is Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of water outflow from wastewater treatment plant on karst rivers. The study was done in the northern area of Moravský kras protected landscape, where the impact of WWTP Ostrov u Macochy on a cave system Lopačské propadání was studied. As a part of this study a half-year monitoring was carried out, which consisted of water sampling every two weeks. In total, 13 water samples were taken from 7 sampling points. Moreover, flow rate, temperature, conductivity, oxygen concentration and pH were measured at the sampling point. Afterwards, the content of undissolved solids, COD, BOD, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, N-NO3-, NKi and total phosphorus were determined in the samples. The change of parameters in time on the sampling points and further along the flow of the river was evaluated from the measured values. The outflow values from waste water treatment plants were compared with the emission limits for surface waters and the values of river water parameters were compared with the environmental quality standards. It wasn’t proven that the outflow from the observed waste water treatment plant is negatively influencing the water stream. The most serious problems are: -The WWTP was designed for treatment of sewage from Ostrov u Macochy, which involved separate sanitary and storm sewers. After finishing the WWTP, a uniform sewer was built. -High concentration of total phosphorus on the outflow from WWTP. -Poor quality of Lopač brook water already before the outflow vent from WWTP.

La présence de micropolluants organiques dans l’environnement et notamment le milieu aquatique, est devenue une préoccupation grandissante au cours des années. En effet, les micropolluants sont éliminés de façon variable par les différents systèmes de traitement des eaux. Ainsi, les stations d’épuration constituent une voie majeure de dissémination de ces composés dans l’environnement. Ces substances chimiques doivent être suivis et traités car elles peuvent avoir des effets indésirables sur les organismes une fois rejetées dans l’environnement. La biodégradation étant un des mécanismes de transformation dominant pour les micropolluants, les procédés biologiques, et notamment les procédés hybrides (biomasse libre et fixée), semblent pertinents pour les éliminer efficacement. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la biodégradation de la carbamazépine (CBZ), du diclofénac (DCF) et du diuron (DIU) par des microorganismes sélectionnés en utilisant un bioréacteur hybride. La méthodologie proposée a reposé sur la mise en place de tests de biodégradation en batch afin de sélectionner des microorganismes pertinents pour la dégradation des molécules cibles, avant de travailler avec un bioréacteur hybride. Les souches sélectionnées ont permis de dégrader complètement le DCF en moins de 24 heures et ont montré des résultats encourageants en 72 heures pour les autres composés. L’efficacité des souches a ensuite été évaluée sur des bioréacteurs hybrides prototypes sous différentes conditions. Bien que l’élimination du DCF ait été importante en conditions stériles, la cinétique observée était plus faible. La CBZ et le DIU ont quant à eux été faiblement éliminés. / The occurrence of organic micropollutants in the environment and notably in the aquatic bodies has become a growing concern over the years. Indeed, micropollutants are variably eliminated with different wastewater treatment systems. Thus, wastewater treatment plants represent the main transfer pathways for micropollutants to enter the environment. Among these chemical substances present in the environment at very low concentrations, pharmaceutical compounds and pesticides are of a great concern because of their potential adverse effects to ecosystems. Since biodegradation is one of the predominant transformation pathway for micropollutants, biological processes and notably hybrid processes (combining free and supported biomasses), seem relevant to remove them efficiently. In this work, our interest focuses on the biodegradation of carbamazepine, diclofenac, and diuron by selected microorganisms using a hybrid bioreactor. The methodology developed in this work consisted in the implementation of batch degradation experiments in order to select efficient microorganisms able to break down target molecules, before evaluating their efficiency using a hybrid bioreactor. The selected strains allowed degrading completely diclofenac by a co-metabolism process in less than 24 hours, and showed encouraging results in 72 hours for the other compounds. Then, the efficiency of selected strains has been evaluated using hybrid bioreactors prototypes under different conditions. Even though the removal of diclofenac was very high under sterile conditions, the observed kinetic was lower. Carbamazepine and diuron showed low removal.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the removability of microplastsic particles with different shapes (fragments, sphers, fibers) by standard water treatment process, such as coagulation, filtration and sedimentation. For the experimental purpose in this study, polyvinyl chloride with a size ≤ 50 μm and a density of 1.38 g/cm3 , was used as a representative of microplastics. The coagulation has been provided by ferric sulphate in pH range 5, 6, 7 and 8 and at a diferent dose of coagulant 20, 40, and 60 mg/l. The study results has shown, that the coagulation efficiency of polyvinyl chloride particles were affected by pH. The optimal value of pH has been 7 at the coagulant dose of 20, 40 and 60 mg/l. The presence of polyvinyl chloride shown a positive effect on coagulation. It has been reflected in a reduction of the residuals of iron concentration after coagulation, at pH 5-7. Solution with polyvinyl chloride contained 1,2 mg/l dissolved organic carbon. After fitlration the concentration decreased up to 70 % at pH 7 at dose of coagulant 40 and 60 mg/l. Experiments have shown that polyvinyl chloride particles are capable of faster sedimentation after coagulation. The flocs formed during coagulation interacted effectively with the polyvinyl chloride particles and facilitate their removal...

Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erstellung, Anpassung und Anwendung einer Methode, die es über die Quantifizierung gebildeter OH-Radikale ermöglicht, sowohl den Einfluss verschiedener Materialmodifikationen (physikalisch dotierte Nanokatalysatoren bzw. Biokompositmaterialien) als auch die Auswirkungen von Matrixbestandteilen oder hydrochemischen Randbedingungen auf die photokatalytische Effizienz der Materialien zu untersuchen. Zudem wurde angestrebt, dass sich die Anwendbarkeit der Methode nicht nur auf die Photokatalyse beschränkt, sondern auch auf andere AOPs ausgeweitet werden kann. Des Weiteren wurde über die Umsetzung der Modellspurenstoffe Carbamazepin und Diclofenac die Wirksamkeit der Katalysatormaterialien untersucht. Anhand von Versuchen im Labormaßstab werden unter Anwendung der entsprechenden Methode zur Quantifizierung der OH-Radikale bisherige zugrundeliegende Hypothesen zur photokatalytischen Erzeugung von OH-Radikalen (Einfluss von pH und Oberfläche) überprüft und modifiziert. Dabei werden neue Ansätze zur Oberflächenabhängigkeit der OH-Radikalbildung in AOPs (EAOP Diamantelektrode, UV/VUV), die Effizienz von UV/VUV im Vergleich zu UVA-Photokatalyse, die Anwendung von S-Layer-Proteinen in photokatalytischen Biokompositmaterialien sowie eine photokatalytische Umsetzung von Carbamazepin unter Nutzung neuartiger Katalysatoren und Sonnenlicht untersucht. Mit Hilfe der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse ist es möglich, photokatalytisch aktive Materialien über die OH-Radikalbildungskapazität, als Basisprozess einer photokatalytischen Eliminierung von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen aus Wässern, mit Hinblick auf ihre Effizienz und Haltbarkeit zu untersuchen. Daneben bietet das erstellte Konzept zur analytischen Anwendung der OH-Radikalbestimmung neben der Gelegenheit für interessante Vergleiche diverser AOP-Systeme auch die Möglichkeit einer Charakterisierung und Optimierung der einzelnen AOPs. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anwendung von nano-Biokompositmaterialien unter Verwendung von S-Layer-Protein zur Herstellung multifunktionaler photokatalytischer Beschichtungen vielversprechend ist. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit unterstreichen, dass die analytische Erfassung von Transformationsprodukten aus photokatalytischen bzw. oxidativen Umsetzungen im Allgemeinen von großer Bedeutung ist, jedoch allein nicht ausreicht, um hinreichend sichere Aussagen über eine mögliche Gefährdung für Mensch bzw. Ökosystem zu erhalten. / The current work was focused on the preparation, adaption and application of an analytical method for the determination of OH radicals for the comparison of the activity of different photocatalytic materials in relation to the material modification (i.e. physically doped nanomaterials or biocomposite materials) and the composition of the water matrix. Furthermore, the application of the OH radical assay should be extended on other AOPs. The degradation of the model compounds carbamazepine and diclofenac was examined to determine the efficiency of the novel photocatalysts. By using appropriate OH radical assays in laboratory scale experiments, present hypotheses in relation to the photocatalytic formation of OH radicals (i.e. influence of pH or surface) were examined and modified. New approaches on the formation of OH radicals with respect to the surface within AOPs (EAOP diamond electrodes or UV/VUV), the efficiency of UV/VUV in relation to photocatalysis using UVA irradiation, the application of S-layer proteins in biocomposite materials and the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine applying novel photocatalysts and natural sunlight were examined. Based upon the findings, it was possible to compare photocatalytic materials regarding efficiency and stability by means of the capacity to form OH radicals as the base process for the oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical trace compounds. The analytical concept offers the possibility to compare different AOPs and to characterize or optimize a single AOP. Furthermore, it was shown that the implementation of nanoscale biocomposite materials using S-layer proteins for the preparation of multi-functional coatings for photocatalytic applications is promising. In addition, the current work confirmed that the examination of transformation products of photocatalytic treatment processes or other oxidative reactions is very important. However, the analytical characterization alone is not sufficient to predict potential hazards to human health or the ecosystem with adequate reliability.

