quanto variável. Em relação ao pH da água medido na saída dos emissores, não foi verificado variações significativas, tanto temporal quanto espacial, sempre se mantendo dentro da faixa desejada. / The clogging of emitters by chemical causes, in drip irrigation systems, is a crucial problem faced by the irrigators that in many cases, depending of the gravity, are ordered to replace the existent system. This is occurring due to the presence of the specific ions, which it precipitates in determined conditions, causing the clogging of emitters and pipes. However, it can intervene in the conditions for these processes to prevent them. A way of intervention is the acid injection, since this process occurs in major proportion, when the irrigation water shows values of pH above 7. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop an electronic device of control of the pH water for irrigation drip. The work was developed in the Laboratory of Hydraulic of Department of Biossystems Engineering (LEB), at Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP). The system of control shows a device of acid injection (actuators) controlled though a solenoid valve, commended by electrics pulse that it sent by the processor, that is associated with a reading circuit of sensor, that it detects the pH of water in the real time. The logical control is based on the difference between the input and output of controller, so that the future controller decisions are based on answers caused by early actions. The cycle of each action on the actuator has the medium duration of 3 s, that it meaning the time between 2 consecutive reading of pH and acid injection in the water. The system was tested in waters of different values of pH (ranging 6.2 to 9.2) under constant (264 L h-1) and variable flow. Moreover, it was installed a lateral line of irrigation with length of the 44 m, it was composed of microtubes (emitters) spaced 1 m, where it was verified the pH of water in outlet of emitters along of lateral line (begin, 1/3, 2/3 and end) and in different intervals of time after starting of tests. The results obtained proved the efficiency of the device to maintain the water pH in the desired range, for the both conditions, constant as variable flow. In relation to the water pH in the outlet of emitters, it wasnt verified meaningful variations, both temporal and spatial, it always maintained into the desired range.

In the book of Lau Tzu, there is a chapter saying that ¡§The highest goodness is like water¡¨. It¡¦s known that the earth is the only blue planet because of water. Water breeds infinite life and vitality and now it is experiencing a fatal moment due to human abuse in last fifty years while the human history moves into a new era. In the current days, the most important natural living elements including water need be further purified before daily usage. Water itself is now becoming an evaporating and scarce resource in the earth which affects the life of hundred million people. China economy has been growing dramatically in past decades accompanied with remarkably improvement of the living standard of people¡¦s life and income level. The beauty treatment and spa business has been developing its market in almost every province in China. Water is playing a crucial role in the treatment effectiveness and an elementary ingredient to ensure the final result of beauty treatment. The research purposes are to fist analyze the market status of the beauty treatment and functional water; secondly, is to investigate the feasibility and sales synergy in combining these two product and service lines (beauty treatment and functional water); Thirdly, is to conduct an in-depth case study for company T¡¦s marketing strategy in entering this new mixed product market. The whole research structure is divided into three sections. Section one is to collate the available academic research report and theory including market segmentation, goal setting, 4P in marketing, SWOT and competitive analysis in forming a framework of marketing strategy applied in the China beauty and functional water market. Last section is trying to leverage, verify and refine the theory framework against a series of in-depth interview and secondary data in the market. It¡¦s still in an infant stage of China beauty treatment business with an estimated size of three hundred billion RMB dollars market in year 2010. The demand of purified and functional water is soaring up with limited supply due to increasing contamination of water resources. It¡¦s foreseen a gold mine business of functional water as a means in pursuit of healthy, youth-looking and eco-compliance life. This research result also unveils the differentiation created in the beauty treatment market by introducing the functional water. It not only brings in a new profitable product lines, advances the revenues but also improve the bottom line by increasing the economical scale. The finding, last but not least, is the integration of functional water product and beauty treatment is meeting the macro trend of consumers¡¦ perception of living in a