Diante da descoberta de petróleo na camada Pré-Sal, o país se viu diante de uma oportunidade única para investir em um projeto específico e claro de desenvolvimento. Com a ideia de incentivar a indústria naval há anos sucateada, o governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores decidiu que iria incentivar a abertura de novos e inúmeros estaleiros espalhados pela costa do país, com estratégias que giravam em torno de índices de nacionalização e licitações encomendadas pela maior empresa estatal do país junto a grandes consórcios formados por diferentes empreiteiras. Rio Grande torna-se, assim, um dos alvos privilegiados deste novo ciclo de pujança e investimentos bilionários. De forma inicial, proponho nesta tese entender as dinâmicas desta política desenvolvimentista adentrando nas suas redes e teias, assumindo assim intensificar o projeto antidualista da análise pós-estruturalista entre desenvolvimento e impactados, para pensar como se tramam, por meio de diversas agências, novas interpretações e ações diante de um cenário extremamente novo e inédito para grande parte dos atores envolvidos. Se pergunta, antes de tudo, de que forma os discursos e práticas ligados ao desenvolvimento são tecidos e agenciados através de diferentes redes de diferentes escalas. Seguindo tais indagações, a tese questiona se há ou não unidades ou contradições quando se pensa localmente sobre impactos e benfeitorias da indústria naval em um contexto e um momento especifico. A metáfora tese pela plataforma enquanto objeto fractal reforça essa nova postura diante de teorias do desenvolvimento, onde o trabalho, em suas mais diversas expressões e formas, é a liga metálica e suporte principal para as conexões parciais comuns na etnografia contemporânea. / After the oil and gas detection at the pre-sault layer, Brazil saw a unique opportunity to invest in a specific and unambiguous development project. Idealizing to encouraging the shipbuilding industry trashed by a long time ago, the Work Party government decided to institute the opening and settlement a large number of shipyards along the Brazilian coast, with strategies based around industrial nationalization and bids ordered by the largest Brazilian statement company nigh huge contractor’s consortiums. Thus, Rio Grande became one of the main targets of this new strength cycle and billionaires investments. Initially, I try in these work to understand the dynamics of this new development policy entering in its networks, web and scales, assuming with that reinforce the anti-dualist project from the poststructuralist between development and the affected population, to rethink how the actors maneuver their expectations trough a diverse number of agencies, new interpretations and actions in front of a extremely rare and new scenario to them. The main question goes direct to ask how the discourses and development practices are woven and intermediated trough a series of networks and webs between different scales. Thus, this thesis question if whether or not there contradictions when think the improvement and impacts of development in a local site situated in a specific moment. The platform metaphor as a fractal object reinforce this new position against development theories where the labor, in their most diverse expressions and forms is the metal who connect and support the ordinary partial connections at ethnography.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Tia Ni Gong Lin.pdf: 636193 bytes, checksum: f576d0b7751120d8c4eaafb2517b1e22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-10 / The growth of Linux operating system has taken it to become a worthy competitor to commercial software such as Microsoft s Windows and Sun s Solaris. Although the development and the improvement of several Linux s features, the problem related to Linux out of memory and the current mechanism used to solve it, named as OOM Killer, has brought a long discussion at Linux kernel community. The lack of scientific works related to OOM Killer process selection algorithm motivates this dissertation to propose a mechanism for identifying and classifying memory consumption patterns of Linux applications. Such mechanism is based on a neural network technique known as Self Organizing Maps. The development of a tool based on Self Organizing Maps presented the possibility of applying such approach for memory consumption patterns classification related to Linux applications use cases. / A evolução do sistema operacional Linux possibilitou que o mesmo se tornasse o principal concorrente dos sistemas operacionais do mercado como o Windows da Microsoft e Solaris da Sun. Apesar de diversas funcionalidades e melhorias desenvolvidas no Linux, o problema relacionado à falta de memória e o mecanismo existente de solucioná-lo, chamado de OOM Killer, ainda é motivo de longas discussões na comunidade do kernel Linux. A carência de pesquisas científicas relacionada ao algoritmo de seleção de processos do OOM Killer leva esta dissertação a propor um mecanismo de identificação e classificação de padrões de consumo de memória no Linux baseada no modelo de rede neural auto-organizável. A ferramenta desenvolvida nesta dissertação mostra a possibilidade de utilizar Mapas Auto-Organizáveis para classificar e identificar os padrões de consumo de memória de determinadas aplicações inseridas em contextos de casos de uso.

