The use of insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based power converters is increasing exponentially. This is due to high performance of these devices in terms of efficiency and switching speed. However, due to the switching action, high frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) noises are generated. Design of a power converter with reduced EMI noise level is one of the primary objectives of this research. The first part of the work focuses on designing common-mode (CM) filters, which can be integrated with differential-mode (DM) filters for three-phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifier-based motor drives. This work explores the filter design based on the CM equivalent circuit of the drive system. Guidelines are provided for selection of the filter components. Different variants of the filter topology are evaluated to establish the effectiveness of the proposed topology. Analytical results based on Bode plot of the transfer functions are presented, which suggest effective EMI reduction. Experimental results based on EMI measurement on the grid side and CM current measurement on the motor side are presented. These results validate the effectiveness of the filter. In the second part of the work, it is shown that inclusion of CM filters into DM filters results in resonance oscillations in the CM circuit. An active damping strategy is proposed to damp the oscillations in both line-to-line and line-to-ground ac voltages and currents. An approach based on pole placement by state feedback is used to actively damp both the DM and CM filter oscillations. Analytical expressions for state-feedback controller gains are derived for both continuous-and discrete-time models of the filter. Trade-off in selection of the active damping gain on the lower-order grid current harmonics is analysed using a weighted admittance function method. In the third part of the work, single-phase grid-connected power converters are considered. An integrated CM filter with DM LCL filter is proposed. The work explores the suitability of PWM methods for single-phase and parallel single-phase grid-connected power converters. It is found that bipolar PWM and unipolar PWM with 180◦interleaving angle are suitable for single-phase and parallel single-phase power converters, respectively. The proposed configuration along with the PWM methods reduces the CM voltage, CM current, and EMI noise level effectively. It is also shown that the suggested circuit is insensitive to nonidealities of the power converter such as dead-time mismatch, mismatch in converter-side inductors, unequal turn on and turn off of the switches, and propagation delays. In the fourth part of the work, the inter-phase inductor in parallel interleaved power converters is integrated with LCL filter boost inductor. Different variant designs are presented and compared with the proposed structure. It is shown that the proposed structure makes use of standard core geometries and consumes lesser core material as well as copper wire. Hence, it reduces the overall size and cost of the power converter. In the present work, a 10kVA three-phase back-to-back connected with input LCL filter and output dv/dt filter, a 5kVA single-phase grid-connected power converter with LCL filter, and a 7.5kVA parallel single-phase grid-connected power converter with LCL filter are fabricated in the laboratory to evaluate and validate the proposed methods. The experimental results validate the proposed methods that result in significant EMI performance improvement of grid-connected power converters.

I arbetet har jag samlat in borrprovkärnor från 21st levande träd 218-27år gamla från en lokal nära Torneträsk, behandlat och analyserat borrprovkärnorna vad gäller ringvidd (TRW), eng. tree ring width, och densitet (MXD), eng. maximum density, samt studerat hur väl resulterande kronologier följer sommarmedeltemperaturerna från Abisko väderstation. I arbetet ges kort bakgrundsfakta om det valda geografiska områdets, Torneträsk, roll och betydelse i det aktuella forskningsområdet, dendroklimatologi, och beskrivningar av några för uppgiften viktiga aspekter och metoder och problematiken med fenomenet divergence phenomena (DP). Datat är förberett för att användas som en förlängning till den existerande kronologin. Dendrokronologin vid Torneträsk innehåller innan detta; TRW som sträcker sig över 7 400år (år 5704 f.kr. – år 2004) och MXD som sträcker sig över 1 563år (åren 441 – 2004). Vid insamlandet har unga träd inkluderats i proverna för att undvika DP vid skapandet av kronologin. / In this project I have sampled 21 living trees in the age range of 218-27years old in the Torneträsk area, northern Sweden. I have prepared and analysed the samples regarding ring width (TRW) and maximum density (MXD) and investigated the correlation to summertemperatures from the nearby wheather station in Abisko. The data has been prepared as an update for the now existing chronology from the area which up until this contains TRW data spanning over 7 400years (BC 5704 – AD 2004) and MXD data over 1 563years (AD 441 – 2004). Young trees as well as older were sampled in an attempt to avoid creating divergence phenomena (DP) from the update.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt integrierte Hochvolt-Schaltungen für die Ansteuerung elektrostatisch arbeitender Mikroaktoren und Mikroaktorarrays. Im Besonderen wird auf die Gesichtspunkte der Treiberschaltungen von Torsionsspiegelarrays eingegangen. Es werden verschiedene Verstärkerbetriebsarten und Schaltungsvarianten hinsichtlich der Ansteuerung kleiner kapazitiver Lasten beurteilt. Für die hocheffiziente Signalübertragung zwischen Low-Side und High-Side in geschalteten Hochvolt-Verstärkern wird ein neuer dynamischer Level-Shifter vorgestellt. Anhand eines gebondeten Mikroelektronik-Mikromechanik-Aufbaus für ein Hadamard-Transformations-Spektrometer werden die speziellen Aspekte des Elektronikentwurfs für ein System-in-Package aufgezeigt. Als Entwurfsgrundlage wird ein Überblick über die wesentlichen Isolationstechnologien für integrierte Hochvolt-Schaltungen und über die Bauelementemodellierung in einer SOI-Technologie ausgearbeitet. Außerdem werden die Vor- und Nachteile der wichtigsten Antriebsprinzipien von Mikroaktoren zusammengefasst.