healthy, youth looking and sustaining life. On the other hand, the beauty treatment agencies will be able to increase their competitiveness, grow the business, concrete the sales channel and win the customer loyalty in a traditional fierce competition market. The objective of this research is to provide a marketing strategy in merging two product and service markets in achieving a long term business goal. Ultimately, purified and functional water are not only for the beauty treatment sales business but also targeting the consumers¡¦ daily life in preventing illness by accessing the purified water and treasuring the invaluable water resources in sustaining the earth and lives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_er_me_jabo.pdf: 2805002 bytes, checksum: 1edb5322d15c1af6d99d144fbc53004c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, quanto à prevenção de entupimento dos emissores e avaliar uniformidade de distribuição da água no sistema de irrigação por gotejamento na época de sua implantação e após um ano de utilização do sistema de prevenção. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Estância Tropical, no município de Barretos – SP, no período de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, realizando-se determinações físicas e químicas da água, ao longo do sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, que foi eficiente para a melhoria da qualidade de água, reduzindo os níveis de risco de entupimento de severo para médio e de médio para baixo. Todas as variáveis analisadas diferenciaram a qualidade da água entre os pontos de amostragem do sistema de tratamento, com exceção do Fe+2. Para sólidos em suspensão, turbidez, sólidos dissolvidos e ferro total, os valores reduziram-se pelo uso do sistema proposto, melhorando a qualidade da água. Após um ano de funcionamento do sistema de prevenção, os coeficientes utilizados para determinar a uniformidade de distribuição de água apresentaram valores acima de 80%, sendo classificados como excelente, bom e muito bom / The research aimed to evaluate the performance of aeration, sedimentation and filtration system for the prevention of emitters clogging and evaluate the water distribution uniformity of one drip irrigation system at the time of its implementation and after a year using the prevention system. The research was conducted in the Estancia Tropical farm, in the municipality of Barretos – SP, Brazil, from March 2008 to February 2009, carrying out physical and chemical determinations of water along the aeration, sedimentation and filtration system, which was efficient for improving water quality by reducing levels of risk of clogging of severe to medium and medium to low. All variables differed water quality between the collection points of the treatment system with the exception of Fe+2. For suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved solids and total iron values were reduced by the use of the proposed system, improving water quality. After a year of prevention, the coefficients used to determine the uniformity of water distribution had values above 80%, being classified as excellent, good and very good

Resumo: A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, quanto à prevenção de entupimento dos emissores e avaliar uniformidade de distribuição da água no sistema de irrigação por gotejamento na época de sua implantação e após um ano de utilização do sistema de prevenção. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Estância Tropical, no município de Barretos - SP, no período de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, realizando-se determinações físicas e químicas da água, ao longo do sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, que foi eficiente para a melhoria da qualidade de água, reduzindo os níveis de risco de entupimento de severo para médio e de médio para baixo. Todas as variáveis analisadas diferenciaram a qualidade da água entre os pontos de amostragem do sistema de tratamento, com exceção do Fe+2. Para sólidos em suspensão, turbidez, sólidos dissolvidos e ferro total, os valores reduziram-se pelo uso do sistema proposto, melhorando a qualidade da água. Após um ano de funcionamento do sistema de prevenção, os coeficientes utilizados para determinar a uniformidade de distribuição de água apresentaram valores acima de 80%, sendo classificados como excelente, bom e muito bom / Abstract: The research aimed to evaluate the performance of aeration, sedimentation and filtration system for the prevention of emitters clogging and evaluate the water distribution uniformity of one drip irrigation system at the time of its implementation and after a year using the prevention system. The research was conducted in the Estancia Tropical farm, in the municipality of Barretos - SP, Brazil, from March 2008 to February 2009, carrying out physical and chemical determinations of water along the aeration, sedimentation and filtration system, which was efficient for improving water quality by reducing levels of risk of clogging of severe to medium and medium to low. All variables differed water quality between the collection points of the treatment system with the exception of Fe+2. For suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved solids and total iron values were reduced by the use of the proposed system, improving water quality. After a year of prevention, the coefficients used to determine the uniformity of water distribution had values above 80%, being classified as excellent, good and very good / Orientador: José Renato Zanini / Coorientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Luiz Carlos Pavani / Banca: Rubens Duarte Coelho / Mestre

