Grooming relationships between adult male chimpanzees are often reciprocal, i.e. individuals receive grooming from those they groom. Grooming may be reciprocated at the same time it is received (mutual grooming), or later within the same grooming session. Alternatively, it can be reciprocated at a much later stage, in another session. An analysis of individual grooming sessions at the dyadic level was used to investigate how chimpanzees reciprocate grooming within these sessions. This study describes the grooming and reciprocation of grooming by male chimpanzees, living in a multi-male, multi-female group at the Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. A method for the analysis of dyadic grooming relationships was based on the presence or absence of mutual and unilateral grooming in a session, which allows seven types of grooming session to be distinguished. Grooming session was defined empirically, and the duration of the bout criterion interval (BCl) depended on the presence or absence of oestrous females. For comparison, however, the same BCI was used throughout. Without oestrous females, grooming was primarily reciprocated in sessions with mutual grooming and unilateral grooming by both participants. This kind of session proved highly cooperative and each male adjusted the duration of his unilateral grooming to that of mutual grooming, rather than to the duration of unilateral grooming by the other male. Mutual grooming was less important to dyads which had a strong grooming relationship. It is suggested that mutual grooming serves as an indication of the motivation to groom unilaterally. There was no indication that males reciprocated on the basis of TIT-FOR-TAT within these sessions, or between sessions in general. Alternative hypotheses of mutual grooming were only partly confirmed in that some dyads used mutual grooming to reduce the (already very short) time they spent in grooming. However, mutual grooming did not arise from the accidental overlap in the grooming of two partners. In the presence of oestrous females, grooming cooperation between the males broke down, and this was the result of heightened aggression as well as the presence of oestrous females itself. The balance in grooming given and received shifted in the direction of dominants (i.e. dominants received more) under the influence of oestrous females, but in the opposite direction under the influence of aggression. Feeding had no effect on the reciprocity of groormng. There was considerable dyadic variation. Some dyads groomed more when there were oestrous females, others groomed less. Some dyads had proportionally less mutual grooming with increasing numbers of oestrous females, others had more. There were generally no clear patterns of grooming reciprocation over longer time-spans than the session, but the overall degree of reciprocity of a dyad was frequently reached at the end of each day. Tracing the degree of reciprocation over a few weeks indicated that some dyads' grooming was governed by dominance, whereas that of others by cooperation.

The effects of variations in the predictability of appetitive events, such as feeding, have rarely been studied in animals in general or primates in particular. Feeding animals on highly predictable temporal schedules often results in the performance of food anticipatory activity (FAA), characterised by increased arousal and activity and thought to be detrimental to welfare. Temporally unpredictable feeding schedules have been interpreted as resulting in improved welfare. However, if feeding is made unpredictable by preceding it with an unreliable signal, it may result in frustration and aggression. It is suggested here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This thesis examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to feeding. Welfare was assessed in laboratory-housed common marmosets( Callithrix jacchus) using behavioural measures, which were identified in the context of the routine stressor of human handling and weighing. The signalled and temporal predictability of presentation of a desirable titbit was subsequently experimentally manipulated. It was found that temporally unpredictable presentation of food, preceded by an unreliable signal, was associated with substantially increased stress-related behaviours in this species. If no signal was used, stress increased to a moderate level, but if the food delivery followed a reliable signal there were few behavioural changes compared to control animals. Temporally predictable feeding, without a signal, was associated with lower rates of stress-related behaviour than temporally unpredictable, unsignalled feeding. However, deviations from this temporally predictable schedule, representing