Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera hur ett framtida specifikt skydd för visselblåsare bör se ut i svensk lag. Norsk rätt till skydd för visselblåsare och Europarådets krav på sådan lagstiftning analyseras och jämförs för att kunna besvara syftet. Svensk rätt ger idag ett visst skydd för visselblåsare, dock erhåller alla inte samma skydd eftersom yttrandefriheten enbart gäller mot det allmänna. Det partiella skydd som finns är svåröverskådligt eftersom regleringen finns inom flera olika rättskällor. I norsk rätt har alla rätt till yttrandefrihet i anställningsförhållandet. Anställda har också rätt att varsla om kritikvärdiga förhållanden när det sker på ett försvarligt sätt, då råder ett repressalieförbud. I övrigt ska interna system införas när förhållandena kräver det. Europarådet ställer en rad krav som ska uppfyllas i en skyddslagstiftning för visselblåsare. Framförallt ska lagstiftningen erbjuda ett heltäckande skydd som ger ett säkert alternativ jämfört med att hålla tyst om oegentligheter som pågår. En jämförelse mellan den norska rätten och Europarådets krav visade att de är överensstämmande. Vid jämförelsen mellan svensk rätt och det norska systemet åskådliggjordes det att de båda systemen i grunden är lika. Skillnader finns dock vilket leder till att det i Norge finns ett starkare skydd för visselblåsare. Slutsatsen om hur ett svenskt skydd bör se ut blev mycket likt det norska systemet. För det första bör de svenska grundlagarna ändras så att yttrandefriheten gäller i alla anställningar. För det andra ska alla arbetstagare ha rätt att slå larm om oegentligheter och andra missförhållanden på arbetsplatsen på ett försvarligt tillvägagångssätt. När de kriterierna är uppfyllda råder ett repressalieförbud. Eventuellt kan det också införas lagkrav på att arbetsgivaren ska införa interna system för visselblåsning, dock enbart när förhållandena kräver det.

<p>This study aims to investigate, from an institutional perspective, the implications of the</p><p>new anti-corruption law in Viet Nam with a particular focus on its impact on civil society</p><p>and individual rights to report on corruption. The overarching research question is: How do</p><p>formal and informal institutions affect whistle-blowers possibilities to engage in combat of</p><p>corruption in Viet Nam? To blow the whistle in Viet Nam can be problematic, with</p><p>consequences such as loosing his/hers job and social exclusion. Whistle-blowers in Viet</p><p>Nam today seem to have an insufficient confidence to official authorities. Moreover, a</p><p>problem of significance is that whistle-blowers have to state their name and contact details</p><p>when reporting on corrupt acts to competent agencies. Another problem is that civil society</p><p>is strongly connected to the CPV (Communist Party of Viet Nam).</p>

Whistle-blowers have an important role as they reveals incongruities in organizations in order to enable improvement of working conditions. However, there is a risk of reprisals against the employees when expressing their discontent, which may prevent them from blowing the whistle. Since whistle-blowers in private sectors have less protection of freedom of expression against their employer, the protections of whistleblowing also become weaker in these organizations. Nowadays it is becoming increasingly common for businesses in the welfare sector to govern under private management, but still with public funding. A weak protection of whistleblowing therefore reduces the public's opportunity to gain insight into how public funds are used. Therefore the aim of the study is to examine the protection of whistleblowing in private sectors and especially highlight the problem with a weak protection in private organizations that are publicly funded. The Swedish law has no general regulation for the protection of whistle-blowers, which leads to a complex legal situation. It will additionally be new regulations introduced in this area, which might lead to further complexity. The second purpose of the study is therefore to analyse the new regulations and identify some possible consequences of the legislation. A legal dogmatic method is used in the essay with the purpose of investigating the current legislation. The study shows that employees in private sectors have a relatively expansive right to criticize their employer and the conditions at workplaces. The judgement depends on how the employee chooses to express their criticism and therefore there are several factors that must be taking into account. The new regulations will hopefully reduce the risk of reprisals related to whistleblowing. On the other hand there are some identified weaknesses in the legislation that might imply that the intention of the law not would be fulfilled. Therefore the question still stands if the whistle-blower’s situation in the private sector will be improved by the new regulations.