This project is made for a deeper understanding ofhow frequency and amplitude of the waves that create the controlwave in a Pulse Width Modulated 2-level inverter affect the powerquality and power losses. The results were that a high frequencyreduces the Total Harmonic Distortion but increases the powerloss. The amplitude, however, reduces both the Total HarmonicDistortion and the power loss as it increases. All the analyseswere done in a simulation program called Simulink. The resultscan be applied when improving High Voltage Direct Currentinverters to develop a functional High Voltage Direct Currentgrid that enables wider use of renewable energy sources. / Projektet syftar till att få en djupare förståelse för hur frekvensen och amplituden på de vågor som skapar kontollvågen i en pulsbreddsmodulerad likspänningsomvandlare med två nivåer påverkar effektkvalitén och effektförlusterna. Resultatet av studien var att en hög frekvens minskar ”Total Harmonic Distortion” men ökar effektförlusterna. Amplituden å andra sidan reducerar både ”Total Harmonic Distortion” och effektförlusterna när den ökar. Alla analyserna är gjorda i simuleringsprogrammet Simulink. Resultaten kan appliceras när högspända likspänningsomvandlare vidareutvecklas för att skapa ett fungerande högspänt-likströms elnät som öppnar upp för en bredare användning av förnyelsebara energikällor. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

Background: Obesity-induced alterations in biomechanics and muscle recruitment during activities of daily living, such as sit-to-stand (STS) are often attributed to increases in adipose tissue (AT) mass. Central or peripheral distribution of AT may differently affect biomechanics and muscle recruitment. Methods: Fifteen healthy, normal weight (BMI 22.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 24.1 ± 4.2 years) subjects volunteered. External loads equivalent to a 5 kg/m2 BMI increase were applied in three conditions: unloaded (UN), centrally loaded (CL), and peripherally loaded (PL). Subjects completed three successful STS movements in a backless chair under each load condition in random order. Motion analysis and lower extremity surface electromyography (EMG) were measured. Results: Compared to UN and CL, PL significantly increased support width during STS. PL also significantly increased maximum trunk flexion compared to CL. Peak and total VM EMG activity were significantly increased during CL, compared to UN and PL. During CL, peak VL EMG activity was significantly greater than UN. Conclusions: Central and peripheral weight gain induce different biomechanical adaptations during STS. Central weight gain increases knee extensor muscle activity during STS independent of biomechanical changes. In contrast, peripheral weight gain increases support width and trunk flexion with minimal EMG changes during STS.