A memória é considerada por muitos pesquisadores como um dos produtos mais fascinantes da evolução biológica, justamente por proporcionar aos animais a vantagem adaptativa de se utilizar de uma experiência prévia para a solução de problemas necessários para a sobrevivência. Os animais se utilizam de processos mnemônicos durante o forrageamento, a seleção de parceiros sexuais, seleção de habitat e a preferência alimentar. As aranhas são um modelo interessante em estudos de memória e há evidências do uso de experiências passadas na otimização do forrageio: a teia permite que as aranhas capturem e armazenem mais de um item alimentar. Há carência na literatura de estudos comparativos evolutivos da memória, o que dificulta identificar as possíveis pressões seletivas. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer um estudo comparativo de aspectos da memória predatória em aranhas do grupo Orbiculariae. Este grupo é monofilético e tem como principal sinapomorfia a construção de teia orbicular. Porém, ao longo da evolução, o padrão de teia foi se modificando desde uma estrutura plana até uma tridimensional. Tais modificações podem ter gerado diferenças comportamentais e no sistema de memória dessas aranhas. Por este motivo, o outro objetivo, foi traçar a evolução da memória dentro do grupo. Delinearam-se três grupos de estudo com sete espécies. Na condição natural, observou-se a captura de duas presas sucessivas. Na condição experimental I, ofereceu-se uma primeira presa (p1) à aranha e, em seguida, ofereceu-se uma segunda (p2); durante o deslocamento da aranha até p2, retirou-se p1 da teia. Na condição II, ao invés de se oferecer p2, a aranha foi atraída à periferia (simulando a queda de p2). No deslocamento da aranha até a fonte de vibração removeu-se p1. O indício de memória é observado quando, na supressão da presa, a aranha executa um comportamento denominado Busca. Neste, a aranha executa sacudidas/detecções dos fios no centro/refúgio da teia. A busca por p1 roubada foi observada em todas as espécies estudadas, exceto em Z. geniculata no grupo I. A presença de p2 parece interferir na expressão da memória de p1; deixar p2 na teia enquanto busca por p1, aumenta as chances de p2 também ser roubada por ação dos cleptoparasitas. Zosis apresenta algumas peculiaridades, entre elas a ausência de veneno. Dessa forma, o tempo gasto durante a imobilização de p2 parece ser suficiente para causar o esquecimento de p1. Todas as espécies buscaram por p1 quando não houve oferta de p2, inclusive Zosis. O tempo de busca, na condição I, diminui da base de Araneoidea até as famílias mais derivadas. No grupo II, há uma aparente inversão do sinal filogenético e o tempo de busca aumenta na família mais derivada. A estrutura da teia tridimensional parece ser mais complexa e, por este motivo, exigiria um sistema de navegação espacial também mais complexo quando comparado às aranhas orbitelas. A construção da teia parece ter sido crucial para a captura e armazenamento de presas excedentes, e tal comportamento, juntamente com a diversificação das teias, favoreceu a variação e evolução da memória na Ordem Araneae / Memory is one of the most fascinating products of biological evolution, because it endows animals with the adaptive use a prior experiences to solve survival problems. Animals use mnemonic processes during foraging, selection of sexual partners, habitat selection, and feeding preference. Spiders are an interesting model for studies of memory, and there is evidence of their using of past experiences in optimizing foraging: the web allows the spiders to capture and store more than one food item. In literature, there are few comparative studies, and no one about the evolution of memory, making it difficult to identify the possible selective pressures on memory. The first objective here was to make a comparative study on the aspects of predatory memory in spiders of the group Orbiculariae. This group is monophyletic and its main synapomorphy is building an orbicular web. However, during evolution, the web pattern changed from a flat to a three-dimensional structure. Such changes may have caused differences in behavior and memory. For that reason, another goal was to trace the evolution of memory within the group. We used three experimental groups with seven species each. In natural conditions, there was an observation of the capture of two successive preys. In the experimental condition I, a first prey (p1) was offered to the spider and, subsequently, another prey (p2) was offered; during the locomotion of the spider towards p2, p1 was removed from the web. In condition II, instead of offering p2, the spider was attracted to the periphery (simulating the fall of p2). As the spider moved towards the source of vibration, p1 was removed. The evidence of memory is observed when, in the suppression of the prey, the spider performs a behavior called search behavior: the spider runs plucking on threads in the web hub/retreat. The search for stolen p1 was observed in all species studied, except for Zosis geniculata in group I. The presence of p2 appears to interfere