Orientador: Cassiana Maria Reganhan-Coneglian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canale_Ivan_M.pdf: 7288933 bytes, checksum: 93678fbce9055e79b05000fd1cab8c23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA) de ciclo completo. Como o volume de ALF pode representar de 3 a 6% do volume de água tratada produzido na ETA, existe interesse cada vez maior no tratamento desse efluente para fins de recirculação junto com a água bruta aduzida à ETA. Entretanto, existe uma preocupação de que essa água residuária possa conter matéria orgânica, sólidos totais, metais, carbono orgânico, precursores de trihalometanos, cistos/oocistos de protozoários ou outras impurezas concentradas durante o processo de filtração. Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar com base em parâmetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos e parasitológicos a água de lavagem de filtros gerada e recirculada na ETA Capim Fino, em Piracicaba / SP - Brasil. Foram avaliadas 12 amostras da água bruta do manancial que abastece a ETA (rio Corumbataí), ALF bruta, ALF clarificada (com o uso de polímeros auxiliares ou por simples sedimentação) e água filtrada da ETA. Para caracterização da ALF foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: cloro residual, cor, turbidez, pH, alumínio solúvel, sólidos totais fixos, sólidos totais voláteis, sólidos sedimentáveis, carbono orgânico total e o potencial de formação de trihalometanos; os parâmetros microbiológicos: coliformes totais, Escherichia coli; e os protozoários patogênicos: Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. O monitoramento da ALF bruta apontou como principais características físico-químicas deste efluente elevados teores de turbidez, alumínio, carbono orgânico total, sólidos totais (fixos e voláteis), sólidos sedimentáveis e potencial de formação de THM. A clarificação da ALF com polímero aniônico possibilitou a redução na concentração dos diversos constituintes analisados. Giardia spp. foi detectada na água bruta (cinco resultados positivos e concentração de cistos variando de <LMD a 75,0 cistos/litro) e na ALF clarificada (dois resultados positivos e concentração de 50 cistos/litro). A pré-cloração realizada na ETA, bem como o uso de água tratada (clorada) para lavagem dos filtros garantiu praticamente ausência de E. coli na água de lavagem. A avaliação da água filtrada da ETA apresentou resultados em conformidade com a Portaria 2914/2011 (padrão de potabilidade) do Ministério da Saúde, com exceção da turbidez, onde foram observados quatro resultados acima do limite de 0,5 NTU estabelecido pela Portaria (1,53, 0,54 , 0,59 e 0,74 NTU), o que pode indicar um transpasse de partículas no efluente filtrado nos primeiros minutos seguintes à lavagem dos filtros. Não foram detectados E. coli ou protozoários na água filtrada. Diante do fato que a recirculação da ALF clarificada junto com a água bruta está ocorrendo numa vazão de 60 L/s, que corresponde a 4,5% da vazão de água bruta (1300 L/s) e de forma intermitente, provavelmente não deverão ocorrer efeitos indesejáveis ao processo de tratamento ou o comprometimento da qualidade da água tratada. Com intuito de precaução, é importante que seja dada toda a atenção ao tratamento (clarificação) da ALF antes da recirculação, para redução da turbidez a níveis mínimos possíveis e que a recirculação do efluente clarificado seja realizada na vazão de 4,5% ou menor / Abstract: Filter backwash water (FBWW) is the largest liquid waste generated in a conventional water treatment plant (WTP). As the volume of FBWW can represent from 3 to 6% of the volume of treated water produced in the WTP, there is an increasing interest in treatment and recycling of this effluent with raw water adducted to WTP. But FBWW would contain concentrated organic matter, total solids, metals, organic carbon, trihalomethanes (THM) precursors, cysts/oocysts of protozoa and other impurities which could be a concern. This research aims to characterize FBWW generated and recirculated in Capim Fino WTP in Piracicaba / SP - Brazil by physico-chemical, microbiological and parasitological analyses. Twelve samples of raw water from the river that supplies the WTP (Corumbataí river), raw FBWW, clarified FBWW (using auxiliary polymers or simple sedimentation) and filtered water were collected and evaluated. The physico-chemical parameters were: residual