A obstrução de emissores por causas químicas, em sistemas de irrigação localizada, é um problema crucial enfrentado pelos irrigantes, que em muitos casos, dependendo da gravidade, são obrigados a substituir o sistema existente. Isso se deve à presença de íons específicos, que em determinadas condições precipitam, provocando a obstrução dos emissores e tubulações. No entanto, pode-se intervir nas condições propícias a esse processo, de modo a preveni-lo. Uma forma de intervenção é a injeção de ácido, uma vez que este processo ocorre com maior proporção quando a água de irrigação apresenta valores de pH acima de 7. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho desenvolver um dispositivo eletrônico de controle do pH da água para irrigação localizada. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (LEB) da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP). O sistema de controle apresenta de um dispositivo de injeção de ácido (atuadores) controlado através de uma válvula solenóide, comandada por pulsos elétricos, enviados pelo processador, que está associado a um circuito de leitura de um sensor, que detecta o pH da água em tempo real. A lógica de controle é baseada na diferença entre as entradas e as saídas do controlador, de modo que, as decisões futuras são baseadas nas respostas proporcionadas pelas ações anteriores. O ciclo de cada ação sobre os atuadores tem uma duração média de 3 s, que compreende o tempo entre 2 leituras consecutivas do pH e injeção de ácido na água. O sistema foi testado em águas de diferentes valores iniciais de pH (variando de 6,2 a 9,2) sob vazão constante (264 L h-1) e variável. Além disso, foi instalada uma linha lateral de irrigação com comprimento de 44 m, composta de microtubos (emissores) espaçados de 1 m, aonde foi verificado os valores de pH da água na saída dos emissores ao longo da linha lateral (início, 1/3, 2/3 e fim) e em diferentes intervalos de tempos a partir do início dos testes. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficiência do dispositivo em manter o pH da água na faixa desejada, tanto para a condição de vazão constante, quanto variável. Em relação ao pH da água medido na saída dos emissores, não foi verificado variações significativas, tanto temporal quanto espacial, sempre se mantendo dentro da faixa desejada. / The clogging of emitters by chemical causes, in drip irrigation systems, is a crucial problem faced by the irrigators that in many cases, depending of the gravity, are ordered to replace the existent system. This is occurring due to the presence of the specific ions, which it precipitates in determined conditions, causing the clogging of emitters and pipes. However, it can intervene in the conditions for these processes to prevent them. A way of intervention is the acid injection, since this process occurs in major proportion, when the irrigation water shows values of pH above 7. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop an electronic device of control of the pH water for irrigation drip. The work was developed in the Laboratory of Hydraulic of Department of Biossystems Engineering (LEB), at Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP). The system of control shows a device of acid injection (actuators) controlled though a solenoid valve, commended by electrics pulse that it sent by the processor, that is associated with a reading circuit of sensor, that it detects the pH of water in the real time. The logical control is based on the difference between the input and output of controller, so that the future controller decisions are based on answers caused by early actions. The cycle of each action on the actuator has the medium duration of 3 s, that it meaning the time between 2 consecutive reading of pH and acid injection in the water. The system was tested in waters of different values of pH (ranging 6.2 to 9.2) under constant (264 L h-1) and variable flow. Moreover, it was installed a lateral line of irrigation with length of the 44 m, it was composed of microtubes (emitters) spaced 1 m, where it was verified the pH of water in outlet of emitters along of lateral line (begin, 1/3, 2/3 and end) and in different intervals of time after starting of tests. The results obtained proved the efficiency of the device to maintain the water pH in the desired range, for the both conditions, constant as variable flow. In relation to the water pH in the outlet of emitters, it wasnt verified meaningful variations, both temporal and spatial, it always maintained into the desired range.