One of the main elements of dendrochronological standardization is removing the biological trend, i.e. the progressive decline of ring width along a cross-sectional radius that is caused by the corresponding increase in stem size and tree age over time. The ‘‘conservative’’ option for removing this biological trend is to fit a modified negative exponential curve (or a straight line with slope ≤ 0) to the ring-width measurements. This method is based on the assumption that, especially for open-grown and/or shade-intolerant species, annual growth rate of mature trees fluctuates around a specific level, expressed by a constant ring width. Because this method has numerical and conceptual drawbacks, we propose an alternative approach based on the assumption that constant growth is expressed by a constant basal area increment distributed over a growing surface. From this starting point, we derive a mathematical expression for the biological trend of ring width, which can be easily calculated and used for dendrochronological standardization. The proposed C-method is compared to other standardization techniques, including Regional Curve Standardization (RCS), of tree-ring width from ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P.Lawson & C.Lawson) located at the Gus Pearson Natural Area (GPNA) in northern Arizona, USA. Master ring-index chronologies built from ring area, RCS, and C-method reproduced stand-wide patterns of tree growth at the GPNA, whereas other standardization options, including the ‘‘conservative’’ one, failed to do so. In addition, the C-method has the advantage of calculating an expected growth curve for each tree, whereas RCS is based on applying the same growth curve to all trees. In conclusion, the C-method replaces the purely empirical ‘‘conservative’’ option with a theory based approach, which is applicable to individual ring-width measurement series, does not require fitting a growth curve using nonlinear regression, and can be rigorously tested for improving tree-ring records of environmental changes.

Le boson de Higgs dans le mode de désintégration WW* est observé avec un excès d'événements sur le bruit de fond de 6,1 écarts-types dans l'état final avec dilepton, alors que l’importance du signal attendu pour le boson de Higgs du modèle standard est de 5,8 écarts-types. Une indication pour la production du processus en fusion de bosons vecteurs (VBF) est également obtenue avec une importance de 3,2 écarts-types. Les résultats sont obtenus à partir d'un échantillon de données en collisions proton-proton enregistrées par le détecteur ATLAS au LHC, qui correspond à une luminosité intégrée de 4,5fb-1 à √s = 7 TeV et 20,3fb-1 à √s = 8 TeV. Tous les canaux de saveur leptonique (ee/μμ et eμ/μe)) sont analysés, y compris de différentes catégories en multiplicité de jets (nj = 0, 1,≥ 2). Les canaux ayant différentes saveurs leptoniques eμ/μe ont la meilleure sensibilité au signal. Les catégories à basse multiplicité de jet sont contribuées principalement par la production du processus en fusion de gluon-gluon (ggF), tandis que la catégorie à haute multiplicité est plus sensible à la production VBF. Les bruits de fond dans différents canaux et catégories varient et leurs contributions sont obtenues dans la plupart de cas à partir des données avec des régions de contrôle ou validation. Les bruits de fond dominants sont les productions WW et le quark top. Dans les canaux ayant la même saveur leptonique, la contribution Drell-Yan est aussi une autre source importante. Pour le boson de Higgs à 125,36GeV, le rapport du signal mesuré sur celui du modèle standard est de 1,09+0,16-0,15 (stat.) +0,17-0,14 (syst.). Les rapports correspondants pour les productions ggF et VBF sont de 1,02±0, 19 (stat.) +0,22-0,18 (syst.) et 1,27+0,44-0,40 (stat.) +0,30-0,21 (syst.), respectivement. La section efficace totale mesurée à √s = 8 TeV est de σ(gg → H → WW∗) =8TeV est de σ(gg → H → WW∗) et σ(VBFH → WW∗) = 0,51+0,17−0,15 (stat.)+0,13−0,08 (syst.) pb. La section efficace fiducielle est aussi mesurée pour la production ggF dans l'était final exclusif avec zéro ou un seul jet. En plus des couplages, d'autres propriétés du boson de Higgs, notamment le nombre quantique de spin et la largeur totale de désintégration, sont également étudiées en utilisant les données de 8TeV et les canaux ayant différentes saveurs leptoniques seulement. L'étude du spin est basée sur un échantillon de données dominé par les événements sous le pic de résonance en utilisant les catégories de jet nj ≤ 1. L'hypothèse sur le spin-parité JCP = 0++ du modèle standard est comparée à d'autres hypothèses. Les données sont compatibles avec le modèle standard et les limites sont placées sur des hypothèses alternatives de spin. Les événements dans la queue hors pic de résonance à haute masse dans la catégorie inclusive de jet sont ensuite utilisés pour mesurer les couplages du boson de Higgs hors de sa couche de masse et pour imposer une contrainte sur la limite supérieure de la largeur totale du boson de