chlorine, color, turbidity, pH, soluble aluminum, total fixed and volatile solids, settleable solids, total organic carbon and THM potential formation; microbiological parameters: total coliforms and Escherichia coli; and pathogenic protozoa Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. Monitoring the raw FBWW pointed as the main physicochemical characteristics high levels of turbidity, aluminum, total organic carbon, total solids (fixed and volatile), sedimentary solids and THM potential formation. Clarification of FBWW with anionic polymer resulted in a reduction in the concentration of the various parameters. Giardia spp. was found in raw water (five positive results and cyst concentration ranging from <Minimum Detection Limit to 75 cysts/liter) and in clarified FBWW (two positive results, concentration of 50 cysts/liter). The pre-chlorination performed in the WTP and the use of treated water (chlorinated) for washing the filters virtually assured absence of E. coli in the FBWW. The filtered water were in compliance with the Brazilian drinking water standards, with the exception of turbidity. Four samples were above the maximum limit of 0.5 NTU (1.53, 0.54, 0.59 and 0.74 NTU), which may indicate a passage of particles in the first minutes after the washing of the filters. E. coli and protozoa were not detected in the filtered water. Because of the recirculation of clarified FBWW is mixed with raw water at a flow of 60 L/s, which corresponds to 4.5% of the flow of raw water (1300 L/s) and intermittently, it is probable that no undesirable effects would occur in the treatment and in the quality of the drinking water. It is important that full attention is given to treatment (clarification) of FBWW before recirculation to reduce turbidity to the minimum levels that are possible and that the recirculation of clarified effluent is conducted at a flow rate of 4.5% or less / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Orientador: José Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco_AdrianaRibeiro_D.pdf: 3339113 bytes, checksum: 272d851f1d396f1bfb6de1b6a093faac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O processo de coagulação natural aplicando solução a base de sementes de Moringa oleifera tem sido amplamente empregado como método alternativo de tratamento de água em regiões onde não há tratamentos convencionais. Para retenção de protozoários, como oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp., que atua de forma complexa no meio ambiente, e são resistentes à cloração no tratamento de água, a aplicação desse coagulante com sequencial filtração lenta pode ser uma alternativa promissora. Entretanto, para avaliar esse tratamento físico, não é necessário aplicar oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. diretamente no sistema de tratamento, já que microesferas fluorescentes de poliestireno são empregadas como substituas desse organismo, por apresentar características físicas similares. Por essa razão, o presente estudo avaliou um sistema alternativo de tratamento de água empregando solução coagulante a base de sementes de Moringa oleifera, seguida de filtração lenta, testando 5 diferentes combinações de meios filtrantes constituídos de não tecidos e areia, para verificar a retenção de microesferas de poliestireno. A coagulação/floculação foi conduzida em Jar test, e sequencialmente as amostras foram destinadas à filtração lenta. Ao final dos ensaios utilizando Moringa oleifera, ensaios controle (sem coagulante) foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que todos os filtros lentos apresentam eficiência significativa na redução de microesferas de poliestireno, com destaque para os filtros de areia e areia+não tecido, que obtiveram 100% de remoção de microesferas no sistema, mesmo ao longo de 5 ensaios consecutivos, em que não houve lavagem da areia. Todos os filtros que utilizaram apenas camadas de não tecidos sintéticos, apresentaram 2 log de remoção. Outros parâmetros de qualidade como a cor aparente e a turbidez também apresentaram redução significativa. Nos ensaios controle, foi possível observar que apenas a filtração lenta não foi eficiente para remover microesferas, turbidez e cor. Ao final deste trabalho foi possível concluir que a aplicação da solução coagulante a base de sementes de Moringa oleifera foi o fator determinante para auxiliar no sistema de filtração lenta, principalmente em filtros