with the expression of p1 memory, and also leaving p2 on the web while searching for p1, increases the chances of having p2 stolen by the action of kleptoparasites. Zosis presents some peculiarities, including the absence of poison glands, leading to a prolonged immobilization of p2, in a time lag that could then be sufficient forget p1. All species sought by p1 when there was no offer of p2, including Zosis. The search time, in condition I, decreases from the base of Araneoidea until the most derived families. In group II, there is an apparent reversal of the phylogenetic signal and the search time increases in the most derived family. The three-dimensional structure of the derived webs seems to be more complex and, therefore, it would require a spatial navigation system also more complex if compared to the flat orbweb. The construction of the web seems to have been crucial for prey capture and storage of surpluses, and such behavior, along with the diversification of the webs, favored the variation and evolution of memory in the Order Araneae

Les estuaires à mangroves sont des écosystèmes très dynamiques qui transportent du carbone provenant des eaux continentales et de la production côtière vers la plaine d’inondation, et exportent vers l’océan une partie de celui fixé par la végétation environnante. Les mangroves sont des écosystèmes très productifs et servent ainsi de zones de nurserie et d’alimentation pour de nombreuses espèces côtières qui y pénètrent lors de la marée montante et exportent lors de la marée descendante la matière qu’ils y ont ingérée. Cependant, les quantités et la qualité du carbone qui est échangé dans l’estuaire, ainsi que les transformations qui s’y opèrent, sont encore mal connues. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier le cycle du carbone dans l’estuaire traversant la mangrove de Can Gio, au sud du Vietnam, ainsi que les organismes macroscopiques connectant la mangrove au compartiment océanique par leurs déplacements ; ceci, afin de mieux comprendre le bilan de carbone de la mangrove de Can Gio, et plus largement, celui des mangroves tropicales. Les résultats présentés sont issus de 3 campagnes d’échantillonnage ; la première en saison sèche, uniquement le long de l’estuaire traversant la mangrove ; la deuxième en saison humide, le long de l’estuaire et dans un chenal de vidange ; et la dernière afin de simuler en laboratoire le devenir d’effluents crevetticoles une fois rejetés dans l’estuaire. Des suivis des masses d’eau ont été effectués en différentes zones du réseau hydrographique de la mangrove, à chaque fois au cours d’un cycle tidal complet (24 h), et diverses espèces macroscopiques ont été capturées dans le lit mineur et la zone intertidale. Cette étude s’intéresse à la fois aux formes minérales du carbone, notamment le CO2 qui joue un rôle clé dans la régulation du climat, à ses formes organiques, en particulier les acides gras qui sont utilisés comme traceurs de la matière organique dans les réseaux trophiques et qui possèdent de nombreuses fonctions métaboliques, et enfin à des spécificités du compartiment microbien, qui contribue au remaniement de ce carbone. / Mangrove estuaries are highly dynamic environments importing carbon originating from both the watershed and the coastal ocean to the adjacent floodplain, and exporting to the ocean a fraction of that photosynthesised by the surrounding vegetation. Mangroves are very productive ecosystems. Thus, they serve as a nursery for a wide variety of coastal species entering the ecosystem during flood, and exporting during ebb the carbon they consumed. However, the quantities and the quality of carbon exchanged within the estuary, along with the transformations occurring during the water transit, are still not fully understood. This work aims to examine the carbon cycle in the main estuarine channel of the Can Gio mangrove, located in southern Vietnam, along with macroscopic species connecting the mangrove ecosystem to the coastal ocean through their movements; this, in order to better understand the carbon budget of the Can Gio mangrove, and at a broader scale, of tropical mangroves. Results presented in this manuscript are originating from 3 sampling campaigns; the first performed during the dry season, along the main estuarine channel only; the second achieved during the wet season, along both the main estuarine channel and a mangrove tidal creek; and the last in order to simulate in controlled conditions the fate of shrimp pond effluents once released in the estuary. Water column parameters were surveyed at different sites located on the mangrove waterways, each during a complete tidal cycle (24 h), and various macroscopic species were sampled from both the intertidal zone and the water column. This study examines concomitantly mineral forms of carbon, particularly CO2, which plays a major role in climate mitigation; its organic forms, especially fatty acids, used as biomarkers in trophic webs studies and implied in diverse metabolic functions; and specificities of the microbial compartment, contributing to the cycling of this carbon.

