Enligt EU:s klimatlag ska regionen till år 2050 vara klimatneutral, och som en del i det arbetet har Sveriges riksdag upprättat ett nationellt mål om att Sverige år 2040 ska ha enbart förnybar elproduktion. Därför har Energimyndigheten i samarbete med Naturvårdsverket tagit fram en strategi för en hållbar utbyggnad av vindkraften. Större vindkraftsetableringar för med sig ingrepp i miljön som kan påverka såväl djur och natur som människor. I media och andra forum, såsom på hemsidor för olika organisationer mot vindkraft, pågår en debatt kring vindkraftens för- och nackdelar, och syftet med den här studien var att undersöka huruvida de farhågor rörande miljö och hälsa som uttrycks inför landbaserade vindkraftsetableringar stämmer överens med forskning och upplevelsen hos människor som lever med vindkraft i sin närhet.  Argument mot vindkraft identifierades genom sökning i dagspress, och information om vindkraftens konsekvenser samlades in genom en enkätundersökning med personer som bodde i närheten av vindkraft och med hjälp av vetenskapliga artiklar och rapporter från statliga myndigheter. Argumenten avgränsades till negativa effekter på människors hälsa med avseende på ljus, buller (inklusive infraljud) och utsläpp av mikroplaster och kemikalier; påverkan på naturen inklusive djurlivet, samt förändring av människors närmiljö. Respondenterna i enkätundersökningen var generellt sett positiva till vindkraft, och det som störde var främst ljudet, vilket för alla utom en endast upplevdes i begränsad omfattning. De vetenskapliga artiklar som studerades visade ett liknande resultat. De hälsorelaterade effekter som visades ha ett samband med vindkraft handlade om irritation och sömnstörningar på grund av ljudet. Sambandet konstaterades dock som komplext då andra faktorer såsom attityd också kunde ha en påverkan, vid sidan av ljudet som sådant. Vindkraften tycktes inte stå för några betydande utsläpp av mikroplaster, bisfenol-A eller PFAS, i jämförelse med andra källor. Kunskapsläget kring påverkan på natur och djurliv visades vara bristfälligt ur ett vetenskapligt perspektiv. Enkätstudien visade inte på någon omfattande påverkan av närmiljön, utan förändringar i landskapet upplevdes som något man vande sig vid. / According to the European Climate Law the region should be climate neutral by 2050, and as a part of that effort the Swedish parliament has set up a national goal that by the year 2040 Sweden should have only renewable electricity production. Therefore, the Swedish Energy Agency together with the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has developed a strategy for a sustainable expansion of wind power. Larger installations of wind turbines entail interventions in the environment which can affect animals and nature as well as human beings. In media and other forums, like web sites for different organizations against wind power, there is an ongoing debate about the pros and cons of wind power, and the purpose of this study was to investigate if the concerns about the environment and health that comes up ahead of land-based wind power installations corresponds with science and the experience of people who live nearby wind turbines.  Argument against wind power wad identified through searching in daily newspaper, and information about the consequences of wind power was gathered through a survey with people living near wind turbines, and reports from government agencies. The arguments were limited to negative as well as through scientific articles effects on human health regarding to light, noise (including infrasound) and release of microplastics and chemicals; impact on nature including wildlife, and changes in people’s immediate environment. The respondents in the survey were generally positive towards wind power, and the main disturbance was the noise, which for all but one was experienced only to a limited extent. The scientific articles studied showed a similar result. The health-related effects associated with wind power were related to irritation and sleep disturbances due to the noise. However, the relationship was considered complex as other factors such as attitude also could have an impact beside the actual noise. Wind power did not seem to contribute to any significant emissions of microplastics, bisphenol-A or PFAS, compared to other sources. The state of knowledge regarding the impact on nature and wildlife was shown to be inadequate from a scientific perspective. The survey did not indicate any significant impact on the immediate environment, but changes in the landscape were perceived as something one got used to.

No description available.

<p>The 21st century would be a nightmare for Don Quijote: thousands of windmills are installed all over the globe and the number will increase tremendously over the next years. If climate change was an issue in the early 17th century, Don Quijote might have specialized in fighting nuclear or fossil fuel power plants.</p><p>The change in power production is clearly pronounced, and it inspires the market to respond immediately. Numerous wind turbine manufacturers emerge, developing one technological innovation after another. The trend clearly goes in one direction: horizontal axis wind turbines in all possible variations. However, there are a few companies that do not follow the mainstream – they swim against the current and introduce new concepts, with the potential to set new standards in the industry.</p><p>Nevertheless, the question whether these companies can establish operations and survive in an industry dominated by large multinational corporations arises. If these companies want to become recognized, they need to compete on an international scale from the outset – they become born globals.</p><p>This master’s thesis investigates the preconditions under which an innovative start-up company can become born global in the wind turbine industry. For that, distinctive resources and capabilities of such companies, as well as key success factors for the industry are defined. Furthermore, enhancing or restricting parameters lying within company’s environment – in particular, within its networks – are discovered. These findings are based on and supported by the case study of an innovative vertical axis wind turbine manufacturer. In addition, the influence of this company’s university spin-off origin is investigated.</p>