constituídos com meio filtrante de areia / Abstract: The natural coagulation process applying solution based on Moringa oleifera seeds have been used widely as an alternative method for water treatment in regions where there is an absence of conventional water treatments. For protozoan retention, such as Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, which act in a complex behavior in the environment, and are resistant to the chlorination process, the application of the coagulant using sequential slow filtration might be a promising alternative. However, to evaluate this physical treatment, it is not necessary to apply Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts directly to the treatment system, since the polystyrene fluorescent microspheres are used as replacements for this organism, because they present similar physical characteristics. For this reason, the present study evaluated an alternative water treatment system using coagulant solution based on Moringa oleifera seeds, followed by slow filtration, testing 5 different combinations of filter media constituted of nonwoven and sand, to verify polystyrene microspheres retention. The coagulation/flocculation was conducted in Jar Test equipment, and sequentially the samples were sent to slow filtration. By the end of the essays using Moringa oleifera, control essays (without coagulant) were performed. The results showed that all slow filters present significant efficiency reducing polystyrene microspheres, especially the sand filters and sand+nonwoven, that obtained 100% microspheres removal in the system, even along 5 sequential essays, where there was no sand washing. The filters that used only synthetic nonwovens, presented 2 log removal. Other quality parameters such as apparent color and turbidity presented significant reductions also. At the control essays, it was possible to observe that using only slow filtration is ineffective for microspheres, turbidity and color removal. At the end of this work was possible to conclude that applying coagulant solution based on Moringa oleifera seeds was the determinant factor to assist in the slow filtration system, mainly in filters constituted by sand filter media / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

A comprehensive survey of the presence of trihalomethane (THM) compounds, as chlorination by-products, in drinking water in Kuwait have been performed. The survey covers the whole drinking water treatment cycle, starting with sea water and ending with the consumer tap. The data generated by the survey was all derived from actual water treatment plants, operating under normal conditions. All four trihalomethane compounds, namely; chloroform (CHCI3), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCI2), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2CI) and bromoform (CHBr3) were covered. The study clearly showed that, although considerable amounts of THM compounds did form as a result of chlorination of sea water entering the multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation plants, these plants were highly efficient in removing these compounds. The average removal efficiency, based on THM compounds mass load in the sea water feed, was around 95%. Factors which were found to have an influence on the degree of formation of these compounds, include, chlorination practice (continuous vs. shock), sea water temperature, level of organic precursors and contact time. Of much more important consequence, as far as the presence of these compounds in drinking water is concerned, was the degree of THM compounds formation as a result of the chlorination of drinking water before it is pumped to the consumer. Here, not only all the compounds formed remain in the water but there is a definite tendency for continuous formation well after the actual chlorination process has taken place. Factors which were found affecting this formation include water temperature, contact time and chlorination dosage. Although, all samples collected showed that the presence of THM compounds was always below the United States Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 100 ~g/L, a need exists for the optimization of all chlorination processes with particular emphasis on the chlorination of drinking water. In almost all kinds of water encountered in this study, bromoform was found to be by far the most dominant compound.