delays to feeding, resulted in marked increases in stress. The results were confirmed with a further study, worked around existing feeding routines and using a different primate species, the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Based on these findings it is suggested that the most beneficial schedule for feeding captive primates is a temporally unpredictable one, which appears to buffer animals against the negative effects of delays as well as minimising FAA. Presentation of a reliable signal before food delivery appears to minimise the stress intrinsically associated with a temporally unpredictable routine. These recommendations represent a simple and inexpensive method of improving the welfare of captive primates.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-14T14:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KalianeARP_DISSERT.pdf: 1933642 bytes, checksum: d81d7572738a12680036b924e51703d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T14:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KalianeARP_DISSERT.pdf: 1933642 bytes, checksum: d81d7572738a12680036b924e51703d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rickettsia are pathogens with zoonotic potential transmitted by wild and domestic animals, where the occurrence of infections by Rickettsia spp. It happens among populations of wild rodents and marsupials, which has a significant share in the maintenance cycle of these microorganisms in the wild environment. Thus, this study aimed to record the occurrence of Rickettsia sp. in wild rodents and marsupials in the Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid. The work consisted in a field research with wild rodents and marsupials, with data expressed in simple frequency and percentage using IBM SPSS (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), version 22.0. Were captured in Sherman and Tomahawk traps, 02 Thrichomys, 03 Wiedomys, 30 Gracilinanus agilis and 06 Monodelphis domestica, which were collected by venipuncture of julgular vein, 36 blood samples of marsupials and 05 of rodents. These were collected 64 Amblyomma auricularium, 07 Amblyomma parvum and 12 Amblyomma sp. Were obtained by centrifugation 36 samples of sera marsupials and 05 rodents and analyzed using Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). All copies of A. auricularium, Amblyomma sp. and A. parvum were macerated and submitted to DNA extraction and amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) directed to a fragment of gltA and ompA rickettsial genes. Of serum samples obtained from wild rodents and marsupials blood and tested in IFA showed seropositivity for Rickettsia amblyommii, 6.7% G. agilis, 83.3% M. domestica and 50% Thrichomys. Eight samples of A. auricularium were positive for genes in R. amblyommii fragment analysis gltA (350 bp) and ompA (587 bp) with 100% similarity to Candidatus R. amblyommii Bahia and AaPE strain, corresponding to a low circulation agent from the vectors and high among the population of M. domestica. This research records for the first time the occurrence of R. amblyommii in marsupial species G. agilis and M. domestica belonging to Didelphidae family and Echimyidae family rodents Thrichomys genre, in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Rickettsia são patógenos com potencial zoonótico transmitidos por animais silvestres e domésticos, onde a ocorrência de infecções por Rickettsia spp. acontece entre populações de roedores e marsupiais silvestres, os quais tem relevante participação na manutenção do ciclo desses microrganismos no ambiente silvestre. Desta forma, esse estudo objetivou registrar a ocorrência de Rickettsia sp. em roedores e marsupiais silvestres no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. O trabalho consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, com roedores e marsupiais silvestres, com os dados expressos em frequência simples e porcentagem através do programa estatístico IBM SPSS (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), versão 22.0. Foram capturados nas armadilhas Sherman e Tomahawk, 02 Thrichomys, 03 Wiedomys, 30 Gracilinanus agilis e 06 Monodelphis domestica, dos quais foram coletados por venopunção da veia julgular, 36 amostras de sangue de marsupiais e 05 de roedores. Destes foram coletados 64 Amblyomma auricularium, 07 Amblyomma parvum e 12 Amblyomma sp. Foram obtidas por centrifugação 36 amostras de soros de marsupiais e 05 de roedores e analisadas utilizando a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Todos os exemplares de A. auricularium, Amblyomma sp. e A. parvum foram macerados e submetidos a extração de DNA e amplificação através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) direcionados