Dans les agroécosystèmes, la biodiversité fonctionnelle et la biodiversité associée fournissent de nombreux services à l'homme dont la pollinisation, la régulation biologique et le cycle des nutriments. L'association des cultures est une pratique agricole qui augmente la diversité des plantes dans les agroécosystèmes, fournit des ressources alimentaires alternatives et structure les communautés des arthropodes. Elle favorise les prédateurs généralistes pour la régulation biologique des ravageurs. Cette étude vise à comprendre comment la diversité des plantes, à l'échelle de la parcelle, structure les réseaux trophiques des arthropodes et peut participer à améliorer la régulation biologique des ravageurs. Tout d'abord, une méta-analyse a été réalisée afin de rechercher la relation générale liant la diversité végétale considérée à l'échelle locale et le contrôle des insectes ravageurs par les prédateurs généralistes. Ensuite, sur un réseau de 20 parcelles paysannes de la région de Njombé au Cameroun, nous avons étudié l'effet de la diversité des plantes cultivées sur la structure du réseau trophique des arthropodes. Les résultats ont montré que l'abondance des prédateurs était positivement corrélée avec la diversité des plantes alors que celle des herbivores était négativement corrélée avec la diversité des plantes. L'effet inverse de la diversité des plantes sur les abondances des prédateurs et des herbivores suggère que des effets top-down structurent la communauté des arthropodes dans les parcelles de plantain. Enfin, l'effet de trois cultures couramment associées au plantain (maïs Zea mays, macabo Xanthosoma sagittifolium, et pistache Lagenaria siceraria) sur i) la structure de la communauté des fourmis et ii) les dégâts de Cosmopolites sordidus ont été étudiés dans un essai réalisé en station expérimentale. Les trois cultures associées ont eu un effet significatif sur l'abondance de tous les taxa de fourmis collectés mais le sens et la magnitude de cet effet ont varié selon les taxa. Cela montre le levier que constituent les cultures associées pour structurer la communauté des prédateurs généralistes de l'agroécosystème. Les abondances de tous les taxa de fourmis étaient également corrélées avec les dégâts de C. sordidus. Les abondances de Camponotus spp., Monomorium spp., Paratrechina longicornis et Tetramorium sp. étaient négativement corrélées avec les dégâts de C. sordidus montrant leur potentiel de régulation de ce ravageur. Cette étude à l'échelle de la communauté de l'agroécosystème suggère qu'il est nécessaire de prendre en compte les effets de la diversité végétale à tous les niveaux trophiques pour espérer maximiser le service de régulation des ravageurs.Mots clés : Diversité des plantes, cultures associées, réseaux trophiques, arthropodes, fourmis, structure de la communauté / Functional diversity and associated biodiversity in agroecosystems provide and promote important services to human society such as pollination, biological control, and nutrient cycling. Intercropping is a practical way to increase plant diversity in agroecosystems and participates to provide alternative foods and to structure arthropod communities, including generalist predators involved in pest control. To better understand how plant diversity structures the arthropod food web and how the control of pest may be optimized, we first made one meta-analysis to understand the mechanisms linking plant diversity to pest control by generalist predators at local scale. We second studied the effect of plant diversity on the arthropod community in contrasted plantain fields. We showed that predator abundance was positively correlated with plant diversity while herbivore abundance was negatively correlated with plant diversity. This strong and inverse effect of plant diversity on herbivore and predator abundance suggests that top-down forces structure the arthropod community in plantain fields and that it should be possible to structure the predator community to better control herbivores including pests. In a third step, we measured the effect of combinations of three associated crops maize Zea mays, cocoyam Xanthosoma sagittifolium and gourd Lagenaria siceraria as intercrops on ant community structure and then the effect relation between ant abundances with Cosmopolites sordidus damages. The three associated plants had a significant effect on abundance of all ant species but in different magnitudes and with either negative or positive effect showing that the selection of plant species that are intercropped is an efficient way to structure the ant community. The abundances of all species of ants were positively or negatively correlated with the damages of C. sordidus larvae. The abundances of Camponotus spp., Monomorium spp., Paratrechina longicornis and Tetramorium sp. were negatively correlated to C. sordidus damage. These ants appear to be the best candidates for C. sordidus control. These findings will help in the design of plantain agroecosystems that enhance pest control services.Keywords: Plant diversity, intercropping, arthropod food webs, ants, interspecific interactions, habitat structure