Higgs, lorsque certaines hypothèses sont faites / The Higgs boson decays to WW* is observed based on an excess of events over background of 6.1 standard deviations in the dilepton final state including all flavour channels (ee/μμ and eμ/μe) and jet multiplicity categories (nj = 0, 1,≥ 2), where theStandard Model expectation is 5.8 standard deviations. Evidence for thevector-boson fusion (VBF) production process is also obtained with a significance of3.2 standard deviations. The different favour channels eμ/μe have the best expected signal sensitivity. The low jet multiplicity categories are dominantly contributed by the gluon-gluon fusion (ggF) production process whereas the large jet multiplicity category has the best sensitivity to the VBF production process. The results are obtained from proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC, corresponding to 4.5fb-1 at √s = 7TeV and 20.3fb-1 at √s = 8TeV. The background contribution in each channel and jet multiplicity category varies and is determined mostly with data-driven techniques with dedicated control or validation regions. The dominant background processes are the continuum WW and top quark productions. In the same flavour channels (ee/μμ), the Drell-Yan process is another important background source. For a Higgs boson mass of 125.36GeV, the ratio of the measured value to the expected value of the total production cross section times branching ratio fraction is 1.09+0.16-0.15 (stat.) +0.17-0.14 (syst.). The corresponding ratios for the gluon fusion and vector-boson fusion production modes are 1.02 ± 0.19 (stat.)+0.22−0.18 (syst.) and 1.27+0.44-0.40 (stat.) +0.30-0.21 (syst.), respectively. At √s = 8TeV, the total production cross section is measured to beσ(gg → H → WW∗) = 4.6±0.9 (stat.)+0.8−0.7 (syst.) pb σ(VBFH → WW∗) = 0.51+0.17−0.15 (stat.)+0.13−0.08 (syst.) pb. The fiducial cross section is determined for the gluon-fusion process in exclusive final states with zero and one associated jet. In addition to the on-shell couplings, other properties of the Higgs boson, namely the spin quantum number and the total decay width, are also studied using the 8TeV data and the different flavour channels only. The spin study is based on the on-shell dominated event sample using the nj ≤ 1 jet categories. The Standard Model spin-parity JCP = 0++ hypothesis is compared with alternative hypotheses. The data are found to be consistent with the Standard Model and limits are placed on alternative spin hypotheses.The off-shell events in the high mass tail from the inclusive jet category are then used to measure the off-shell couplings and impose a constraint on the upper limit of the total width of the Higgs boson indirectly, when certain assumptions are made.

A aplicação de defensivos é um dos fatores de maior impacto em um sistema de produção agrícola, para o sucesso dessa prática o sistema de pulverização deve alocar o princípio ativo no alvo com eficiência e custo reduzido. Em uma área irrigada por pivô central o agricultor possui como alternativas para a aplicação de agroquímicos a pulverização tratorizada, aplicação aérea, quimigação e sistemas de pulverização acoplados ao equipamento de irrigação. Com o intuito de diminuir o custo fixo envolvido na implantação de um sistema de pulverização acoplado foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de dimensionamento, um aplicativo com as rotinas de cálculo e sugeridos novos modelos de emissor, que possuem válvulas anti gotas integradas, também estudados neste trabalho. São comparados quatro cenários para o dimensionamento: (a) barras de PVC intercambiáveis; (b) barras de PVC não intercambiáveis; (c) barras de PEMD intercambiáveis; e (d) barras de PEMD não intercambiáveis. As principais inovações do novo desenho do sistema são barras com a metade do comprimento de outros equipamentos acopláveis, de diâmetro telescópico, e o dimensionamento específico para cada torre. Os cenários com barras intercambiáveis obtiveram uniformidades estatísticas no limiar das faixas excelente e muito bom, mas apresentaram amplitudes entre a calda máxima e mínima aplicada da ordem de 60 L ha-1, favorecendo a adoção de sistemas com barras exclusivas. O aplicativo pode utilizar quaisquer modelos de emissor conhecidos pelo usuário exportando os resultados para um arquivo com valores separados por vírgula / Chemical application is a major factor into agricultural systems, to be succeeded in this practice the application system must allocate the active ingredient on target with efficiency and at low costs. In a center pivot irrigation area a farmer have some alternatives for chemical application as tractor mounted sprayers, aerial application, chemigation and pivot attached spray systems. Aiming lower deploying costs of a spray system coupled to the irrigation device, a design method and a software have been developed. New emitter models, which have built-in no leakage valves was also studied in this work. Four design scenarios have been studied: (a) interchangeable PVC spray boom; (b) unique PVC spray boom for each tower; (c) interchangeable MDPE spray boom (e) unique MDPE spray boom for each tower. The main innovations obtained by the new design were spray boom with half the length of the predecessors, telescopic diameter and specific design for each tower. Both the scenarios have reached excellent statistical uniformity, hence the interchangeable scenario had a range greater than 50 L ha-1 between maximum and minimum application rate. The software can design the spray booms for any emitter model known by the user