The primary goal of this study is firstly to analyse the Fraud Prevention Policy and Strategy, the Policy on Protection of Whistle-Blowers, and the Policy Document on Forensic Audit Process of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in order to establish the reason for the ongoing spate of fraudulent and corrupt activities among employees within the DTI Head Office, regardless of the relevant policies put in place. Secondly, another goal is also to establish other reasons that could be linked to the reoccurrence of fraudulent and corrupt activities within the DTI. During the research survey questionnaires were administered to employees of the DTI. Furthermore, online interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample within two divisions of the DTI. In addition, a literature study was conducted to acquire relevant information and perspectives from available national and international literature. Various objectives were fulfilled in this study as follows:  It was established whether the reporting of internal or external fraud and corruption and the relevant policies put in place contribute in any manner to the prevention of fraudulent and corrupt activities at the Department of Trade and Industry's national office.  It was determined if there is a policy document on measuring these policies after they have been implemented.  It was determined how the Department of Trade and Industry's national head office addresses fraud and corruption. Other possible reasons for the Department of Trade and Industry employees' lack of reporting fraud and corruption in their departments, other than the fear of being victimised, were identified.  The views and opinions on the internal reporting of fraud and corruption were determined.  The degree of awareness of the investigative procedures related to fraud and corruption among the Department of Trade and Industry management and their employees were determined.  It was established if employees have faith in the Department of Trade and Industry's investigative procedures to fraud and corruption.  The extent of knowledge on the importance of reporting fraudulent and corrupt activities in the DTI were established.  Feedback to help minimise fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry and improve future strategies was provided. This study contributes to the knowledge base with regard to fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech (Policing)

Mit Hilfe von Gesetzesinitiativen wurden strenge Corporate-Governance-Anforderungen erhoben. Diese formale Governance lässt jedoch das Individuum als moralisch handelndes Subjekt völlig außer Acht. In dieser Arbeit stehen der Handelnde und der Handlungsprozess im Vordergrund. Die Bedeutung der individuellen Urteilskraft in Hinweisgebersystemen wird exemplarisch herausgearbeitet und Förderungspotential aufgezeigt.

This study aims to investigate, from an institutional perspective, the implications of the new anti-corruption law in Viet Nam with a particular focus on its impact on civil society and individual rights to report on corruption. The overarching research question is: How do formal and informal institutions affect whistle-blowers possibilities to engage in combat of corruption in Viet Nam? To blow the whistle in Viet Nam can be problematic, with consequences such as loosing his/hers job and social exclusion. Whistle-blowers in Viet Nam today seem to have an insufficient confidence to official authorities. Moreover, a problem of significance is that whistle-blowers have to state their name and contact details when reporting on corrupt acts to competent agencies. Another problem is that civil society is strongly connected to the CPV (Communist Party of Viet Nam).

Mit Hilfe von Gesetzesinitiativen wurden strenge Corporate-Governance-Anforderungen erhoben. Diese formale Governance lässt jedoch das Individuum als moralisch handelndes Subjekt völlig außer Acht. In dieser Arbeit stehen der Handelnde und der Handlungsprozess im Vordergrund. Die Bedeutung der individuellen Urteilskraft in Hinweisgebersystemen wird exemplarisch herausgearbeitet und Förderungspotential aufgezeigt.

The primary goal of this study is firstly to analyse the Fraud Prevention Policy and Strategy, the Policy on Protection of Whistle-Blowers, and the Policy Document on Forensic Audit Process of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in order to establish the reason for the ongoing spate of fraudulent and corrupt activities among employees within the DTI Head Office, regardless of the relevant policies put in place. Secondly, another goal is also to establish other reasons that could be linked to the reoccurrence of fraudulent and corrupt activities within the DTI. During the research survey questionnaires were administered to employees of the DTI. Furthermore, online interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample within two divisions of the DTI. In addition, a literature study was conducted to acquire relevant information and perspectives from available national and international literature. Various objectives were fulfilled in this study as follows:  It was established whether the reporting of internal or external fraud and corruption and the relevant policies put in place contribute in any manner to the prevention of fraudulent and corrupt activities at the Department of Trade and Industry's national office.  It was determined if there is a policy document on measuring these policies after they have been implemented.  It was determined how the Department of Trade and Industry's national head office addresses fraud and corruption. Other possible reasons for the Department of Trade and Industry employees' lack of reporting fraud and corruption in their departments, other than the fear of being victimised, were identified.  The views and opinions on the internal reporting of fraud and corruption were determined.  The degree of awareness of the investigative procedures related to fraud and corruption among the Department of Trade and Industry management and their employees were determined.  It was established if employees have faith in the Department of Trade and Industry's investigative procedures to fraud and corruption.  The extent of knowledge on the importance of reporting fraudulent and corrupt activities in the DTI were established.  Feedback to help minimise fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry and improve future strategies was provided. This study contributes to the knowledge base with regard to fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech (Policing)

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