Predators exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators are important features of many ecosystems and have changed the way we understand predator-prey interactions, but are not well understood in some systems. For my dissertation research I combined a variety of approaches to examine the effect of predation risk on herbivore foraging and reproductive behaviors in a coral reef ecosystem. In the first part of my dissertation, I investigated how diet and territoriality of herbivorous fish varied across multiple reefs with different levels of predator biomass in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. I show that both predator and damselfish abundance impacted diet diversity within populations for two herbivores in different ways. Additionally, reef protection and the associated recovery of large predators appeared to shape the trade-off reef herbivores made between territory size and quality. In the second part of my dissertation, I investigated context-dependent causal linkages between predation risk, herbivore foraging behavior and resource consumption in multiple field experiments. I found that reef complexity, predator hunting mode, light availability and prey hunger influenced prey perception of threat and their willingness to feed. This research argues for more emphasis on the role of predation risk in affecting individual herbivore foraging behavior in order to understand the implications of human-mediated predator removal and recovery in coral reef ecosystems.

Establishing historical water velocities is a goal of Everglades restoration because of their role maintaining landscape topographic relief. However, flows may also change the trophic state of marshes by phosphorus loading. I used fatty acid (FA) and stoichiometric data to quantify how increased sheet flow altered the relative heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions to aquatic consumers in a field experiment that introduced flowing water to an Everglades marsh in November, 2014. Algal taxonomic composition was different between pre-flow and flow sampling, marked by increases in the nutrient exploiting Mougeotia species (green algae) during flow sampling. Dietary tracer FAs in consumers reflected changes in algal resources, including an increase in green algae-derived and a decrease in bacteria-derived FAs. These food web responses indicate that establishing historic water velocity in degraded wetlands can shift the origins of organic matter from a more detrital to more algal supported web.

Changes of habitats are amongst the main drivers of evolutionary processes. Corresponding shifts in the behaviour and life history traits of species might in turn also alter ecosystem attributes. The reproduction of Western European fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra), in small pond habitats instead of first order streams, is one example of a recent local adaptation. Since fire salamander larvae are important top-predators in these fish free habitats, their presence likely changes various aspects of ecosystem functioning. Here, it was analysed how the ecological performance of salamander larvae in ponds in the Kottenforst in Western Germany changed in comparison to sympatric stream populations. Further, it was analysed how their presence in ponds influenced key ecosystem attributes such as prey density and diversity and aquatic-terrestrial linkage. To assess the impact of the life cycle shifts in salamanders on the pond functioning, detailed investigations of salamander larvae population dynamics, phenology, and macroinvertebrate community development in ponds were combined with experimental manipulations of the salamander presence. In the first part of this study, the impact of pond presence of fire salamanders in terms of ecosystem functioning focussing on aquatic terrestrial subsidy transfer was calculated. The study could show, that the adaptation of fire salamanders to breed in pools led to strong increases of animal-mediated import of terrestrial matter into the aquatic habitats. The hypothesis about the impact on macroinvertebrate communities derived from these calculations was then tested experimentally. It was shown, that presence of salamander larvae could influence some taxa of macroinvertebrates but they had only limited effects on the food web structure in their aquatic habitats. Yet, a high relevance of the subsidy exchange from aquatic to terrestrial and its high relevance for the predator persistence in the system could again be confirmed. Moreover, it was demonstrated, that the larval behaviour and performance could have a high inter-annual variability as a reaction to contrasting ecosystem constraints in comparison to the stream habitats. A fact that integrally separates the pond ecotype from stream ecotype conspecifics.