This master thesis is about mathematical modelling of the anammox process with a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for a reject water application. Specifically, the aim of my research was to find out whether the model proposed by Erik Lindblom in (Lindblom et al. 2016) is a good model for this purpose and worth continuous research and optimization. The code for the model, implemented in Matlab/Simulink, was given; although not initially functioning in the given condition. Some modifications needed to be done to make it function properly. In order to confirm that the code was working and used in a correct way some results in (Lindblom et al. 2016) were reproduced. Before starting the evaluation of the model, some much-needed optimizations of the code were done, substantially reducing the run time. A sensitivity analysis was done, and the five most sensitive parameters were picked out to be used in the calibration. The calibration improved the total fit of the model to the available measurements, although one of the model outputs could not be calibrated satisfactorily. In short, I found that although there are still problems left to solve before the model can be stated to accurately model the anammox process with MBBR, it appears promising. Most importantly, more measurement data are needed in order to make a proper validation and to do a better calibration. / CONAN

Le dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma est appliqué pour préparer des couches minces amorphes de TiO2 à basse température. Un recuit à 300 °C pendant un temps minimum de 4,5 h permet de former la phase cristalline anatase. Les principales caractéristiques de ces couches minces comme leur structure cristalline, leur microstructure, leur largeur de bande interdite et leur hydrophilie de surface, sont déterminées. Leurs performances fonctionnelles comme photocatalyseurs sont d'abord examinées selon le test breveté par Pilkington, consistant à éliminer sous irradiation UV de l'acide stéarique préalablement adsorbé sur les couches de TiO2 ici déposées sur des plaquettes de silicium. Des membranes M100 (couche continue de TiO2) et M800 (couche de TiO2 couvrant les grains de support) sont préparées sur les couches de surface macroporeuses de supports poreux en alumine, de tailles moyennes de pores respectives, 100 nm et 800 nm. Ces membranes sont testées en condition "statique", avec la diffusion d'un soluté organique dilué dans l'eau. Pour le bleu de méthylène, on montre que la quantité de composé détruit par unité de surface de membrane et par unité de temps est égale à 2 × 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 pour la membrane M100 et 1 × 10-8 mol m-2 s- 1 pour la membrane M800. Ces membranes sont également testées dans des conditions "dynamiques", à savoir en procédé baromembranaire, avec deux configurations différentes (couche photocatalytique du côté de l'alimentation ou du côté du perméat) et trois composés organiques différents (bleu de méthylène, acide orange 7 et phénol). La modélisation du procédé (adsorption et réaction photocatalytique) est finalement réalisée à partir des données expérimentales disponibles. / Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is applied to prepare amorphous TiO2 thin films at low temperature. Post-annealing at 300 °C for minimal staying time 4.5 h is required to form crystalline anatase phase. Characteristics of the TiO2 thin films including crystalline structure, microstructure, band gap and surface hydrophilicity, are determined. Functional performance of these anatase thin films as photocatalysts is first examined with patented Pilkington assessment by removing, under UV irradiation, stearic acid initially adsorbed on TiO2 layers here deposited on silicon wafers. Membranes M100 (TiO2 continuous layer) and M800 (TiO2-skin on support grain) are prepared on the macroporous top layer of porous alumina supports with an average pore size of 100 nm and 800 nm, respectively. These membranes are tested in “static” condition under the effect of diffusion of an organic solute in water. For Methylene Blue it is shown that the quantity of destroyed compound per unit of membrane surface area and per unit of time is equal to 2×10−8 mol m-2 s-1 for M100 and 1×10−8 mol m-2 s-1 for M800. These membranes are also tested in “dynamic” conditions, i.e. pressure-driven membrane processes, with two different configurations (photocatalytic layer on the feed side or on the permeate side) and three different organics (Methylene Blue, Acid Orange 7 and phenol). Process modelling (adsorption and photocatalysis reaction) is finally carried out from the available experimental outputs.