The treatment of water for human consumption results in the production of residual waste flows that vary depending on source waters and water treatment technologies. Water treatment plant residual waste is defined as a pollutant that requires treatment either on site or through other means. Due to strict and evolving regulatory requirements, treatment of water treatment plant residual waste several common methods of disposing of water plant residuals exist including discharge to surface waters, discharge to sanitary sewers, and sanitary landfill disposal of dewatered wastes. Although originally discharged to the neighboring City Reservoir, the Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) conducted an initial study to determine if plant residual waste could be treated at one of the City’s two wastewater treatment plants. No negative impacts were identified as part of this study and infrastructure was put in place to divert CWTP residual waste from the City Reservoir to the Carbondale Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant (SEWWTP). This study focused on accessing and quantifying any impacts of Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) residual solids sewer discharge on biological treatment processes, effluent water quality, and sludge production at the SEWWTP. The Carbondale SEWWTP treats raw water influent through a number of physical and biological processes including screening, clarification, nitrification/denitrification, and aeration. Of the tests run as part of this study daily samples were collected of SEWWTP influent, mixed liquor, return sludge, and effluent and measured for changes in pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), solids, sludge volume index (SVI), dissolved oxygen (DO), and nitrogen. No significant changes were documented other than percent BOD removal did improve after the introduction of the residuals. Anions were also tested weekly. Samples were collected from the SEWWTP’s oxidation ditch to monitor biological life using biological activity reaction tests (BART) for nitrifying, denitrifying, and heterotrophically active bacteria. BART testing showed no decline in biological activity and increased populations of denitrifying bacteria. Additionally, both metals and acute toxicity of SEWWTP effluent were tested by outside testing facilities to confirm that CWTP residual solids sewer discharge did not interfere with discharge limits established as part of the plant’s permits. No significant changes were observed during testing but plant staff did indicate that more extensive cleaning of the basins was implemented post-introduction. Overall, the case study confirmed that the treatment of CWTP residual solids sewer discharge did not negatively impact treatment processes at the SEWWTP and is sustainable.

Uppsatsen är en fallstudie utförd på uppdrag av Arla ostmejeri i Kalmar med syfte att undersöka om en minskning av den höga vattenförbrukningen på anläggningen är genomförbar. För att svara på studiens frågeställning har samtal med systemtekniskt kunnig personal på mejeriet tillsammans med egen efterforskning och studiebesök utförts. Fokus har lagts på att undersöka möjligheten att öka användningen av biprodukten produktkondensat som vattenresurs, vilket redan används till en nyttjandegrad upp till ca 50%. Ökningen är tänkt att ske bland annat genom att använda produktkondensatet i ostrecepten vilket gör att kondensatet måste vara fritt från bakterier och orenheter. Tanken är att det ska uppnås med hjälp av avancerad filterteknik, så som omvänd osmos och ultrafiltrering. Även undersökning kring fullständig vattenåterföring genom total vattenrening har undersökts som alternativ, det visade sig vara ett kostsamt projekt med behov av större utbyggnader. Arbetet är aktuellt då många kommuner i Sverige kämpar med att hålla vattenförsörjning till invånare och industrier under särskilt torra somrar. / This is a case study commissioned by Arla cheese dairy in Kalmar, Sweden, with the purpose to examine if a decrease of the high water consumption on the dairy is possible. To answer the question formulation of the study dialogues with experienced personnel of the dairy together with research and visit at an adjacent water treatment plant. The research has focused on the possibility to increase the use of the bi product ”product condensate” as a water resource, which is used up to 50% today. The increase is supposed to be achieved with the use of product condensate in the cheese recipes which means that the condensate needs to be free from bacteria and impurities. To reach this cleanliness of the water advanced filter technique like reversed osmosis and ultrafiltration must be used. Total water recirculation with no water discharge in the factory was examined but it showed to be an expensive project with the need of big investments.This study is important today since a lot of areas in Sweden is struggling with high water consumption, especially warm and dry summers.

An ancient technology of solar-driven water evaporation and distillation has recently been revived due to the concept of interfacial solar evaporation and the development of photothermal materials. There have been many research interests in improving solar light harvesting and solar-to-water evaporation efficiency within these systems, including new photothermal materials search, structural engineering, and thermal management. The application horizon of both solar-driven water evaporation and distillation has been broadly expanded beyond their conventional domain, including now wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, steam sterilization, electric generation, and chemicals/fuels productions. This dissertation focused on designing of photothermal materials and their applications to clean water production. More specifically: (1) a bi-layered porous rGO membrane with a polystyrene (PS) foam as the heat insulator was designed and proved to be effective for reducing heat conduction to the bulk water and to improve the solar-to-water evaporation efficiency, (2) a tandem-structured SiC-C ceramic monolith was prepared and demonstrated to be mechanically and chemically stable to withstand physical or chemical cleaning during long-term use in real seawater and wastewater, (3) in order to simultaneously treat the contaminated water and get clean distillate water, multi-functional SiC foam modified with mesoporous Au/TiO2 nanocomposites has been prepared, which was demonstrated to possess both photocatalytic reduction and oxidation abilities for complex wastewater treatment, and (4) when the water source was contaminated by VOCs, another efficient multi-functional photothermal material was designed with a honeycomb ceramic plate as the matrix material, and a CuFeMnO4 nanocomposite coating layer acting as both photothermal material and Fenton agent for VOCs removal. Therefore, the light absorption property of photothermal material could be improved by using a porous structure, tandem-structure, porous foam or 3D structure. The solar-to-water evaporation efficiency was improved by including a heat insulator and the reduction of the water channels’ dimension. The ceramic-based material showed potential for long-term use with high mechanical strength to endure physical cleaning. Multi-functional photothermal materials were successfully developed for complex wastewater treatment and clean water generation.