para um fragmento dos genes gltA e ompA rickettsial. Das amostras de soro obtidas do sangue de roedores e marsupiais silvestres e testadas na RIFI, apresentaram soropositividade para Rickettsia amblyommii, 6,7% de G. agilis, 83,3% M. domestica e 50% Thrichomys. Oito exemplares de A. auricularium estavam positivos para R. amblyommii na análise de fragmentos dos genes gltA (350 pb) e ompA (587 pb), com 100% de similaridade com Candidatus R. amblyommii estirpe Bahia e AaPE, correspondendo a uma baixa circulação do agente dentre os vetores e elevada entre a população de M. domestica. Esta pesquisa registra pela primeira vez a ocorrência de R. amblyommii em marsupiais das espécies G. agilis e M. domestica pertencentes a família Didelphidae e roedores da família Echimyidae do gênero Thrichomys, no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / 2017-03-13

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-22T14:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlanaAB_DISSERT.pdf: 4740716 bytes, checksum: e3666ea7a25906742164df387e99208b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T14:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlanaAB_DISSERT.pdf: 4740716 bytes, checksum: e3666ea7a25906742164df387e99208b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cryopreservation of somatic tissue derived from collared peccaries represents an interesting step in the obtainment and conservation of cells for nuclear transfer (cloning). In this sense, tissue vitrification protocols need to be optimized to ensure maximum preservation of viable cell characteristics. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize histologically the peripheral auricular integumentary system (Stage 1) and evaluate different cryoprotectants in the solid-surface vitrification of somatic tissue of collared peccaries (Stage 2). Thun, ear fragments (9.0 mm3) were collected of sixteen animals derived from the Multiplication Center of Wild Animals (CEMAS/UFERSA). In the first stage, tissue samples were evaluated for the characterization of layers, its components and proliferative activity. For the second stage, tissue fragments were cryopreserved by solidsurface vitrification using Dulbecco modified minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and different cryoprotectants and concentrations [dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, 3.0 M), ethylene glycol (EG; 3.0 M) and association DMSO/EG (1.5 M; 1.5 M) in the absence and presence of sucrose (0.25M)]. After two weeks, warmed and non-vitrified (control) fragments were analyzed using histological techniques. Thus, for both steps, tissue samples were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori Trichrome, quantification of regions argyrophilic nucleolar organizer (AgNORs) and viability by MTT assay (3-[4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Also, in the first stage, fragments were analyzed by transmission electronic microscopy. Thus, in the first stage, sizes of 104.2 μm and 222.6 μm were observed in the epidermis and dermis, with a volumetric ratio of 36.6% and 58.7%, respectively. Moreover, in the epidermis were evidenced the basal layer (22.5 μm), intermediate (53.5 μm) and cornea (28.2 μm), with mean values of 65.3 epithelial cells, 43.4 melanocytes and 14.8 perinuclear halos. Already the dermis has 127 fibroblasts with 2.5 AgNORs by nucleolus. Additionally, the metabolic activity was 0.243. In the second stage, the 3.0 M EG with sucrose was able to maintain normal tissue characteristics compared with non-vitrified (control), especially for the volumetric ratio of epidermis (61.2 vs. 58.7) and dermis (34.5 vs. 36.6), number of fibroblast (90.3 vs. 127.0), and AgNOR ratio (0.09 vs. 0.17), respectively. In conclusion, the peripheral auricular integumentary system derived from collared peccaries possessed some variations compared to other mammals, as the number of layers and thickness of the epidermis, number of epithelial cells, melanocytes and proliferative parameters. Moreover, 3.0 M EG with 0.25 M sucrose resulted in a better cryoprotectant composition in the vitritification for somatic tissue of collared peccaries / A criopreservação de tecido somático de catetos representa uma etapa interessante na obtenção e conservação de células para a transferência nuclear (clonagem). Nesse sentido, protocolos de vitrificação tecidual necessitam ser otimizados para garantir a máxima conservação das características viáveis das células. Portanto, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram caracterizar histologicamente o sistema tegumentar da região auricular periférica (Etapa 1) e avaliar diferentes crioprotetores na vitrificação em superfície sólida de tecido somático de catetos (Etapa 2). Para tanto, fragmentos auriculares (9,0 mm3) foram recuperados de dezesseis animais oriundos do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Na primeira etapa, amostras teciduais foram avaliadas quanto à caracterização das camadas, seus componentes e atividade proliferativa. Para a segunda etapa, fragmentos teciduais foram criopreservados por vitrificação em superfície sólida em meio essencial mínimo modificado por Dulbecco suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino e diferentes crioprotetores e concentrações [dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO; 3,0 M), etilenoglicol (EG; 3,0 M) e associação DMSO/EG (1,5 M; 1,5 M) na ausência e presença de sacarose (0,25 M)]. Após duas semanas, fragmentos aquecidos e não criopreservados (controle) foram analisados usando técnicas histológicas. Assim, para ambas as etapas, amostras teciduais foram avaliadas usando colorações hematoxilina-eosina e tricômico de Gomori, quantificação de regiões argirofílicas organizadoras nucleolares (AgNORs) e viabilidade pelo ensaio de MTT (brometo de 3-[4,5-dimetil-tiazol-2-il]-2,5-difeniltetrazólio). Ainda, na primeira etapa, fragmentos foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Assim, na primeira etapa, tamanhos de 104,2 μm e 222,6 μm foram observados para epiderme e derme, com uma proporção volumétrica de 36,6% e 58,7%, respectivamente. Além disso, na epiderme, foram evidenciadas as camadas basal (22,5 μm), intermediárias (53,5 μm) e córnea (28,2 μm), com valores médios de 65,3 de células epidermais, 43,4 melanócitos e 14,8 de halos perinucleares. Já a derme apresentou 127 fibroblastos com 2,5 AgNORs por nucléolo. Adicionalmente, a atividade metabólica foi de 0,243. Na segunda etapa, a combinação de 3,0 M de EG com sacarose foi adequada em manter as características teciduais normais quando comparado com os fragmentos não vitrificados, especialmente para a proporção volumétrica da epiderme (61,2 vs. 58,7) e derme (34,5 vs. 36,6), número de fibroblastos (90,3 vs. 127,0) e razão de AgNOR (0,09 vs. 0,17), respectivamente. Em conclusão, o sistema tegumentar auricular periférico de catetos possuiu algumas variações em relação a outros mamíferos, quanto ao número de camadas e espessura da epiderme, quantidade de células epidermais, melanócitos e parâmetros proliferativos. Além disso, 3,0 M de EG com 0,25 M de sacarose resultaram na melhor composição de crioprotetores na vitrificação de tecido somático de catetos / 2017-03-21

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-11T13:43:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TacianaMF_TESE.pdf: 3167847 bytes, checksum: 48baa26e85ecd77ed3949d06d3d9cb5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T15:00:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TacianaMF_TESE.pdf: 3167847 bytes, checksum: 48baa26e85ecd77ed3949d06d3d9cb5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T15:07:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TacianaMF_TESE.pdf: 3167847 bytes, checksum: 48baa26e85ecd77ed3949d06d3d9cb5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T15:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TacianaMF_TESE.pdf: 3167847 bytes, checksum: 48baa26e85ecd77ed3949d06d3d9cb5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Acupuncture is a therapeutic technique of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been widespread in the West. Defined as a treatment technique with insertion of needles into points (acupoints) exactly pre-set on the body to produce a specific physiological reaction in order to restore the balance between conflicting states function and homeostasis, alternating power states and thus keeping the organization of the organ and the body. Thus, the objective of this study was to map and describe the main acupuncture points on the species Boa constrictor (Jiboia), Six-banded armadillo (Armadillo-peba) Chelonoidis carbonaria (Jabuti-of--red legs) and Iguana iguana (Iguana) as well as their indications to promote therapeutic control of these species. The unprecedented result of the mapping was the discovery of specific acupoints and their therapeutic indications and impedance each, which reflects the resistance and the need for stimulation or greater depth to be effective. In carbonaria Chelonoidis species were discovered a total of 14 acupoints. The species Boa constrictor were found 8 acupoints, the species Iguana 10 acupoints and six-banded armadillo species found 14 acupoints. Since the points have therapeutic effect for many types of syndromes, its mapping allows a better and faster viewing to effect treatment / A acupuntura é uma técnica terapêutica da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa, que vem sendo muito difundida no Ocidente. Definida como uma técnica de tratamento com inserção de agulhas em pontos (acupontos) exatamente pré-estabelecidos sobre o organismo, para produzir uma reação fisiológica específica com o intuito de restabelecer o equilíbrio entre estados contraditórios de função e a homeostase, alternando os estados de energia e com isto mantendo a organização do órgão e do organismo. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi mapear e descrever os principais pontos de acupuntura nas espécies Boa constrictor (Jiboia), Euphractus sexcinctus (Tatu-peba), Chelonoidis carbonaria (Jabuti-das-patas-vermelhas) e Iguana iguana (Iguana), assim como suas indicações para promover o controle terapêutico dessas espécies. O resultado inédito do mapeamento foi à descoberta de acupontos específicos e suas indicações terapêuticas e a impedância de cada um, o que reflete a resistência e a necessidade de uma maior estimulação ou profundidade para ser eficaz. Na espécie Chelonoidis carbonaria foram descobertos um total de 14 acupontos. Na espécie Boa constrictor foram achados 8 acupontos, na espécie Iguana Iguana 10 acupontos e na espécie Euphractus sexcinctus encontraram 14 acupontos. Como os pontos possuem efeito terapêutico para muitos tipos de síndromes, o seu mapeamento nos permite uma visualização melhor e mais rápida para efetivar o tratamento / 2017-04-10

Submitted by LIDIANE DA SILVA ALVES null (lidianealves.vet@gmail.com) on 2016-02-25T17:12:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado-Lidiane da Silva Alves (2016).pdf: 2389276 bytes, checksum: 82223cfe2578f153495242674318b624 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-26T14:57:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_ls_me_bot.pdf: 2389276 bytes, checksum: 82223cfe2578f153495242674318b624 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:57:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_ls_me_bot.pdf: 2389276 bytes, checksum: 82223cfe2578f153495242674318b624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O tatu-galinha é um dos animais mais populosos da ordem Xenarthra com distribuição do sul dos Estados Unidos até a América do Sul. São animais frequentemente caçados e, em muitos casos, são vítimas de atropelamentos rodoviários. Existem diversos estudos descritivos sobre a fisiologia, a genética e o comportamento, porém a anatomia óssea e articular destes animais ainda é restrita. Este estudo tem por objetivo, descrever a anatomia das estruturas osteoarticulares do esqueleto axial em 20 tatus-galinhas, vivos e carcaças, por meio da radiografia digital e da tomografia computadorizada propiciando informações mais detalhadas da anatomia esquelética desta espécie. Os resultados obtidos são descritivos e detalhados de cada estrutura; sendo observado processos complementares xenartros nas vértebras torácicas caudais até a última vértebra lombar, com proeminentes processos mamilares no segmento toracolombar, vértebras cervicais fusionadas da segunda à quarta vértebras e a presença de sinsacro correspondendo as vértebras sacrais e caudais fusionadas à pelve. A fórmula vertebral obtida nessa amostra de espécimes foi de sete cervicais, dez torácicas, cinco lombares, nove vértebras representando o sinsacro e de 20 a 27 vértebras caudais livres. São animais homodontes apresentando somente dentes molariformes com oito em cada lado do ramo mandibular/maxilar, totalizando 32 dentes. Tais características peculiares do tatu-galinha em relação à coluna vertebral e à dentição foram acreditadas a adaptações de hábitos de escavar e de rolar, e de sua alimentação onívora, respectivamente. / Nine-banded armadillo is the most populous of the Xenarthra order with its distribution from southern United States to the South America. The main causes of death for the nine-banded armadillo are hunting and being run over by vehicles. There are several descriptive studies with its physiology, genetic and behavior, but about osseous and joint anatomy of these animals still limited. The aim of this study is to describe the osteoarticular structures anatomy of the axial skeleton in 20 nine-banded armadillos in vivo and carcasses by means of digital radiography and computed tomography providing more detailed information of the skeletal anatomy of this species. Results are descriptive and detailed for each structure, observing xenarthrous complementary processes in the caudal thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra, with prominent mamillary processes in the thoracolumbar segment, fused cervical vertebra from the second to fourth vertebra, and the presence of synsacrum related to sacral and caudal vertebra fused to the pelvis. Vertebral formula obtained in this sample specimens was 7 cervical, 10 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 9 vertebrae related to the synsacrum, and 20-27 free caudal vertebrae. They are homodont animals presenting only molariform teeth with formula of 8/8, totaling 32 teeth. Such peculiar features of the nine-banded armadillo regarding to the vertebral column and teeth were wondering to be habits adaptations to digging and rolling, and the omnivorous diet, respectively. / CNPq: 133373/2015-0