Since many diseases in Kenya arise from low quality drinking water, new effective cleaning systems and techniques, which can be deployed without extensive infrastructure investments, are needed. Solar-powered titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis could be one promising candidate, which can meet these demands. In the present project photocatalytic water cleaning technologies were evaluate at the University of Eldoret in Kenya.A portable photocatalysis reactor, suitable for field work, which was developed by researchers at the Divison of Solid state physics, Dept. Engineering Sciences at Uppsala University, was used for performing water cleaning studies on-site and for educational purposes. Evaluation of photocatalytic performance was also evaluated in Petri dishes by degrading dye and bacteria from various water samples.Results showed clear photocatalytic activity in Petri dishes with certain dye concentration and bacteria abundance was lower after water treatment. The initial tests of the photocatalytic reactor were not satisfactory, but nevertheless indicated that dye degradation may be possible to monitor with additional improvements of the reactor. We see good potential, from a practical and long term sustainability perspective, to further develop photocatalysis competence at University of Eldoret. / Minor Field Study

La réactivité d'un oxyde de manganèse naturel vis-à-vis de quatre composés pharmaceutiques a été étudiée. Alors que la carbamazépine ne présente aucune interaction avec l'oxyde, le paracétamol est éliminé pour des temps de séjour en colonne de quelques minutes et converti en benzoquinone (BZQ) pour pH < 6. La vitesse d'oxydation diminue quand le pH augmente. Le tampon MOPS inhibe la réactivité par des phénomènes de compétition. Le manganèse dissous n'a pas d'influence mais les matières organiques inhibent la formation de BZQ probablement par des réactions de couplage croisées. Le diclofénac est éliminé dans les mêmes conditions avec des effets similaires du pH et du MOPS. L'identification des sous-produits a mis en évidence une décarboxylation du diclofénac. Une analyse par ATR-FTIR a montré l'adsorption du triclosan mais pas d'oxydation. Des capacités d'adsorption ont été obtenues en réacteur fermé et en colonne. Les oxydes de manganèse peuvent ainsi participer à la dégradation de ces molécules dans l'environnement et le traitement de l'eau. / The reactivity of a natural manganese oxide towards four pharmaceutical compounds was studied. Whereas carbamazepine does not interact with the oxide, paracetamol is eliminated for residence time of a few minutes during column experiment and converted into benzoquinone (BZQ) for pH < 6. The oxidation rate decreases with increasing pH. MOPS buffer inhibits the reactivity because of competition mechanism. Dissolved manganese has no effect but organic matter reduces BZQ formation probably through cross coupling reactions. Diclofenac is eliminated in the same conditions with similar effect of pH and MOPS. Identification of by-products shows decarboxylation of diclofenac. ATR-FTIR analysis shows adsorption of triclosan without oxidation. Sorption capacities were obtained in column and closed reactors. Manganese oxides can then participate to the degradation of these molecules in the environment and water treatment.

Le développement de traitements photo(électro)catalytiques pour l’élimination de polluants organiques requiert la préparation de nano-TiO2 immobilisé sur des supports pour simplifier leur séparation du liquide traité. Deux procédés ont été développés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Le premier consiste à préparer des mousses en TiO2/SiC puis à les intégrer dans un réacteur annulaire entouré de lampes UV-C. Plusieurs paramètres ont été étudiés : le nombre de lampes, la température, la concentration en polluant (paraquat, herbicide) et la stabilité mécanique des mousses. Ensuite, les sous-produits de dégradation ont été identifiés. L’autre procédé développé vise à améliorer la séparation des paires électrons-trous en appliquant une différence de potentiel. Le photocatalyseur doit alors être immobilisé sur une surface conductrice. Dans cette optique, la synthèse par anodisation électrochimique de nanotubes de TiO2/Ti en milieu fluoré est une technique très prometteuse. Plusieurs paramètres ont été étudiés afin de réaliser des électrodes de grande surface et favoriser le passage de l’échelle laboratoire à l’échelle pilote. Les propriétés photoélectrochimiques des nanotubes ont ensuite été optimisées notamment via la détermination de leur longueur optimale. Par la suite, la dégradation photoélectrocatalytique du paraquat a mis en évidence qu’une faible différence de potentiel (0,5 à 1 volt) suffit pour maximiser la séparation des paires électron-trou. La conductivité de l’électrolyte doit également être suffisamment élevée pour maximiser les performances du procédé photoélectrocatalytique. / The development of photo(electro)catalytic methods for the removal of organic pollutants requires the elaboration of supported TiO2 nanomaterials in order to simplify the recovery of the photocatalyst from treated effluents. Two different approaches were developed during this PhD thesis. The first approach consists in producing a thin film of TiO2 onto alveolar SiC foams. The TiO2/SiC assembly was then integrated into a tubular reactor surrounded by UV-C lamps. Many parameters were studied: number of lamps, the temperature, pollutant’s concentration (paraquat, weed killer) and the mechanical stability of TiO2/SiC foams. Then, paraquat’s by-products of degradation were identified. Another approach was then developed in order to improve the electron-hole pair of the photocatalytic process by applying a small electrical bias. For this purpose, the photocatalyst must be coated on a conductive surface. In this field, TiO2 nanotubes grown on titanium substrate by electrochemical synthesis in a fluoride media are very promising. Many parameters were studied in order to produce large electrodes and favor the upscaling. Photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 nanotubes were studied and optimized especially concerning nanotube’s length. Besides, photoelectrocatalytic degradation of paraquat evidences that a small applied bias (0,5 to 1 volt) is enough to ensure optimal electron-hole separation. It was also demonstrated that the effluent conductivity also has a large influence on the photoelectrochemical performances.