<p>Benzofenoni&nbsp; i&nbsp; kofein&nbsp; su&nbsp; sveprisutni,&nbsp; kako&nbsp; u&nbsp; otpadnim,&nbsp; tako&nbsp; i&nbsp; u<br />povr&scaron;inskim vodama, u koncentracijama od nekoliko ng/l do mg/l. Koriste se<br />u proizvodnji kozmetičkih preparata, kao&nbsp; pojačivači mirisa i ukusa, fiksatori<br />u&nbsp; parfemima,&nbsp; aditivi&nbsp; u&nbsp; plastici,&nbsp; sredstvima&nbsp; za&nbsp; či&scaron;ćenje,&nbsp; u&nbsp; proizvodnji<br />pesticida.&nbsp; Benzofenoni&nbsp; su&nbsp; UV&nbsp; filteri&nbsp; pa&nbsp; se&nbsp; često&nbsp; koriste&nbsp; u&nbsp; proizvodnji<br />sunčanih&nbsp; naočara,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; proizvodnji&nbsp; sapuna&nbsp; i&nbsp; parfema,&nbsp; sprečavajući&nbsp; UV<br />zrake&nbsp; da&nbsp; o&scaron;tete&nbsp; miris&nbsp; ili&nbsp; boju&nbsp; proizvoda.&nbsp; BP-3&nbsp; se&nbsp; najče&scaron;će&nbsp; koristi&nbsp; u<br />kozmetičkoj&nbsp; industriji&nbsp; kao&nbsp; UV&nbsp; filter&nbsp; u&nbsp; kremama&nbsp; za&nbsp; sunčanje,&nbsp; losionima&nbsp; za<br />telo,&nbsp; &scaron;amponima,&nbsp; bojama&nbsp; i&nbsp; sprejevima&nbsp; za&nbsp; kosu.&nbsp; Kofein&nbsp; se&nbsp; primenjuje&nbsp; u<br />proizvodnji&nbsp; prehrambenih&nbsp; proizvoda,&nbsp; lekova&nbsp; i&nbsp; kozmetičkih&nbsp; preparata.<br />Značajno&nbsp; se&nbsp; razlikuju&nbsp; po&nbsp; hidrofilnosti&nbsp; (benzofenon&nbsp; log&nbsp; Kow&nbsp; 3,18;<br />benzofenon-3&nbsp; log&nbsp; Kow&nbsp; 3,79;&nbsp; kofein&nbsp; log&nbsp; Kow&nbsp; -0,07).&nbsp; Usled&nbsp; nedostatka<br />podataka o sadržaju odabranih predstavnika benzofenona (benzofenon (BP) i<br />benzofenon-3(BP-3)) i kofeina (CF)&nbsp; u različitim tipovima vode&nbsp; (pre svega u<br />lokalnim&nbsp; otpadnim&nbsp; vodama&nbsp; i&nbsp; rečnoj&nbsp; vodi)&nbsp; i&nbsp; njihovom&nbsp; pona&scaron;anju&nbsp; u<br />tretmanima&nbsp; voda,&nbsp; izvr&scaron;ena&nbsp; su&nbsp; ispitivanja&nbsp; u&nbsp; efluentu&nbsp; tipičnog&nbsp; postrojenja&nbsp; za<br />preradu&nbsp; otpadnih&nbsp; voda&nbsp; i&nbsp; rečnoj&nbsp; vodi&nbsp; Dunava.&nbsp; Utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; sve&nbsp; tri<br />komponente&nbsp; prisutne&nbsp; u&nbsp; efluentu&nbsp; WWTP&nbsp; (BP&nbsp; od&nbsp; 0,112&nbsp; &micro;g/l&nbsp; do&nbsp; 0,146&nbsp; &micro;g/l;<br />BP-3 od 0,00718 &micro;g/l do 0,42 &micro;g/l; CF od 0,2 &micro;g/l do 12 &micro;g/l) i u Dunavu<br />(maksimalno detektovana koncentracija je za BP 0,95 &micro;g/l, za BP-3 0,62 &micro;g/l<br />i&nbsp; za&nbsp; CF&nbsp; 0,7&nbsp; &micro;g/l).&nbsp; Pored&nbsp; ispitivanja&nbsp; sadržaja&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je<br />efikasnost nekonvencionalnih procesa u obradi efluenta WWTP&nbsp; (adsorpcija,<br />koagulacije,&nbsp; PAC/CoA,&nbsp; PAC/UF)&nbsp; i&nbsp; konvencionalnih&nbsp; (adsorpcija,<br />koagulacija)&nbsp; i&nbsp; nekonvencionalnih procesa (PAC/CoA, PAC/UF, CoA/UF)&nbsp; u<br />obradi&nbsp; rečne&nbsp; vode.&nbsp; Pored&nbsp; toga&nbsp; ispitani&nbsp; su&nbsp; efekti&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; procesa<br />preči&scaron;ćavanja u rečnoj vodi.<br />Nekonvencionalni&nbsp; procesi&nbsp; za&nbsp; preči&scaron;ćavanje&nbsp; otpadnih&nbsp; voda&nbsp; su&nbsp; ispitani&nbsp; pri<br />početnoj&nbsp; koncentraciji&nbsp; supstanci&nbsp; od&nbsp; 0,96&nbsp; &micro;g/l&nbsp; do&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &micro;g/l.&nbsp; Adsorpcija&nbsp; naaktivnom&nbsp; uglju&nbsp; u&nbsp; prahu&nbsp; se&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; efikasnom&nbsp; (benzofenoni&nbsp; se&nbsp; uklanjaju<br />&gt;84%&nbsp; -&nbsp; &gt;94% u zavisnosti od doze uglja, a kofein je moguće ukloniti i do<br />84%).