O crescimento do uso dos aerogeradores de pequeno porte em áreas urbanas em todo o mundo aponta para um mercado em expansão e extremamente promissor, principalmente no brasil, onde o potencial eólico é grande. tratando-se de máquinas pequenas existe interesse dos consumidores residenciais na sua utilização, seja para economia de energia ou por adesão às fontes alternativas. existe uma grande quantidade de fabricantes no mundo incluindo aerogeradores de alta, média e baixa qualidade. com isso surge a necessidade de criar métodos que avaliem estes produtos quanto ao seu rendimento energético, como ocorrem com as geladeiras, lâmpadas, fogões e outros, a fim de resguardar a qualidade deste equipamento ao consumidor. a proposta é criar um ciclo de teste (ou ciclo de ventos) baseado nos perfis de comportamentos diários de ventos urbano obtidos através de medições reais feitos pelo projeto sonda. esse perfil será usado para testar os aerogeradores de até 1 kw em laboratório, com auxílio de um túnel de vento a fim de determinar o rendimento energético do conjunto gerador, servindo como método para o aprimoramento desses aparelhos. outra possibilidade é o uso desta metodologia no programa brasileiro de etiquetagem, que classifica os produtos em função de sua eficiência energética. este trabalho também pode ser usado para acreditação de laboratórios de certificação que avaliam produtos em função de sua eficiência e/ou rendimento, visto que a acreditação é uma ferramenta estabelecida em escala internacional para gerar confiança na atuação de organizações que executam atividades de avaliação da conformidade. / The growing use of small wind turbines in urban areas around the world points to an expanding market and extremely promising, especially in Brazil, where the wind potential is great. In the case of small machines there is consumer interest in residential use, either for energy efficiency or adherence to alternative sources. There is a lot of wind turbines manufacturers in the world including high, medium and low quality. With this comes the need to classify these products as their energy efficiency, as with refrigerators, lamps, stoves and other in order to safeguard the quality of the equipment to the customer. The proposal is to create a test cycle (or cycle of winds) based on daily behavior profiles of urban winds obtained through actual measurements made by the SONDA project. This profile will be used to test wind turbines of up to 1 kW in the laboratory, with the aid of a wind tunnel in order to determine the energy efficiency of the generator set, serving as a method for the improvement of these devices. Another possibility is the use of this methodology in the Brazilian labeling Program, which ranks the products according to their energy efficiency. This job can also be used for certification laboratory accreditation which assesses products on the basis of its efficiency and/or income, since accreditation is a tool established on an international scale to generate confidence in the activities of organizations that perform conformity assessment activities.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is one of the most frequently deployed large grid connected Wind Turbines (WT) concept. The implementation of classical vector control techniques, have been proven to work well for considering the initial grid code requirements. However, recently many grid operators are requiring WT to remain connected during grid faults, resulting in low voltage fault ride through capability (LVRT). In addition, it is required for WTs to contribute with reactive support during the fault. As a result, the improvements of the transient behavior of the DFIG, the power converter protection and the controller design have become a challenge for WT manufactures. This work presents a high performance stationary frame non-linear controller for doubly fed induction generator, which improves the steady state and transient behavior of the grid connected wind turbines especially under unbalance voltage dips resulting from network unbalance faults. A controller design procedure that guarantees the DFIG stability under uncertainties and disturbances at grid side is presented in details. Furthermore, it is demonstrated in the thesis that with the proposed controller different goals such as control of grid side active and reactive power, minimization of torque pulsation under unbalance operation and improvement of the low voltage ride through capability can be easily achieved. Simulations and experimental results are given to illustrate the good performance of a grid connected DFIG with the proposed controller. / Turbinas eólicas modernas que utilizam o Gerador de Indução Duplamente Alimentado (GIDA) são amplamente empregadas para geração