The habitat loss or fragmentation and reduced connectivity among habitats are common aspects in areas with highways.These impacts have close liaison with running over of wild vertebrates. This study aimed to identify and quantify the influencing factors that act directly and indirectly about these accidents. Were monitored four snippets (north, south, east and west) 100 km of highway BR 158, 287, 392 and RST 241, through 48 road route, one week in different snippets each voyage, in the interval December 2008 to December 2009. Examination of the slopes was launched from the town of Santa Maria-RS, at zero km of route, located on the outskirts of the city, and return the same BR occurred after traveling 100 km on the highway. At the end of monitoring, the number of registered animals was 829 individuals belonging to four classes, 43 families, eight orders and 83 species. The percentage of accidents in mammals was 51,63%, in birds 31,97%, reptiles 11,7%, and amphibians 4,7% The sampling effort of 9.600 km traversed resulted in an average of 0,086 roadkill/km. Vertebrates that have suffered most roadkill in class the mammals the opossum (Didelphis albiventris), with 135 records, hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga), with 62, crabeating fox (Cerdocyon thous), 52; in birds eared dove (Zenaida auriculata), with 39 records and rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus), with 39; in reptiles tegu lizards (Tupinambis merianae), with 42 records and in amphibians the cane toad (Rhinella icterica) with 20 animals. Were significant for the occurrence of events variables such as, seasonality, the environment around of the accident, rainfall and temperature in addition to the faunal composition in the four stretches of highways. Were not identified mitigation measures effective on the slopes. It was suggested the installation of safe passage for wildlife across highways, which can minimize the running over in critical areas identified. However, more studies are still needed to identify specific features of the highways and the species present in the region. / A perda de habitats ou sua fragmentação e a diminuição da conectividade entre ambientes são aspectos comuns em regiões com rodovias. Esses impactos têm estreita ligação com atropelamentos de vertebrados silvestres. O presente estudo visou identificar e quantificar os fatores que influenciam direta e indiretamente sobre esses acidentes. Foram monitorados quatro trechos (norte, sul, leste e oeste) de 100 km das rodovias BR 158, 287, 392 e RST 241, através de 48 percursos, um por semana em trecho diferente a cada viagem, no período de dezembro 2008 a dezembro 2009. O exame das pistas foi iniciado a partir da cidade de Santa Maria-RS, no km zero do percurso, localizado na periferia do município, e o retorno pela mesma BR ocorreu depois de percorridos 100 km na rodovia. Ao término do monitoramento, a quantidade de animais registrados foi de 829 indivíduos, pertencentes a quatro classes, 43 famílias, oito ordens e 83 espécies. O percentual de atropelamentos de mamíferos foi de 51,6%, de aves 31,9%, répteis 11,7% e de anfíbios 4,7%. O esforço amostral de 9600 km percorridos resultou na média de 0,086 animal atropelado/km. Os vertebrados mais atropelados foram: na classe dos mamíferos o gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris), com 135 registros, zorrilho (Conepatus chinga), com 62, cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), com 52; em aves a avoante (Zenaida auriculata), com 39 registros e joãode-barro (Furnarius rufus), com 39; em répteis o lagarto-teiú (Tupinambis merianae), com 42 registros, e em anfíbios o sapo cururu (Rhinella icterica), com 20 animais. Foram significantes para a ocorrência dos eventos, variáveis como a sazonalidade, o tipo de matriz do entorno imediato ao acidente, a pluviosidade e a temperatura, além da composição faunística nos quatro trechos de rodovias. Não foram identificadas medidas mitigatórias eficientes nas pistas. Sugeriu-se a instalação de meios para a transposição das rodovias pela fauna, as quais podem minimizar os atropelamentos em áreas críticas identificadas. Entretanto, ainda são necessários mais estudos, a fim de identificar características específicas das rodovias e das espécies presentes na região.