The Coalfields of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) discharge approximately 360 Ml d-1 of mine impacted water, referred to as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), requiring neutralization to reduce risk to the environment. High Density Sludge Process (HDSP) is commonly used to treat AMD, and neutralization is typically with either limestone (CaCO3) alone to save costs, or with limestone plus hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) to effectively reduce acidity and improve metal removal. This water either needs to be further treated to reduce metal content and salinity, or a potential option is to use it for irrigation. Since, it would be possible to lime a soil and irrigate directly with AMD as this would be potentially easy to manage than an HDS plant and save costs on the plant. The treatment process produces a circum-neutral mine water that requires further treatment with reverse osmosis to potable water. Suitability of these waters for irrigation can be evaluated with the Irrigation Water Quality Decision Support System (IWQDSS) for RSA. This study therefore evaluated the two specific mine impacted waters for irrigation. The treatment process also generates gypseous products, referred to as High Density Sludges (HDS), which may be classified as hazardous, based on metal (Mn, Ni, Pb) content, in which case expensive waste storage is required. However, these sludges may have some value for use in agriculture since they are gypseous. Four out of six sludges considered in this study were investigated for potential use in agriculture since their chemical characteristics depend on the quality of AMD and the treatment process. If hazardous, a potential approach was to add phosphate to them since this has been shown before to immobilize metals. The influence of phosphate on the availability of elements in sludges was therefore investigated. Hence, the objectives were to investigate; 1) the fitness for use of AMD and circum-neutral mine impacted waters for irrigation with IWQDSS, 2) chemical and physical properties of sludges, 3) hazardous status of sludges using the RSA waste classification system including those of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Australia, China and Canada, 4) phosphate potential in reducing the solubility of metals in sludges, 5) crop and soil response to sludges applied on their own as soil amendments and when co-applied with phosphate, 6) the influence of phosphate co-applied with sludges to the phyto-availability and uptake of Ni and Pb, including food safety. Assessment with IWQDSS showed that both waters were not fit for irrigation because of some quality issues. However, AMD can only be used if the soil can be limed and used as a reactor and further showed that there would be no leaf scorching. The circum-neutral mine water was found to be not effectively saline. Micro irrigation should not be considered for these waters due to suspended solids they contain. Four of the six sludges assessed for agricultural use included; a Ferriferrous Gypseous sludge (GypFeMnNi) with Fe, Mn and Ni from a limestone process, and three others generated from three stages of a limestone plus hydrated lime process; Ferriferrous Gypseous sludge with Mn (GypFeMn), Gypseous sludge with Brucite (GypB) and Gypseous sludge (Gyp) with Fe removed. Chemically, the sludges, GypFeMn, GypB and Gyp showed pH values of 8.2, 9.4 and 9.5, exhibiting CaCO3 equivalents (CCE) of 510, 601, 617 mg kg-1. The sludge, GypFeMnNi, had a pH of 5.5 and a CCE of 250 mg kg-1. All four sludges showed to be largely gypsum (72 – 95 %) composed. Physically, all sludges had particle sizes falling between 0.4 to 906 µm. These four sludges were further considered for hazardous assessment, including two sludges; GypFeNi and GypFe from a different limestone process. USEPA rated all six sludges non-hazardous, while Canada and China found GypFeNi as hazardous based on Ni solubility, Australia found GypFeMn as hazardous. RSA considered GypFeMnNi and GypFeNi hazardous, based on Ni and Mn solubility. Limestone was therefore less effective in reducing the solubility of Ni and Mn in the sludges than limestone plus hydrated lime. The sludges found hazardous (GypFeMnNi and GypFeMn) were then phosphated to reduce Mn and Ni solubility. Their solubility was reduced in both sludges. GypFeMnNi and Gyp, were further considered for use as soil amendments and selection was based on differences in the treatments that generates them. A pot trial was conducted where both were applied at 10 and 20 t ha-1 each to a soil with pH 3.75 and co-applied with phosphate at application rates of 40 and 100 kg ha-1. Maize (Zea mays) was planted and harvested at physiological maturity. Effect on soil showed that both sludges marginally increased pH, with Gyp at 20 t ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1 P increasing it the most by 0.46 units. This pH was still not suitable for plant growth. The sludge, Gyp increased soil salinity the most from 7.8 mS m-1 to 728 mS m-1, suitable only for salt tolerant crops. The effect on the maize showed that both sludges on their own marginally increased plant height and biomass, but co-application with phosphate increased these parameters. Grain was present only in treatments where phosphate was co-applied with either sludge. The highest grain yield was obtained when Gyp was applied at 20 t ha-1 with 100 kg ha-1 P. With food safety, Ni and Pb concentrations in the grain were below thresholds regarded as toxic. It is suggested that irrigation with AMD may be possible on condition that the soil is limed and used as treatment reactor to prevent the reduction of soil pH. Also, micro irrigation systems are to be avoided when irrigating with AMD and circum-neutral mine impacted waters because they contain suspended solids that can clog them. Irrigation should be with an appropriate leaching fraction to reduce accumulation of salts in the soil profile. It can also be concluded that two of the sludges from a limestone only HDSP were found to be hazardous by the RSA waste classification system due to Mn and Ni solubility., whereas international systems felt these materials were non-hazardous. The RSA waste classification system was found to be overly cautious compared to international systems and should be revisited. Sludges from HDSP can rather be used as soil amendments instead of being classified hazardous and destined to expensive waste management sites. If certain trace elements are excessively available, the study demonstrated that phosphating reduces mobility and toxicity, ensuring the safety of produce from soils treated with HDS. Keywords: AMD, HDS, Circum-neutral mine water, waste classification, amendment / Thesis (PhD (Soil Science)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / WRC / Plant Production and Soil Science / PhD (Soil Science) / Unrestricted

First published in 1989 in Spanish and then in 1992 in English, Laura Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate is one of the best known Mexican literary works in the United States. Set against the backdrop of the Mexican Revolution, Esquivel's novel has inspired great diversity of critical analysis among critics and scholars. Based on the author's comment regarding her intention to tell entertaining stories, critic Jay Corwin warns against the search for hidden layers to her work. Using as a framework Barthes's notion of the "death of the author" as well as cultural theory's argument that "discourse writes through the author", this work unfolds a diverse array of discourses, such as that of feminism, patriarchy, and parody, that liberate Like Water for Chocolate from the despotism of a single authority controlling the truth of the text and show that the readers are capable of intervening in the work's meaning.