de energia elétrica. Essa grande parcela de aero-geradores baseados na tecnologia GIDA e técnicas de controle vetorial clássicas já comprovaram ao longo dos últimos anos que este conceito apresenta méritos e foi capaz de satisfazer requisitos de conexão de turbinas eólicas com a rede elétrica inicialmente elaborados. No entanto, atualmente, os operadores do sistema estão revisando os códigos de rede em muitos países, introduzindo novos requisitos e estreitando os limites definidos inicialmente. Basicamente, os geradores eólicos estão assumindo maiores responsabilidades no sistema de potência. A capacidade de sobrevivência e suporte de reativos durante afundamentos de tensão, introduzidos nos novos códigos de rede, tornaram-se os maiores desafios para os fabricantes de aero-geradores com tecnologia GIDA. Essa tese de doutorado tem como principal objetivo desenvolver estratégias de controle para melhorar o desempenho dinâmico do Gerador de Indução Duplamente Alimentado conectado a rede elétrica frente aos requisitos de sobrevivência aos afundamentos de tensão no Ponto de Conexão (PC). Para isso, essa tese propõe um controlador não linear de alto desempenho baseado em modos deslizantes para o controle do GIDA em eixos estacionários. O controlador proposto melhora o comportamento transitório do GIDA principalmente durante distúrbios na tensão no PC. O projeto do controlador é desenvolvido de forma a garantir a estabilidade do GIDA conectado à rede elétrica mesmo considerando incertezas associadas ao modelo nominal. Outras características do controlador proposto, além da robustez, são a sua simplicidade de implementação e a sua excelente resposta transitória. Ainda, dois modos de operação são propostos para geração de referência do GIDA, MODO 1 para operação em condições normais da tensão da rede elétrica, MODO 2 com uma metodologia para o cálculo das referências de corrente de forma a dar suporte de reativos durante faltas próximas ao PC. O comportamento dinâmico do sistema e o desempenho da estratégia de controle são verificadas através de simulações e também experimentalmente.

Cette thèse concerne principalement la résolution des problèmes d’inversion dynamiquedans le cadre des systèmes dynamiques non linéaires. Ainsi, un ensemble de techniquesbasées sur l’utilisation des trains de mesures passées et sauvegardées sur une fenêtreglissante, a été développé. En premier lieu, les mesures sont utilisées pour générerune famille de signatures graphiques, qui constituent un outil de classification permettantde discriminer les diverses valeurs des variables à estimer pour un système non linéairedonné. Cette première technique a été appliquée à la résolution de deux problèmes : leproblème d’électolocation d’un robot doté du sens électrique et le problème d’estimationd’état dans les systèmes à dynamiques non linéaires. Outre ces deux applications, destechniques d’inversion à horizon glissant spécifiques au problème de diagnostic des défautsd’éoliennes dans le cadre d’un benchmark international ont été développées. Cestechniques sont basées sur la minimisation de critères quadratiques basés sur des modèlesde connaissance. / This thesis mainly concerns the resolution of dynamic inverse problems involvingnonlinear dynamical systems. A set of techniques based on the use of trains of pastmeasurements saved on a sliding window was developed. First, the measurements areused to generate a family of graphical signatures, which is a classification tool, in orderto discriminate between different values of variables to be estimated for a given nonlinearsystem. This technique was applied to solve two problems : the electrolocationproblem of a robot with electrical sense and the problem of state estimation in nonlineardynamical systems. Besides these two applications, receding horizon inversion techniquesdedicated to the fault diagnosis problem of a wind turbine proposed as an internationalbenchmark were developed. These techniques are based on the minimization of quadraticcriteria based on knowledge-based models.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-GuilhermeCarvalhoFarias.pdf: 1837201 bytes, checksum: 75a44efdfd7752087fd597668e388184 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / This study consists in a comparative analysis of MPPT strategies for low power wind turbines and the development of a control methodology for a battery charging system. The main MPPT strategies in the literature are described and implemented, along with all of their auxiliary control loops. To perform the comparison, a simulation platform is developed. Mathematical modeling of all components in the platform is described, as well as how they relate with each other. This platform allows keeping the system parameters the same for all