Submitted by Gabriela Cortellini Ferreira (g.cortelliniferreira@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T10:27:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação revisada.pdf: 889795 bytes, checksum: 3360d05887915c18ad67a29eb27195cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ederson Vasconcelos Pereira null (edersonpereira@fmva.unesp.br) on 2018-05-03T20:51:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_gc_me_araca_int.pdf: 889795 bytes, checksum: 3360d05887915c18ad67a29eb27195cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T20:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_gc_me_araca_int.pdf: 889795 bytes, checksum: 3360d05887915c18ad67a29eb27195cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Atualmente, os animais selvagens estão tendo seus hábitats destruídos, e com isso, várias espécies estão se extinguindo. O primeiro zoológico público foi fundado no século XVIII, onde os animais expostos eram apreendidos em circos e outros eventos. Em 1826 foi fundado o primeiro zoológico com objetivo de ser uma instituição científica para estudo, porém com a falta de verba foi aberto para visitação. O primeiro zoológico com preocupação de bem-estar dos animais foi fundado em 1900, e somente no século XX houve uma mudança do enfoque da função dos zoológicos, que passaram a desenvolver atividades e funções voltadas para a conservação da fauna. Hoje os zoológicos tem papel importante para reserva genética, desenvolvimento de pesquisas e educação ambiental. A adaptação dos animais em cativeiro é fundamental para que não apresentem problemas de saúde e bem-estar, o que reflete em seu comportamento normal. Desde 1967 um conjunto de “estados” ideias, denominado “cinco liberdades” dos animais deve ser respeitado. O tráfico de animais silvestre no Brasil fica atrás somente do tráfico de narcóticos e armas, sendo em sua maioria, o tráfico de aves, devido à beleza de suas plumagens, canto, inteligência, docilidade e habilidade de imitar a voz humana. O Brasil possui a maior diversidade de Psitacidae do mundo, sendo a Aratinga leucophthalma uma espécie representante dessa ordem, com porte médio e plumagem predominante verde e reluzente, que faz com que seja muito visada para criação. A compreensão dos seus comportamentos naturais e padrões sociais têm implicações para a prevenção e tratamento de vários comportamentos indesejáveis, que podem surgir quando mantidas em cativeiro, como arrancamento de penas e automutilação, gritos, agressividade e fobias. E nesse momento é que o enriquecimento ambiental desempenha o seu papel, sendo a chave para uma manutenção equilibrada, permitindo que a ave satisfaça suas necessidades e manifeste seu potencial. O enriquecimento ambiental é um processo dinâmico no qual, mudanças na estrutura e implantações de práticas de manejo com estratégias temporais, físicas, sociais e sensoriais visam oferecer uma série de estímulos que possam aumentar o conforto e a capacidade de adaptação do animal ao cativeiro. As medidas de enriquecimento ambiental para psitacídeos visam providenciar às aves a simulação de hábitos e comportamentos normais, focando em três aspectos essenciais: procura de alimento; alteração no espaço e exercícios e interação social. / Today, wild animals are having their habitats destroyed, and with that, several species are becoming extinct. The first public zoo was founded in the 18th century, where exposed animals were seized in circuses and other events. In 1826 the first zoo was founded with the objective of being a scientific institution for study, but with the lack of money was opened for visitation. The first zoo with concern for animal welfare was founded in 1900, and it was only in the twentieth century that there was a shift in focus from the function of zoos to activities and functions aimed at wildlife conservation. Today, zoos play an important role in gene pooling, research development and environmental education. The adaptation of captive animals is essential so that they do not present problems of health and well-being, which reflects in their normal behavior. Since 1967 a set of "states" ideas, called "five freedoms" of animals must be respected. The trafficking of wild animals in Brazil is behind only narcotics and arms trafficking, most of which are the traffic of birds, due to the beauty of their plumage, singing, intelligence, docility and the ability to imitate the human voice. Brazil has the greatest diversity of Psitacidae in the world, being the Aratinga leucophthalma a representative species of this order, with medium size and predominant green and gleaming plumage, which makes it very targeted for breeding. Understanding their natural behaviors and social patterns have implications for the prevention and treatment of various undesirable behaviors that may arise when held in captivity, such as feathering and self-mutilation, shouting, aggression, and phobias. And at that time, environmental enrichment plays its part, being the key to balanced maintenance, allowing the bird to meet its needs and manifest its potential. Environmental enrichment is a dynamic process in which changes in the structure and implantation of management practices with temporal, physical, social and sensorial strategies aim to offer a series of stimuli that can increase the comfort and adaptability of the animal to captivity. Environmental enrichment measures for psittacines aim to provide birds with the simulation of normal habits and behaviors, focusing on three essential aspects: food demand; alteration in space and exercises and social interaction.