&nbsp; Koagulacija&nbsp; dozama&nbsp; prirodnog&nbsp; koagulanta&nbsp; od&nbsp; 0,0375&nbsp; ml/l&nbsp; i<br />komercijalnog koagulanta&nbsp; FeCl₃od 4 mg Fe ³⁺ /l se&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; neefikasnom za<br />sve&nbsp; supstance&nbsp; (&lt;20%).&nbsp; Hibridni&nbsp; PAC/CoA&nbsp; koji&nbsp; je&nbsp; ispitivan&nbsp; sa&nbsp; različitim<br />dozama&nbsp; aktivnog&nbsp; uglja&nbsp; u&nbsp; prahu&nbsp; (5&nbsp; i&nbsp; 20&nbsp; mg/l),&nbsp; prirodnim&nbsp; koagulantom<br />(0,0375 ml/l)&nbsp; ili&nbsp; komercijalnim&nbsp; koagulantom&nbsp; (4 mg Fe ³⁺ /l),&nbsp; pokazao&nbsp; se&nbsp; kao<br />efikasan za uklanjanje BP, BP-3 i CF sa većom dozom&nbsp; uglja A od 20 mg/l (&gt;88%).&nbsp; Hibridni membranski proces&nbsp; PAC/UF je pokazao&nbsp; visoku efikasnost za uklanjanje BP-3 (&gt;68%) i CF (&gt;99,95%) sa dozom uglja od 20 mg/l. Ispitivanjem&nbsp; biodegradacije&nbsp; BP,&nbsp; BP-3&nbsp; i&nbsp; CF&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; laboratorijskog&nbsp; test filtra, postignuta je efikasnost uklanjanja pri koncentraciji od 20 &micro;g/l od&nbsp; 90% do&nbsp; 99%&nbsp; i&nbsp; pokazano&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; supstance&nbsp; biodegradabilne.&nbsp; Testovi&nbsp; toksičnosti pokazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; smanjenje&nbsp; ukupne&nbsp; toksičnosti&nbsp; sme&scaron;a&nbsp; tokom laboratorijskog&nbsp; testa,&nbsp; a&nbsp; rezidualna&nbsp; toksičnost&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; <em>D.&nbsp; magna</em>&nbsp; može biti&nbsp; posledica&nbsp; nedetektovanih&nbsp; transformacionih&nbsp; produkata.&nbsp; Transportom supstanci kroz sediment Dunava&nbsp; uočeno je da&nbsp; sediment predstavlja efikasnu barijeru&nbsp; za&nbsp; oba&nbsp; testirana&nbsp; benzofenona,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; CF&nbsp; lako&nbsp; prolazi&nbsp; usled&nbsp; svoje mobilnosti (log Kow -0,07). Eksperimentima fotodegradacije potvrđeno je da degradacija benzofenona UV zračanjem&nbsp; zavisi od prisustva&nbsp; anjona (HCO₃ -, Cl i SO₄^2-)&nbsp; i DOC&nbsp; u vodenom matriksu. Iako primenjeno UV zračenje nije bilo&nbsp; realno&nbsp; za&nbsp; dezinfekciju&nbsp; u&nbsp; tretmanima&nbsp; voda,&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; su&nbsp; pokazali značaj detaljnije&nbsp; procene&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; vode&nbsp; u&nbsp; slučajevima&nbsp; kada&nbsp; se&nbsp; UV&nbsp; zračenje primenjuje.Za uklanjanje odabranih supstanci iz rečne vode ispitani su&nbsp; konvencionalni procesi&nbsp; (zasebno&nbsp; adsorpcija&nbsp; na&nbsp; aktivnom&nbsp; uglju&nbsp; u&nbsp; prahu&nbsp; i&nbsp; koagulacija komercijalnim&nbsp; koagulantom,&nbsp; BOPAC &reg; )&nbsp; i&nbsp; hibridni&nbsp; ili&nbsp; nekonvencionalni<br />procesi&nbsp; adsorpcije/koagulacije&nbsp; (PAC/CoA),&nbsp; adsorpcije/ultrafiltracije (PAC/UF) kao i koagulacije/ultrafiltracije (CoA/UF). Tokom ispitivanja PAC/CoA sa ugljem B (2 mg/l) i BOPAC &reg; (2 mg Al ³⁺ /l) u određenim&nbsp; procesnim&nbsp; kombinacijama,&nbsp; (tokom&nbsp; sukcesivnog&nbsp; dodavanja&nbsp; prvo uglja&nbsp; B,&nbsp; a&nbsp; zatim&nbsp; koagulanta)&nbsp; uočene&nbsp; su&nbsp; specifičnosti&nbsp; za&nbsp; BP,&nbsp; efikasnost uklanjanja BP je iznosila 92%. U slučaju doziranja prvo koagulanta, a zatim uglja&nbsp; B&nbsp; i&nbsp; tokom&nbsp; simultanog&nbsp; doziranja&nbsp; koagulanta&nbsp; i&nbsp; uglja&nbsp; B,&nbsp; efikasnosti&nbsp; su iznosile&nbsp; 23&nbsp; i&nbsp; 20%,&nbsp; redom.&nbsp; To&nbsp; je&nbsp; verovatno&nbsp; posledica&nbsp; kompeticije&nbsp; iliblokiranja pora&nbsp; uglja&nbsp; POM iz rečne vode.