methods, and modifying only the necessary to implement each of them. The control method for battery charging is presented and analyzed. One of the MPPT strategies described is applied together with this methodology. The methodology of the simulations are performed with switched models to validate the project realized with the developed average models. / Este trabalho consiste na análise comparativa entre métodos MPPT para turbinas eólicas de pequeno porte e desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de controle para um sistema de carregamento de baterias. Os principais métodos de MPPT presentes na literatura são descritos e implementados, juntamente com suas malhas de controle auxiliares. Para realizar a comparação, uma plataforma de simulação é desenvolvida. O modelamento matemático de todos os componentes presentes na plataforma é descrito, bem como a forma como eles se relacionam. Essa plataforma permite manter os parâmetros do sistema iguais para todos os métodos, somente modificando o necessário para implementar cada um deles. A metodologia de controle para carregamento de baterias é apresentada e analisada. Um dos métodos de MPPT descritos é aplicado juntamente à essa metodologia. As simulações da metodologia são realizadas com modelos chaveados, para validar o projeto realizado com os modelos médios levantados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T16:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jose Gomes de Matos.pdf: 8310310 bytes, checksum: b4d88d65be5edbb4f214f9dd09ed8f3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work proposes a new strategy to control the generated power in an alternating current autonomous microgrid that has distributed generators and battery banks. There are no restrictions regarding the type of generator to be connected, however in this particular study the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is analyzed by considering that the power source is a wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The microgrid analyzed consists of at least one bidirectional electronic converter powered by a battery bank, which has the function of forming the microgrid; an electronic converter connected to a wind turbine generator, which operates as a power supplier to the microgrid; loads, and other peripheral systems of control and maneuver. The main objective of the proposed strategy is to maintain the terminal voltages of battery banks under control and below its upper limit, even when momentarily the power demanded by the loads connected to the microgrid is less than the power sources generation capacity. The proposed strategy controls the terminal voltage of the battery banks, controlling the power output that comes from the generators. This is done without the use of dump loads or any physical communication between the electronic converters connected to the battery banks and the electronic converters connected to the generators. A modified droop control technique, based on the grid frequency, is used to inform to the power generator electronic converters on the amount of energy they need to generate in order to maintain the state of charge of the battery banks below their limits. The work also presents the methodology to design and tuning the controllers of the associated variables of the generation system. This includes the voltage and frequency grid, the active and reactive power generated by the generators, the DC bus voltages in all electronic power converters and the terminal voltage of the battery banks. All controllers are designed in the discrete domain. A strategy to decouple the effects of the input disturbances is incorporated, into each controller. Special attention is given to the grid voltage controller due the fact that the effect of the load current disturbance is very significant for the grid power quality. Issues x related to the operation of the wind turbine on its maximum power point are also addressed in the control of the power electronic converter connected to the generator. The control strategy proposed in this study is validated through experimental results obtained using a microgrid prototype of 15 kW rated power. / Este trabalho propõe uma nova estratégia para controle da potência gerada em uma microrrede isolada, que opera em corrente alternada e que dispõe de geradores e bancos de baterias distribuídos ao longo da mesma. Embora não haja restrições quanto ao tipo de gerador a ser conectado à microrrede, neste estudo a aplicabilidade da estratégia proposta é analisada considerando a fonte de potência como sendo uma turbina eólica acoplada a um gerador síncrono a imãs permanentes. A microrrede estudada é composta de um conversor eletrônico bidirecional, alimentado por um banco de baterias, que tem a função