Nesta tese, discutimos em detalhes a técnica das Regras de Soma da QCD (RSQCD) e suas aplicações em sistemas hadrônicos situados na região de massa do charmônio. Em particular, calculamos a massa, as constantes de decaimento e acoplamento, bem como a largura de decaimento dos estados $Y(4260)$,$Y(3940)$ e $Z_c^+(3900)$. Além disso, consideramos a existência do parceiro estranho deste último, o $Z^+_{cs}(3970)$, e calculamos sua largura de decaimento de modo a prever seu valor em futuros experimentos. Usamos modelos ditos exóticos para descrever tais estados. Para o $Y(4260)$ e o $Y(3940)$ usamos correntes de mistura charmônio - tetraquarks. Para os estados carregados usamos uma corrente de tetraquarks. Como resultado das aplicações das RSQCD nesses sistemas, obtivemos valores de massa e largura compatíveis com os valores experimentais medidos pelas colaborações BESIII, Belle, Babar e CLEO-c. Dessa forma, podemos afirmar que os modelos utilizados fornecem uma boa interpretação para esses estados. Investigamos também, aplicando técnicas de teorias efetivas, os estados carregados $Z^+_c(4025)$ e novamente o $Z_c^+(3900)$, além dos estados no setor do bottom $Z^+_b(10610)$ e $Z_b^+(10650)$. Usamos as Lagrangianas da Simetria Oculta de Calibre Local (HGS) e também as regras da Simetria de Spin do Quark Pesado (HQSS) para determinarmos as interações $D\\bar{D}^*$, $D^*\\bar{D}^*$, $B\\bar{B}^*$ e $B^*\\bar{B}^*$ via troca de mésons vetoriais pesados e devido à troca de dois píons correlacionados e não correlacionados entre si. Determinamos o potencial para cada interação e, com isso, procuramos por pólos na solução da matriz $T$ na equação de Bethe-Salpeter, cujo kernel é dado pelo potencial. Como resultado desses estudos, obtivemos para as interações no setor do charme, estados ligados cuja massa e largura estão em razoável acordo com os estados carregados $Z^+_c(4025)$ e $Z_c^+(3900)$. Para as interações no setor do bottom, obtemos um estado fracamente ligado próximo do limiar de massa $B\\bar{B}^*$ cuja largura e massa são compatíveis com a estrutura $Z_b^+(10610)$ observada pela Colaboração Belle. Obtivemos um cusp no limiar de massa $B^*\\bar{B}^*$ próximo do valor da estrutura $Z_b^ (10650)$ / In this thesis, we discuss in details the QCD Sum Rules (QCDSR) technique and its application to the study of hadronic systems situated in the charmonium mass region. In particular, we applied QCDSR to calculate hadronic properties such as the mass, the coupling contants as well as the total decay width of the $Y(4260)$, $Y(3940)$ and $Z_c^+(3900)$ charmoniumlike states. We have also predicted the decay width of the strange partner of the $Z_c^+(3900)$, called $Z_{cs}^+(3970)$, to be searched in future experiments. In order to describe these states, we used exotic models. For $Y(4260)$ and $Y(3940)$ states we used mixed charmonium-tetraquarks interpolating currents. For the charged states we used tetraquark currents. As a result of the application of QCDSR to these systems, we obtained masses and decay widths in good agreement with the experimental values measured by BESIII, Babar, and CLEO-c collaborations. Therefore, the currents we used within QCDSR approach provide a good interpretation for these states. Furthermore, applying effective field theories techniques, we also investigated the charged states $Z_c^+(4025)$ and $Z_c^+(3900)$, in addition to $Z^+_b(10610)$ and $Z_b^+(10650)$ in the bottom sector. Specifically, we used hidden local symmetry Lagrangians (HGS) together with heavy quark spin symmetry rules (HQSS) in order to study the interactions $D\\bar{D}^*$, $D^*\\bar{D}^*$, $B\\bar{B}^*$ and $B^*\\bar{B}^*$ by means of the heavy vector exchange and also from the exchange of two pions, interacting and noninteracting among themselves. We obtained the potencial for each interaction, then we used them as a kernel of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in order to look for poles in the $T$-matrix. Our aim was to relate these poles with the charmoniumlike states of interest. As a result, in the charm sector, we obtained bound states whoses masses and widths are in a good agreement with the charged states we have studied. With respect to the bottom sector, we have found a loosely bound state very close to the $B\\bar{B}^*$ threshold with mass and width compatible with the structure $Z_b(10610)$ observed by Belle colaboration. We have obtained a cusp in the $B^*\\bar{B}^*$ threshold very close to the mass of the $Z_b^+(10650)$ state.