A atual crise mundial de abastecimento hídrico e os conseqüentes problemas relativos ao uso da água são grandes problemas a serem enfrentados pela humanidade, levando à necessidade de se encontrar soluções para prevenir conseqüências negativas ao ambiente. A cobrança pelo uso da água na agricultura irrigada, baseada nos princípios de direito ambiental usuário-pagador e poluidor–pagador, a aplicação dos princípios protetor-recebedor e participação, bem como a educação ambiental, são ferramentas de gestão de recursos hídricos com efeito indutor do uso racional da água, fomentando a consciência de conservação nos usuários irrigantes. A importância desta abordagem holística na implementação da cobrança em uma dada bacia hidrográfica está baseada na integração dos aspectos técnicos das propriedades irrigadas, na legislação ambiental e nas necessidades da comunidade local, para se adequar a cobrança aos usuários irrigantes de forma que a mesma se torne uma aliada no combate ao desperdício e à melhor eficiência no seu uso. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) realizar a avaliação qualitativa da irrigação em 11 propriedades rurais da Microbacia do Ribeirão dos Marins (BHRM); ii) fundamentar o instrumento de cobrança pelo uso da água na agricultura irrigada com base nos princípios de direito ambiental Poluidor-Pagador e Usuário-Pagador; iii) discutir o princípio da Participação; iv) fundamentar o sistema de pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PSE); v) fornecer elementos para futuras intervenções de gestão na microbacia voltadas a elaboração de projetos de educação ambiental integrados ao gerenciamento de recursos hídricos. Foram aplicados aos irrigantes roteiros de entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados mostraram que o manejo da irrigação não é praticado, a preocupação com a escassez de água é presente; a cobrança pelo uso da água não é aceita, o controle da erosão não é feito e há concordância com a importância da preservação da mata ciliar. Além disso, os resultados forneceram elementos que indicam a ausência de compreensão dos impactos causados pelo manejo inadequado da água, o que pôde ser traduzido pelos graves problemas de degradação de água, solo e mata ciliar detectados. Conclui-se que para induzir mudanças nos usuários irrigantes, promovendo o uso eficiente dos recursos hídricos, através do mecanismo de cobrança pelo uso da água, é necessário conjugar o direito ambiental, a tecnologia de irrigação e a educação ambiental. / The current crisis in water supply worldwide and the associated water use problems are one of the great concerns for the humanity, leading to the necessity to find solutions to prevent harmful consequences in the environment. Charges for water use in agricultural irrigation, supported by principles of environmental law as "user-payer" and "polluting payer", the application of "protector-receiver" and "participation" principles as well as environmental education, represent tools in water management with inductive effects on rational water use, broadening the awareness of irrigation users for the sustainment of natural water resources. The carrying out of this holistic approach in the implementation process of water use charges in a given catchment basin is based on the integration of technical aspects of the irrigated areas, environmental legislation and the necessities of the local community to establish individually adapted charges for water use with the result to decrease wastefulness and increase the water use efficiency. The objectives of this work were: (i) a qualitative evaluation of irrigation use in 11 rural areas in the small catchment basin of river Marins; (ii) to base the charge system for water use in agricultural irrigation on basis of the environmental law principles "user-payer" and "polluting payer"; (iii) to argue the principle of "participation"; (iv) to base the payment for ecosystem services (PSE); (v) to provide a basis for future management interventions in the basin with the objective to design environmental education projects, integrated in the management activities of water resources. The study based on semi-structural interviews with irrigation users in the respective areas. The results showed that irrigation management is not practiced, the preoccupation with water deficiency exist, water use charges is not accepted, the monitoring of erosion processes is not done and there is an agreement with the importance to preserve the riverine vegetation. Moreover, the results indicated a lack of knowledge about the impacts caused by inadequate water management that is expected to be the reason for the already existing degradation of water, soil and riverine vegetation. It can be concluded, that for attitude changes of irrigation users in terms of more efficient use of water resources associated with charges for water use interdisciplinary collaborations of environmental law, irrigation management and environmental education are necessary.