This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

The availability to clean drinking water is something a lot of people take for granted today. Daily, there are about 1.8 billion people around the world that drinks water from a contaminated water source. Unfortunately, the deficiency is a fact, and about 361 000 children under the age of five die each year because of diarrheal disease (WHO, 2016a).  Earlier studies show that a biosand filter is an easy and efficient water purification method that cleans the water both physically, biologically and chemically. A biosand filter is often built using local material and is filled with sand, which makes the construction cheap and easy to repair is needed. Earlier studies have shown that this purification method can reduce waterborne disease by 99,9% with the help of a biofilm layer which develop in the top layer of the sand if the conditions are meet (CAWST, 2009). The purpose with this study was to build and evaluate a biosand filter as a water treatment method in Ghana. In total, three biosand filters was built with local material, each with different sand heights. The evaluation was done by studying the waters physical, biological and chemical properties before and after the filtration, which then was compared to the water quality standards from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Sweden. The results show that none of the three filters could produce water which met the standards for drinking water, which might be caused by the high flow of water through the filter which prevented the biofilm to grow. With the help from the results in Ghana, a new design of a water filter has been made to reduce the flow of water through the filter. Which gave a new biosand filter design with a diameter of 42 cm that, sand height of 80 cm and gravel height of 15 cm. / Tillgången till rent dricksvatten är idag något som många tar som en självklarhet. I dagsläget är det omkring 1.8 miljarder människor i världen som dagligen dricker vatten från en kontaminerad vattenkälla. Dessvärre är bristen på rent dricksvatten ett faktum, vilket gör att det årligen dör cirka 361 000 barn under fem års ålder på grund av diarrésjukdomar världen över (WHO, 2016a).  Tidigare studier har visat på att biosandfilter är en enkel och effektiv vattenreningsmetod för att rena vatten både fysiskt, biologiskt och kemiskt. Ett biosandfilter är ofta byggt med lokala material och fylld med sand, vilket gör konstruktionen billig och enkel att reparera vid behov. Tidigare studier har visat på att vattenreningsmetoden kan reducera vattenburna sjukdomar med upp till 99.9% med hjälp av ett biofilmslager som utvecklas i sandlagrets övre skikt om förhållandena är gynnsamma (CAWST, 2009).  Syftet med denna studie var att bygga och utvärdera biosandfilter som vattenreningsmetod i Ghana. Totalt byggdes tre biosandfilter av lokala material med olika sandhöjder. Utvärderingen gjordes utifrån att studera vattnets fysiska, kemiska och biologiska egenskaper före och efter filtrationen, som sedan jämfördes med vattenkvalitetsstandarder från World Health Organization (WHO) och Sverige. Resultaten visade på att ingen av de tre sandfiltret kunde producera vatten med en drickvattenstandard, detta tros bero på det höga flödet genom filtret som hindrat biofilmstillväxten. Med hjälp av resultat från Ghana har en ny design av ett biosandfilter tagits fram för att minska flödet genom filtret. Vilket gav en filterdiameter som är ungefär 42 cm som sedan är fylld med 80 cm sand och 15 cm grus.