Introdução: Ao consideramos que o crescimento craniofacial no indivíduo com fissura labiopalatina (FLP) é influenciado pela própria fissura e pelas cirurgias para sua correção, surgem questionamentos importantes quanto ao uso de medidas normativas obtidas com indivíduos que não apresentaram FLP para interpretar achados na fissura. Em 1957, Subtelny publicou medidas da extensão (ETV) e espessura (EPV) do palato mole e da profundidade da velofaringe (PN) e seus achados são usados como normas de referência para interpretar medidas na FLP. As normas foram calculadas a partir de telerradiografias obtidas ao longo de 18 anos em 30 norte-americanos sem fissura. No gerenciamento da FLP medidas das estruturas e espaços velofaríngeos podem contribuir para o diagnóstico da disfunção velofaríngea e documentação sistemática de resultados do tratamento. Objetivo: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi estabelecer ETV, EPV, e PNF na FLP operada e fala normal. Metodologia: As medidas foram determinadas a partir de telerradiografia em norma lateral para sujeitos com fissura transforame incisivo unilateral operada (FTIUO) que obtiveram fala normal após palatoplastia. A razão entre a medida de profundidade da nasofaringe e extensão velar (RPE) também foi estabelecida e os achados foram comparados com os dados de Subtelny. Os prontuários dos pacientes estudados foram consultados para confirmar fala normal no dia da radiográfica. As medidas foram realizadas com o programa Dolphin Imaging, versão 11.0, com análise de Arnett-Gunson FAB. Medidas da média e desvio padrão foram usadas para descrição dos achados com apresentação em tabelas e gráficos. O teste t não pareado foi usado para testar a hipótese de existência de diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medidas deste estudo e as normas de Subtelny, considerando-se estatisticamente significantes os resultados onde p < 0,05. Resultados: Foi analisado um total de 260 telerradiografias, sendo que 120 do gênero feminino e 140 masculino, com idades entre 5 e 14 anos. Comparando-se as medidas com os dados de Subtelny, observou-se: a) diferenças significantes para a medida ETV dos 05 aos 11 anos e 13 anos, sugerindo que o palato de pacientes com FTIUO com fala normal é mais curto do que de Subtelny na maioria das idades estudadas; b) diferenças significantes para a medida EPV nas idades de 5, 11, 12 e 14 anos, sugerindo que o palato de pacientes com FTIUO com fala normal é mais espesso do que de Subtelny, em algumas das idades estudadas; c) diferenças significantes para a medida PNF dos 05 aos 13 anos, sugerindo que espaço nasofaríngeo em pacientes com FTIUO com fala normal é mais estreito do que de Subtelny na maioria das idades estudadas; e d) diferença estatisticamente significante na RPE para as idades de 05 a 09 anos e 12 e 13 anos, sugerindo potencial para fechamento velofaríngeo e, portanto, corroborando o critério de fala normal. Discussão: Este estudo revelou medidas de EPV, ETV, e PNF para indivíduos com FTIUO significantemente diferentes daquelas propostas por Subtelny. Mesmo na presença de palato mais curto os pacientes estudados apresentavam fala normal sugerindo fechamento velofaríngeo adequado. Este achado pode ser decorrente de aumento de tecido linfático na população com FTIUO, o que foi confirmado com a medida de PNF que indica nasofaringe significantemente mais estreita na população estudada. O palato mole neste estudo foi muito mais espesso nos pacientes com fissura o que pode ser resultado da cicatrização velar ou uso de procedimento cirúrgico envolvendo a sobreposição de músculos o que explica aumento de tecido mole na área estudada. Conclusão: Como muitos dos achados deste estudo foram significantemente diferente das normas estabelecidas por Subtelny, sugere-se que as medidas propostas em 1957 não são representativas da população com FTIUO e fala normal. Propõe-se a importância de estabelecerem-se medidas normativas das estruturas e espaços velofaríngeos para populações específicas, de forma a contribuir para documentação de resultados do tratamento e complementar o processo diagnóstico e a definição da conduta para tratar a DVF. Telerradiografias são obtidas sistematicamente para os pacientes com FLP ao redor dos 8 anos na maioria dos centros craniofaciais ao redor do mundo, as medidas estudadas podem (e deveriam) ser obtidas para todos os pacientes (com e sem fala normal) nesta idade. / Introduction: Considering that craniofacial growth in individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) is affected by the cleft and the surgeries to correct the anomaly, important questions can be made regarding interpreting clinical findings for individuals with CLP using normative data obtained with a population without CLP. In 1957, Subtelny published data about the length (LSP) and width (WSP) of the soft palate and depth of the nasopharynx (DNP) and his findings are used until today as reference for interpretation of measures of velopharyngeal structure and space in the population with CLP. Subtelnys norms were calculated using cephalometric X-rays (CEPH) obtained during the first 18 years of life of 30 North-American speakers without CLP. While managing CLP measures of velopharyngeal structures and spaces can contribute in the diagnosis of velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) and systematic documentation of treatment outcome. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to establish LSP, WSP, and DNP in individuals with CLP and normal speech. Methodology: The measures of LSP, WSP and DNP were determined using CEPHs obtained from a group of individuals with operated unilateral cleft lip and palate (OUCLP) and normal speech after primary palatoplasty. The ratio between the measures of DNP and LSP (RDL) was also calculated and all findings were compared to Subtelnys. All CEPHs in a UCLPs data bank were considered for this study. Patients charts were reviewed to confirm normal speech. The measures were obtained using Arnett and Gunson FAB cephalometric analysis in Dolphin Imaging program (version 11.0). Mean and standard deviation measures were used to describe the findings which are presented in tables and graphs. Students t-test (unpaired) was used to test the hypothesis that this studys findings were significantly different than Subtelnys, with significance established at p<0.05. Results: A total of 260 CEPHs were studied, 120 from females and 140 from males between 5 and 13 years of age. Comparing this studys measures to Subtelnys we observed: a) significant difference in LSP between 5 and 11 years and 13 years, suggesting that the soft palate in individuals with OUCLP with normal speech is significantly shorten than Subtelnys for most ages studied; b) significant difference in WSP at 5, 11, 12 and 14 years of age, suggesting that the soft palate in individuals with OUCLP with normal speech is significantly thicker than the palates in Subtelnys for some age groups; c) significant difference in DNP between 5 and 13 years of age, suggesting that nasopharyngeal space in individuals with OUCLP with normal speech is significantly narrower than Subtelnys, for most ages studied; d) significant difference in RPE was found between 5 and 9 years and at 12 and 13 years of age suggesting potential for velopharyngeal closure and, therefore, corroborating criteria of normal speech. Discussion: This study revealed measures of LSP, WSP and DNP significantly different for individuals with OUCLP and normal speech when compared to Subtelnys norms for several age groups. Even though a much shorten soft palate was found (LSP), all patients studied presented with normal speech indicative of adequate velopharyngeal closure. This finding may be related to enlarged lymphatic tissue (adenoids) in the population with OUCLP and is supported in this study by reduced measures of DNP which revealed nasopharynx significantly narrower for the individuals with OUCLP when compared to the norms. The soft palate in this study was thicker which may be the result of velar scarring or the use of a surgical procedure involving muscle transpositioning during palatal repair which can explain more soft tissue in the area studied. Conclusion: Most findings for this study were significantly different than the reference norms established by Subtelny, suggesting that the norms, proposed in 1957 are not representative of population with OUCLP with normal speech. Establishing population specific normative data about size of velopharyngeal structures and spaces is important and can contribute adding an information about the outcome of cleft repair and also complement the diagnostic process supporting the identification of the best treatment for VPD. Since CEPH are systematically obtained for patients with CLP around 8 years of age in most craniofacial centers around the world, measures of LSP, WSP, DNP and RDL can (and should) be obtained for all patients(with and without normal speech) at this age.