Orientador: Fernando Luiz Fogliano / Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende mostrar, à partir de uma pesquisa estética e discursiva, que o desenho é uma ferramenta possível para captar e acessar o mundo, e que ambos (desenho e mundo) se manifestam através de uma gramática. Considerando essa premissa, a pesquisa inicia-se com a demonstração da necessidade de dialogo entre as áreas do conhecimento, e da complementaridade entre a objetivade e subjetividade como formas de pensar. Afirmando assim, que cada especialidade acessa e descreve o mundo à partir de suas capacidades especificas e que a conexão entre todas essas potencialidades é capaz de nos guiar em direção à expansão do conhecimento e da consciência. Em seguida é apresentada uma pesquisa prática (visual) que utiliza a classificação e o desenho para isolar e perceber diferentes padrões dessa gramática. Por fim, a ação de desenhar e de perceber demonstra-se também como produtora de nova informação (Arte) que deve ser acrescentada à tal gramática, pois a natureza e o ser humano são vistos como integrantes (em oposição à dicotomia natureza x cultura) e que a linguagem do desenho produzida pelo ser humano durante a historia da nossa espécie, nossos símbolos, expressões, e registros, manifestam alguma força presente dentro e fora de nossos corpos, a qual materializa-se sob a forma de padrões de crescimento e organização. O objetivo último é demonstrar que a espécie humana é apenas mais uma das espécies pertencentes a uma rede extremamente complexa de agentes, em diferentes es... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation aims to show, from an aesthetic and discursive research, that drawing is a possible tool to capture and access the world, and that both (drawing and world) manifest themselves through a grammar. Considering this premise, the research begins with the demonstration of the need for dialogue between the areas of knowledge, and the complementarity between objectivity and subjectivity as ways of thinking. Thus affirming that each specialty accesses and describes the world from its specific capabilities and that the connection between all these potentialities is able to guide us towards the expansion of knowledge and consciousness. Then, a practical (visual) research that uses classification and drawing to isolate and perceive different patterns of this grammar is presented. Finally, the action of drawing and perceiving also demonstrates itself as a producer of new information (Art) that must be added to such grammar, since nature and human beings are seen as integral (as opposed to the nature x culture dichotomy). and that the language of drawing produced by human beings during the history of our species, our symbols, expressions, and records, manifest some force present within and outside our bodies, which materializes in the form of patterns of growth and organization. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate that the human species is just one of the species belonging to an extremely complex network of agents, at different scales, all carriers of language. / Mestre

Spider attachrnentdisc silk fibers are spun into a viscous liquid that rapidly solidifies, gluing dragline silk fibers to substrates for locomotion or web construction. Here we report the identification and artificial spinning of a novel attachment disc glue silk fibroin, Pyriform Spidroin 2 (PySp2), from the golden orb weaver Nephila c/avipes. MS studies support PySp2 is a constituent of the pyriform gland that is spun into attachment discs. Analysis of the PySp2 protein architecture reveals sequence divergence relative to the other silk family members, including the cob weaver glue silk fibroin PySpl. PySp2 contains internal block repeats that consist of two sub-repeat units: one dominated by Ser, Gin and Ala, the other Pro-rich. Artificial spinning of recombinant PySp2 truncations shows that the Ser-Gln-Ala-rich sub-repeat is sufficient for the assembly of polymeric subunits and subsequent fiber formation. These studies support that both orb- and cob-weaving spiders have evolved highly polar block-repeat sequence with the ability to self-assemble into fibers, suggesting a strategy to allow fiber fabrication in the liquid environment of the attachment discs.