&nbsp; BP-3 se efikasno uklanjao tokom svih procesnih kombinacija sa ugljem B (87-93%), dok je za CF efikasnost<br />uklanjanja iznosila&nbsp; od 0-12%.&nbsp; Hibridni procesi su se pokazali efikasniji pri<br />primeni uglja C. U slučaju BP efikasnost je iznosila 81-90% i za CF 17-27% ,dok&nbsp; je&nbsp; za&nbsp; BP-3&nbsp; efikasnost&nbsp; iznosila&nbsp; od&nbsp; 71%&nbsp; do&nbsp; 96%.&nbsp; Hibridni&nbsp; membranski procesi&nbsp; PAC/UF&nbsp; i&nbsp; CoA/UF&nbsp; u&nbsp; obradi&nbsp; rečne&nbsp; vode&nbsp; efikasni&nbsp; su&nbsp; u&nbsp; uklanjanju supstanci&nbsp; sa&nbsp; visokim&nbsp; log&nbsp; Kow.&nbsp; Benzofenoni&nbsp; su&nbsp; u&nbsp; hibridnim&nbsp; membranskim procesima&nbsp; uklonjeni&nbsp; od&nbsp; 69%-96% iz rečne&nbsp; vode, dok su za kofein utvrđeni promenljivi rezultati i potreba za daljim istraživanjima.</p> / <p>Benzophenones and caffeine are ubiquitous&nbsp; in wastewaters&nbsp; and in surface&nbsp; waters,&nbsp; in&nbsp; concentrations&nbsp; that&nbsp; vary&nbsp; from&nbsp; ng/L&nbsp; to&nbsp; mg/L. Benzophenones&nbsp; are&nbsp; used&nbsp; as:&nbsp; smell&nbsp; and&nbsp; flavor&nbsp; enhancers,&nbsp; perfume&nbsp; fixers, plastic additives, cleaning agents, as well as in the pesticide manufacturing processes.&nbsp; Their&nbsp; UV-resistant&nbsp; properties,&nbsp; makes&nbsp; benzophenones&nbsp; a&nbsp; suitable packaging component&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; to&nbsp; prevent UV light from damaging the odor or the color of the product. Similarly, benzophenone-3 is most commonly used in the&nbsp; cosmetics&nbsp; industry;&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; UV&nbsp; filter&nbsp; agent&nbsp; in&nbsp; sunscreens,&nbsp; body&nbsp; lotions, shampoos, paints and hair sprays.&nbsp; On the other hand, caffeine is prevalent in food-,&nbsp; pharmaceutical-&nbsp; and&nbsp; cosmetics-manufacturing.&nbsp; However, benzophenones&nbsp; and&nbsp; caffeine&nbsp; have&nbsp; significantly&nbsp; different&nbsp; log&nbsp; Kow&nbsp; values. Log Kow values for benzophenone and benzophenone-3 are 3.18 and 3.79,respectively, while for caffeine log Kow is&nbsp; -0.07.&nbsp; Due to the lack of data on the&nbsp; content&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected&nbsp; benzophenones,&nbsp; (benzophenone&nbsp; (BP)&nbsp; and benzophenone-3&nbsp; (BP-3))&nbsp; and&nbsp; caffeine&nbsp; (CF)&nbsp; in&nbsp; different&nbsp; types&nbsp; of&nbsp; water (primarily in local wastewater and&nbsp; river water) and their behavior in water treatments, tests were&nbsp; carried out: a) in the effluent of a typical wastewater treatment&nbsp; plant (WWTP);&nbsp; b) and&nbsp; in&nbsp; the river Danube.&nbsp; In case of the WWTP effluent, the presence of all three compounds was detected in the following ranges: 0.112 &mu;g/L to 0.146 &mu;g/L for BP, 0.00718 &mu;g/L to 0.42 &mu;g/L for BP-3,&nbsp; and&nbsp; 0.2&nbsp; &mu;g/L&nbsp; to&nbsp; 12&nbsp; &mu;g/L&nbsp; for&nbsp; CF.&nbsp; With&nbsp; respect&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; Danube&nbsp; river,&nbsp; the highest&nbsp; detected&nbsp; concentration&nbsp; for&nbsp; BP&nbsp; was&nbsp; 0.95 &mu;g/L,&nbsp; for&nbsp; BP-3&nbsp; was 0.62 &mu;g/L,&nbsp; while&nbsp; CF&nbsp; in&nbsp; Danube&nbsp; river&nbsp; sample&nbsp; was&nbsp; measured&nbsp; in&nbsp; only&nbsp; one sample, resulting in a concentration of 0.7 &mu;g/L. In addition, this&nbsp; work has investigated&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; of&nbsp; several&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; processes:&nbsp; unconventional processes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; WWTP&nbsp; effluent&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; (adsorption,&nbsp; coagulation, PAC/CoA, PAC/UF);&nbsp; as well as the&nbsp; conventional (adsorption, coagulation) and&nbsp; unconventional&nbsp; processes&nbsp; (PAC/CoA,&nbsp; PAC/UF,&nbsp; CoA/UF)&nbsp; in&nbsp; the treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; river&nbsp; waters.