de formar a microrrede; um conversor eletrônico ligado ao gerador da turbina eólica e que funciona como alimentador da microrrede; além das cargas e demais sistemas periféricos de controle e manobra. O principal objetivo dessa estratégia é controlar a tensão terminal dos bancos de baterias abaixo de um determinado valor limite, mesmo quando momentaneamente a potência demandada pela carga conectada à microrrede seja inferior à capacidade de geração das fontes de potência. A estratégia proposta controla a tensão dos bancos de baterias, controlando a energia gerada que vem dos geradores. Isto é feito sem a utilização de carga auxiliar para consumir o excesso de energia e sem comunicação física entre os conversores eletrônicos dos bancos de baterias e os conversores eletrônicos conectados aos geradores. Uma técnica de controle droop modificada, com base na frequência da microrrede, é usada para informar aos conversores dos geradores sobre a quantidade de energia que eles estão liberados para gerar, a fim de manter a tensão dos bancos de baterias abaixo dos seus valores limites. O trabalho ainda apresenta as sistemáticas de projeto e sintonia dos controladores das variáveis associadas com o sistema de geração. Isso compreende o controle da tensão e da frequência da microrrede, o controle das tensões nos barramentos de corrente contínua de todos os conversores eletrônicos de potência e o controle da tensão terminal dos bancos de baterias. Todos os controladores são projetados no domínio discreto. Uma estratégia de desacoplamento dos efeitos das entradas de perturbações é incorporada a cada controlador. Nesse enfoque, é dada atenção especial ao controlador de tensão da microrrede, cujo efeito da viii perturbação da corrente da carga é muito significativo para a qualidade de energia do sistema de geração. As questões relativas à maximização do aproveitamento energético das fontes renováveis são contempladas no controle do conversor da turbina eólica. A estratégia de controle proposta neste trabalho é validada a partir de resultados experimentais obtidos com um protótipo de microrrede de potência nominal 15 kw.

Distance relays due to their selectivity and operating speed are used in HV/EHV line protection. The dynamic nature of Mho characteristic, which happens to be most primitive technique in line protection implemented with distance relaying, is built by using the measurement of local voltage and current signals. These signals have been influenced substantially by fault resistance and the source impedance feeding the line. In case of different generation sources, the source impedance and fault characteristic also change accordingly. Environmental benefit of wind turbine technology is making it a potential source of energy. These wind turbine-generating units (WTGU) use rugged induction/synchronous machines along with power electronics converters as controlling equipment. This gives a new challenge to distance relays, as the fault current contribution of these sources depends on the converter operational principle. In this thesis a typical wind farm of Indian systems are modeled in an IN-HOUSE tool developed as part of fault analysis on wind farm system. Directly connected and front-end converter based wind turbines with their interconnections are modeled in this simulation tool. Fault voltage and current waveforms are obtained for all types of wind turbine-generating units with both radial and LILO (Loop in Loop out) connection. PSCAD based modeling has been done for DFIG type of wind turbines. The fault waveforms are generated to evaluate relay performance. Five case studies having both Radial and Loop in Loop out (LILO) connection of wind farms are simulated. These case studies generate approximately 20000 cases, which are analyzed for distance relay performance studies. In addition, the analysis is further verified on relay hardware having three characteristics, namely Self Polarized Mho (SPM), Quadrature Polarized Mho (QPM) and Quadrilateral (QUAD) characteristics. The detailed studies are carried out in this thesis to ensure and suggest the system operators with appropriate relay characteristics to be used for transmission line protection in the case of wind farms interconnected to Grid. Based on the studies carried out in the thesis, LILO connection has no impact on distance relay characteristic. In radially connected wind farms, grid side relay will operate reliably for all types of faults. It has been recommended in the thesis that wind farm side distance relay characteristics should be adjusted based on the types of wind turbines (Type-1, Type-2, Type-3 and Type-4). Based on the investigations carried out in the thesis, voltage based phase selector has been recommended for Type-4 WTGU based wind farms.