Introdução: O atual modo de produção agrícola paulista faz uso de muitos insumos para a produção de grandes safras, uma vez que o estado se destaca como maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do País e maior produtor nacional de cana-de-açúcar, laranja, banana, segundo maior produtor nacional de tomate, batata e café . Para a manutenção deste cenário, o controle de pragas, doenças e ervas daninha é feito por meio da utilização de agrotóxicos, os quais são aplicados em pulverização foliar, na superfície do solo, ou são a ele incorporados. Uma vez no solo, os agrotóxicos podem ser absorvidos, submetidos a reações químicas, decompostos e transportados pela água, por erosão ou lixiviação, podendo atingir mananciais destinados ao abastecimento público. Objetivos: identificar os agrotóxicos de maior preocupação para contaminação da água utilizada para consumo humano no Estado de São Paulo. Método: Foram identificadas as principais culturas representativas do agronegócio paulista, bem como, os agrotóxicos licenciados para uso nestas culturas e seu volume comercializado no Estado, além de suas propriedades físico-químicas. Foram então, calculados os índices de GUS, LEACH, I_EXP e IP com base nas propriedades físico-químicas dos princípios ativos, combinadas com a média dos volumes comercializados entre os anos de 2007 e 2012 e as formas de aplicação destes agrotóxicos. Resultados: Dentre os 491 princípios ativos licenciados pela ANVISA para uso no Brasil, não foram encontrados valores indicativos do comportamento no ambiente de 371 agrotóxicos, não sendo possível, portanto, o cálculo dos índices para estes princípios ativos. Dos 120 princípios ativos restantes, 72 foram classificados como móveis ou potencialmente móveis, e a estes foram acrescidos os outros 14 princípios ativos recomendados pela portaria MS 2914/2011, resultando em uma lista de prioridade de monitoramento e vigilância para 86 agrotóxicos considerados prioritários para o cenário paulista. Conclusão: este trabalho demonstra que a exposição da população paulista aos resíduos de agrotóxicos e seus metabólitos presentes na água destinada ao consumo humano é uma questão de extrema relevância, devendo ser priorizada nos protocolos de controle e vigilância da qualidade da água de consumo humano / Introduction: The current mode of agricultural production in São Paulo, makes use of many inputs for the production of large harvests, once the state stands out as the largest consumer of pesticides in the Country and biggest national producer of sugar cane, orange, banana, second largest national producer of tomatoes, potatoes and coffee. For the maintenance of this scenario, the control of plagues, diseases and weeds is done through the use of pesticides, which are applied in foliar spray, on the surface of the soil, or are incorporated in it. Once on the soil, the pesticides can be absorbed, submitted to chemical reactions, decomposed and transported by water, by erosion or leaching, and may reach streams intended for public supply. Objectives: to identify the toxic chemicals of highest concern for contamination of water used for human consumption in the State of São Paulo. Method: Were identified the main representative crops of agribusiness in the State of São Paulo, as well as the pesticides licensed for use on these crops and their volume sold in the State, in addition to its physicalchemical properties. They were then calculated the indices of GUS, LEACH, I_EXP and IP On the basis of physico-chemical properties of the active principles, combined with the average volumes traded between the years of 2007 and 2012 and the forms of application of these pesticides. Results: Among the 491 active principles licensed by ANVISA for use in Brazil, we have not found indicative values of behavior in the environment of 371 pesticides, it is not possible, therefore, the calculation of the indices for these active principles. Among 120 active principles remaining, 72 were classified as mobile or potentially mobile, and to these were added the 14 other active principles recommended by decree MS 2914/2011, resulting in a list of priority of monitoring and surveillance for 86 pesticides considered as priorities for the scenario in the São Paulo Stare.Conclusion: this study demonstrates the exposure of the population of São Paulo\'s city to residues of pesticides and their metabolites present in water intended for human consumption is a matter of extreme importance, and should be prioritized in the protocols of control and surveillance of the quality of water for human consumption