&nbsp; Furthermore,&nbsp; the&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; natural&nbsp; purification processes&nbsp; in&nbsp; river&nbsp; water&nbsp; had&nbsp; also&nbsp; been&nbsp; examined&nbsp; within&nbsp; the&nbsp; scope&nbsp; of&nbsp; this research.Unconventional&nbsp; wastewater&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; processes&nbsp; were&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; at&nbsp; initial concentrations&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected substances&nbsp; that ranged&nbsp; from 0.96 &mu;g/L to 2 &mu;g/L. Adsorption&nbsp; on&nbsp; powder&nbsp; activated&nbsp; carbon&nbsp; was&nbsp; effective&nbsp; for&nbsp; removal&nbsp; of benzophenones&nbsp; (&gt; 84%&nbsp; -&gt; 94%)&nbsp; and caffeine&nbsp; (84%),&nbsp; depending on the&nbsp; dose of PAC A. Coagulation with doses of&nbsp; natural coagulant of 0.0375 mL/L&nbsp; and commercial&nbsp; coagulant&nbsp; FeCl 3 of&nbsp; 4&nbsp; mg&nbsp; Fe 3+ /L&nbsp; was&nbsp; ineffective&nbsp; for&nbsp; all substances&nbsp; (&lt;20%).&nbsp; Hybrid&nbsp; PAC/CoA&nbsp; process,&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; with&nbsp; different doses&nbsp; of&nbsp; PAC&nbsp; A&nbsp; (5&nbsp; and&nbsp; 20&nbsp; mg/L),&nbsp; natural&nbsp; coagulant&nbsp; (0.0375&nbsp; mL/L)&nbsp; or commercial coagulant (4 mg Fe 3+ /L), proved to be effective for&nbsp; the removal of BP, BP-3 and CF at a higher PAC A dose of 20 mg/L (&gt; 88%). The hybrid membrane process PAC/UF proved to be highly effective in the&nbsp; removal of BP-3 (&gt; 68%) and CF (&gt; 99.95%) with&nbsp; 20 mg/L&nbsp; of&nbsp; PAC A.&nbsp; Biodegradation of BP, BP-3 and CF had been confirmed in Danube river water sample using a&nbsp; laboratory&nbsp; test&nbsp; filter&nbsp; filled&nbsp; with&nbsp; inert&nbsp; material.&nbsp; The&nbsp; removal&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; was 90-99%&nbsp; at&nbsp; a&nbsp; concentration&nbsp; of&nbsp; 20&nbsp; &mu;g/L.&nbsp; Toxicity&nbsp; tests&nbsp; showed&nbsp; significant reduction in total toxicity of the mixture during the&nbsp; course of the&nbsp; laboratory test,&nbsp; whereas&nbsp; the&nbsp; residual&nbsp; toxicity&nbsp; in&nbsp; relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; D.&nbsp; magna&nbsp; may&nbsp; be&nbsp; due&nbsp; to undetected transformation products. Transportation of the substances through the&nbsp; Danube&nbsp; sediment,&nbsp; indicated that sediment&nbsp; acts as&nbsp; an&nbsp; effective barrier for both tested benzophenones, while&nbsp; this is not&nbsp; the&nbsp; case with&nbsp; CF.&nbsp; Its mobility (log Kow&nbsp; -0.07) allows CF to pass through the sediment.&nbsp; Photodegradation experiments have confirmed that&nbsp; BP&nbsp; degradation&nbsp; occurs due to&nbsp; the presence of&nbsp; anions&nbsp; (HCO 3-, Cl&nbsp; 2-) and DOC in the aqueous matrix. Although the applied UV radiation was&nbsp; not a realistic representation of disinfection in conventional water treatments, the results showed the importance of a more detailed&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; water&nbsp; quality&nbsp; in&nbsp; cases&nbsp; where&nbsp; UV&nbsp; radiation&nbsp; is applied.