Les travaux présentés contribuent à la modélisation stochastique de la maintenance de systèmes mono- ou multi-composants à détériorations et à modes de défaillances multiples en environnement dynamique. Dans ce cadre, les contributions portent d'une part sur la modélisation des processus de défaillance, et d'autre part sur la proposition de structures de décision de maintenance intégrant les différents types d'information de surveillance en ligne disponible sur le système (état de détérioration mesuré ou reconstruit, état de l'environnement, ...) et le développement des modèles mathématiques d'évaluation associés. Les modèles de détérioration et de défaillances proposés pour les systèmes mono-composants permettent de rendre compte de sources de détérioration multiples (chocs et détérioration graduelle) et d'intégrer les effets de l'environnement sur la dégradation. Pour les systèmes multi-composants, on insiste sur les risques concurrents, indépendants ou dépendants et sur l'intégration de l'environnement. Les modèles de maintenance développés sont adaptés aux modèles de détérioration proposés et permettent de prendre en compte la contribution de chaque source de détérioration dans la décision de maintenance, ou d'intégrer de l'information de surveillance indirecte dans la décision, ou encore de combiner plusieurs types d'actions de maintenance. Dans chaque cas, on montre comment les modèles développés répondent aux problématiques de la maintenance de turbines et de parcs éoliens / The thesis contributes to stochastic maintenance modeling of single or multi-components deteriorating systems with several failure modes evolving in a dynamic environment. In one hand, the failure process modeling is addressed and in the other hand, the thesis proposes maintenance decision rules taking into account available on-line monitoring information (system state, deterioration level, environmental conditions …) and develops mathematical models to measure the performances of the latter decision rules.In the framework of single component systems, the proposed deterioration and failure models take into account several deterioration causes (chocks and wear) and also the impact of environmental conditions on the deterioration. For multi-components systems, the competing risk models are considered and the dependencies and the impact of the environmental conditions are also studied. The proposed maintenance models are suitable for deterioration models and permit to consider different deterioration causes and to analyze the impact of the monitoring on the performances of the maintenance policies. For each case, the interest and applicability of models are analyzed through the example of wind turbine and wind turbine farm maintenance

Wind power installations have seen a significant rise all over the world in the past decade. Further significant growth is expected in the future. The UK’s ambitions for offshore wind installations are reflected through Round 1, 2 and 3 projects. It is expected that Round 3 alone will add at least 25 GW of offshore wind generation into the system. Current research knowledge is mostly limited to smaller wind farms, the aim of this research is to improve offline and online modelling techniques for large offshore wind farms. A critical part of offline modelling is the design of the wind farm. Design of large wind farms particularly requires careful consideration as high capital costs are involved. This thesis develops a novel methodology which leads to a cost-effective and reliable design of an offshore wind farm. A new industrial-grade software tool is also developed during this research. The tool enables multiple offshore wind farm design options to be built and tested quickly with minimal effort using a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI is designed to facilitate data input and presentation of the results. This thesis also develops an improved method to estimate a wind farm’s energy yield. Countries with large-scale penetration of wind farms often carry out wind energy curtailments. Prior knowledge of estimated energy curtailments from a wind farm can be advantageous to the wind farm owner. An original method to calculate potential wind energy curtailment is proposed. In order to perform wind energy curtailments a network operator needs to decide which turbines to shut down. This thesis develops a novel method to identify turbines inside a wind farm that should be prioritised for shut down and given priority when scheduling preventive maintenance of the wind farm. Once the wind farm has been built and connected to the network, it operates as part of a power system. Real-time online simulation techniques are gaining popularity among system operators. These techniques allow operators to carry out simulations using short-term forecasted wind conditions. A novel method is proposed to probabilistically estimate the power production of a wind farm in real-time, taking into account variation in wind speed and effects of turbulence inside the wind farm. Furthermore, a new probabilistic aggregation technique is proposed to establish a dynamic equivalent model of a wind farm. It determines the equivalent number and parameters of wind turbines that can be used to simulate the dynamic response of the wind farm throughout the year.