Introdução: O atual modo de produção agrícola paulista faz uso de muitos insumos para a produção de grandes safras, uma vez que o estado se destaca como maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do País e maior produtor nacional de cana-de-açúcar, laranja, banana, segundo maior produtor nacional de tomate, batata e café . Para a manutenção deste cenário, o controle de pragas, doenças e ervas daninha é feito por meio da utilização de agrotóxicos, os quais são aplicados em pulverização foliar, na superfície do solo, ou são a ele incorporados. Uma vez no solo, os agrotóxicos podem ser absorvidos, submetidos a reações químicas, decompostos e transportados pela água, por erosão ou lixiviação, podendo atingir mananciais destinados ao abastecimento público. Objetivos: identificar os agrotóxicos de maior preocupação para contaminação da água utilizada para consumo humano no Estado de São Paulo. Método: Foram identificadas as principais culturas representativas do agronegócio paulista, bem como, os agrotóxicos licenciados para uso nestas culturas e seu volume comercializado no Estado, além de suas propriedades físico-químicas. Foram então, calculados os índices de GUS, LEACH, I_EXP e IP com base nas propriedades físico-químicas dos princípios ativos, combinadas com a média dos volumes comercializados entre os anos de 2007 e 2012 e as formas de aplicação destes agrotóxicos. Resultados: Dentre os 491 princípios ativos licenciados pela ANVISA para uso no Brasil, não foram encontrados valores indicativos do comportamento no ambiente de 371 agrotóxicos, não sendo possível, portanto, o cálculo dos índices para estes princípios ativos. Dos 120 princípios ativos restantes, 72 foram classificados como móveis ou potencialmente móveis, e a estes foram acrescidos os outros 14 princípios ativos recomendados pela portaria MS 2914/2011, resultando em uma lista de prioridade de monitoramento e vigilância para 86 agrotóxicos considerados prioritários para o cenário paulista. Conclusão: este trabalho demonstra que a exposição da população paulista aos resíduos de agrotóxicos e seus metabólitos presentes na água destinada ao consumo humano é uma questão de extrema relevância, devendo ser priorizada nos protocolos de controle e vigilância da qualidade da água de consumo humano / Introduction: The current mode of agricultural production in São Paulo, makes use of many inputs for the production of large harvests, once the state stands out as the largest consumer of pesticides in the Country and biggest national producer of sugar cane, orange, banana, second largest national producer of tomatoes, potatoes and coffee. For the maintenance of this scenario, the control of plagues, diseases and weeds is done through the use of pesticides, which are applied in foliar spray, on the surface of the soil, or are incorporated in it. Once on the soil, the pesticides can be absorbed, submitted to chemical reactions, decomposed and transported by water, by erosion or leaching, and may reach streams intended for public supply. Objectives: to identify the toxic chemicals of highest concern for contamination of water used for human consumption in the State of São Paulo. Method: Were identified the main representative crops of agribusiness in the State of São Paulo, as well as the pesticides licensed for use on these crops and their volume sold in the State, in addition to its physicalchemical properties. They were then calculated the indices of GUS, LEACH, I_EXP and IP On the basis of physico-chemical properties of the active principles, combined with the average volumes traded between the years of 2007 and 2012 and the forms of application of these pesticides. Results: Among the 491 active principles licensed by ANVISA for use in Brazil, we have not found indicative values of behavior in the environment of 371 pesticides, it is not possible, therefore, the calculation of the indices for these active principles. Among 120 active principles remaining, 72 were classified as mobile or potentially mobile, and to these were added the 14 other active principles recommended by decree MS 2914/2011, resulting in a list of priority of monitoring and surveillance for 86 pesticides considered as priorities for the scenario in the São Paulo Stare.Conclusion: this study demonstrates the exposure of the population of São Paulo\'s city to residues of pesticides and their metabolites present in water intended for human consumption is a matter of extreme importance, and should be prioritized in the protocols of control and surveillance of the quality of water for human consumption