&nbsp; Herien&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; are&nbsp; also&nbsp; conventional&nbsp; processes&nbsp; (separately adsorption on PAC,&nbsp; and coagulation&nbsp; with commercial coagulant -&nbsp; BOPAC &reg; ) and hybrid or unconventional&nbsp; adsorption/coagulation&nbsp; processes (PAC/CoA), adsorption/ultrafiltration (PAC/UF) and coagulation/ultrafiltration (CoA/UF) for the&nbsp; removal of the selected substances from river water.The efficiency of BP&nbsp; removal&nbsp; via&nbsp; PAC/CoA&nbsp; with&nbsp; PAC&nbsp; B&nbsp; (2&nbsp; mg/L)&nbsp; and&nbsp; BOPAC &reg; (2 mg Al 3+ /L)&nbsp; observed&nbsp; specificity&nbsp; of&nbsp; removal&nbsp; of&nbsp; BP&nbsp; in&nbsp; certain&nbsp; process combinations, such as successive addition of first PAC B and then coagulant. The efficacy of such BP removal was 92%. In case of the initial coagulant dosing, then PAC B, and in the case of simultaneous dosage of coagulant anPAC&nbsp; B,&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; were:&nbsp; 23%&nbsp; and&nbsp; 20%,&nbsp; respectively.&nbsp; Such&nbsp; outcome&nbsp; is probably&nbsp; a&nbsp; result&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; competition/blocking&nbsp; of&nbsp; natural&nbsp; organic&nbsp; matter&nbsp; in river&nbsp; water.&nbsp; BP-3&nbsp; was&nbsp; efficiently&nbsp; removed&nbsp; during&nbsp; all&nbsp; process&nbsp; combinations with&nbsp; PAC&nbsp; B&nbsp; (87-93%),&nbsp; while&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficiency&nbsp; of&nbsp; CF&nbsp; ranged&nbsp; from&nbsp; 0-12%.&nbsp; In general, hybrid process proved to be more efficient in case of PAC C. For BP and&nbsp; CF,&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; of&nbsp; removal&nbsp; amounted&nbsp; to&nbsp; 81-90%&nbsp; and&nbsp; 17-27%, respectively, wheareas the efficiency of BP-3 removal was found to be in the range&nbsp; of&nbsp; 71-96%.&nbsp; For&nbsp; the&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; river&nbsp; water,&nbsp; hybrid&nbsp; membrane processes PAC/UF and&nbsp; CoA/UF are effective in the removal of&nbsp; substances with&nbsp; high&nbsp; log&nbsp; Kow.&nbsp; Benzophenones&nbsp; were&nbsp; removed&nbsp; from&nbsp; hybrid&nbsp; membrane processes&nbsp; by&nbsp; 69%-96% from river water, while caffeine was found to have less consistent results and requires further research.</p>

Drinking water treatment is facing an adverse impact of algae especially when they extensively decay and release cellular organic matter (COM). As the character and consequently the removal efficacy of COM depends on the individual species, the thesis compares algal organic matter (AOM) derived from four common phytoplankton species: green alga Chlamydomonas geitleri, diatom Fragilaria crotonensis, and cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima. To evaluate the differences between extracellular and cellular organic matter, we monitored the growth of those organisms and compared AOM obtained at different growth phases. As COM is not only difficult to coagulate, but also hinders the coagulation of other substances, the thesis investigates the effect of simultaneous coagulation of COM with other impurities present in surface waters: kaolin, humic substances (HS) or cyanobacterial cells of M. tenuissima. Coagulation behaviour was studied by the jar tests performed with single components and their mixtures with and without a coagulant (ferric or aluminium sulphate). Special emphasis was paid to proteinaceous COM of M. aeruginosa; to enhance the removability of proteinaceous matter we implemented pre-oxidation. Coagulation effectively removed turbidity (up to 99%) either of clay or...