A Savonius wind turbine is a self-starting vertical axis rotor. It can be designed to be compact in size and also produces less noise which makes it suitable to integrate into urban spaces such as rooftops and sign-poles. These characteristics make it interesting from a sustainability point of view, especially when aiming to increase the decentralization of electricity production. This thesis aimed to investigate the aerodynamic performance of different two-bladed Savonius profiles by varying the blade arc angle and the overlap ratio. For evaluation, the dimensionless power coefficient and torque coefficient were investigated over different tip speed ratios. The study was conducted numerically with 2D simulations in Ansys Fluent. The partial differential equations describing the characteristics of the flow, including the flow turbulence effects, were solved with the Reynolds-average Navier Stokes in combination with the k-omega SST model. A validation was performed by comparing data from simulated and experimental tests of a semi-circular profile and a Benesh profile. The investigation of the blade arc angle and overlap ratio was performed on a Modified Bach profile. The profile with a blade arc angle of 130 degrees and an overlap ratio of 0.56 generated a maximal power coefficient of 0.267 at a tip speed ratio of 0.9. This blade configuration generated the best performance of all conducted simulations in this project. However, this project contained uncertainties since simulations can never be an exact description of reality. The project was also limited by the computational power available. Nevertheless, according to the conducted simulations, it was observed that a higher blade arc angle and a larger overlap ratio seem to generate higher efficiency. / En Savonius vindturbin är en självstartande vertikalaxlad rotor som kan utformas i en kompakt design samtidigt som den producerar mindre oljud än horisontalaxlade vindkraftverk. Dagens hållbarhetssträvan i kombination med Savonius turbinens karakteristiska egenskaper gör den till ett potentiellt starkt vertyg för vindenergi. Då den kan placeras på exempelvis hustak eller skyltstolpar, utan att störa närliggande omgivning, finns det många möjliga sätt att implementera och integrera den i samhällets infrastruktur. Målet med detta projekt var att undersöka den aerodynamiska prestationen för Savoniusturbiner med två blad genom att variera bladvinkeln och överlappningsförhållandet. För att jämföra de olika profilerna användes den dimensionslösa effektkoefficienten och momentkoefficienten. Dessa koefficienter beräknades i förhållande till löptalet. Studien utfördes numeriskt med 2D-simuleringar i Ansys Fluent. De partiella differentialekvationerna som beskriver flödets egenskaper, inkluderat turbulenseffekterna, löstes med Reynolds-average Navier Stokes i kombination med k-ω SST modellen. En validering utfördes genom att jämföra data med simulerade och experimentella värden av en Semi-circular profil och en Benesh profil. Studien av bladvinkel och överlappningsförhållandet utgick från en Modified Bach profil. Den mest effektiva profilen hade en bladvinkel av 130 grader och ett överlappsförhållande på 0,56. Den genererade en maximal effektkoefficient av 0,267 vid löptal 0,9. Projektet innehöll en del osäkerheter då simuleringar aldrig kan beskriva verkligheten till fullo. Den tillgängliga beräkningskapaciteten begränsade även projektet ytterligare. Trots vissa begränsningar, visar ändå utförda simuleringar att ökad bladvinkel och ökat överlappningsförhållande genererar högre effekt. / <p>This project was conducted within Stand up for wind and Stand up for energy.</p>

The present time demands emission-free and carbon-free sources of energy. This fact is not only subject of international agreements and European Union regulations, but also the state of environment points out to an essential change in energy generation of mankind. Tidal stream provides very stable and predictable source of “green” energy. Compared to other renewable energy sources tidal stream turbines in exceptional localities are able to supply energy continuously, making them base load source. The aim of the thesis was to create an extensive document with recent tidal stream power information, which has not been available in Czech language yet. Last part of the research is focused on co-locating tidal stream and off-shore wind turbines. Second part of the thesis is dedicated to aerodynamic design of single-stage horizontal axis tidal stream turbine with rated electric power of 1 MW. Calculation according to the blade cascade theory was used to design blade geometry and to find rotor diameter of 14 meters for rated stream velocity of 3.05 m/s.