Cette thèse propose une méthode d'analyse des signaux triphasés pour la surveillance d'état des systèmes électromécaniques. La méthode proposée repose sur l'utilisation de la transformée en composantes symétriques instantanées et d'outils simples de traitement du signal pour détecter les défauts électriques et mécaniques dans de tels systèmes. Les avantages de cette approche triphasée par rapport à une approche monophasée pour la surveillance d'état sont étudiés en détail. Tout d'abord, pour les défauts électriques, l'utilisation de la transformée triphasée permet de séparer les composantes symétriques et asymétriques, et facilite ainsi la détection d'un déséquilibre électrique. Ensuite, pour les défauts mécaniques, l'approche par transformée en composantes symétriques permet de travailler dans des espaces avec un meilleur rapport signal à bruit. En effet, en appliquant le même traitement à la fois en monophasé et en triphasé sur les composantes symétriques, on observe que certains défauts mécaniques ne sont détectables qu’en utilisant la séquence positive des composantes symétriques. La méthodologie complète et les algorithmes pour calculer les indicateurs de défaut pour les défauts électriques et mécaniques sont donnés et les résultats sont validés sur signaux synthétiques et expérimentaux. En termes d'application, l'accent est mis sur la surveillance d'état des composants de turbines éoliennes. Toutefois, le procédé proposé peut être appliqué à des systèmes électromécaniques en général et peut facilement être étendu à des systèmes polyphasés. / This thesis proposes a three-phase electrical signals analysis method for condition monitoring of electromechanical systems. The proposed method relies on the use of instantaneous symmetrical components (ISCs) transform and simple signal processing tools to detect both electrical and mechanical faults in such systems. The advantages of using this three-phase approach for condition monitoring instead of single-phase ones are thoroughly detailed. Firstly, for electrical faults the use of the three-phase transform separates the balanced and unbalanced components thus making electrical unbalance detection easier. Secondly, for mechanical faults the ISCs approach has better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Indeed, by applying the same processing to both single-phase and ISCs, some mechanical faults are only detectable using the positive-sequence ISC. The complete methodology and algorithms to compute fault indicators for both electrical and mechanical faults are given and the results are validated using synthetic and experimental signals. In terms of application, the focus was on condition monitoring of wind turbine components. However, the proposed method can be applied on electromechanical systems in general and can easily be extended to poly-phase systems.

Diante da crescente penetração da energia elétrica gerada por unidades eólicas no sistema elétrico de inúmeros países, a presente dissertação de mestrado investiga os problemas de estabilidade transitória, para geradores síncronos, de estabilidade de tensão, para geradores síncronos e aerogeradores e de estabilidade de velocidade, para aerogeradores, em sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica, frente a grandes perturbações. São estabelecidas comparações entre os diferentes comportamentos dinâmicos de cada tipo de unidade eólica, referentes aos tipos A, B, C e D. Também, são verificados os efeitos de contingências aplicadas a sistemas teste, na presença de sistemas de geração convencionais dotados de geradores síncronos e parques eólicos compostos pelos tipos de unidades eólicas citadas, a fim de verificar a relação entre os diferentes sistemas de geração. As simulações realizadas contemplam aspectos dinâmicos de modelos genéricos de aerogeradores. São estudadas as partes constituintes de aerogeradores, realizadas as modelagens e discutidos os métodos de controle usuais. As principais características dos modelos genéricos de unidades eólicas, assim como os respectivos diagramas de bloco para cada modelo são apresentados. As simulações são realizadas no programa computacional PSS/E, cujos modelos, já validados, representam aerogeradores reais de fabricantes distintos. É observado que as diferentes características dos modelos de unidades eólicas e as estratégias de controle empregadas para atenuar os efeitos negativos de contingências impostas ao sistema, influenciam significativamente o perfil da tensão e o fluxo de potência na rede elétrica. Este fato é refletido em diferentes respostas dos sistemas de geração. As unidades eólicas mostram-se resistentes à perderem a estabilidade e apresentam-se capazes de estabilizar um sistema elétrico de potência, devido aos mecanismos de controle de velocidade e potência dos mesmos. A violação da curva LVRT mostra-se a principal causa da desconexão de aerogeradores da rede elétrica. Verifica-se neste trabalho que os aerogeradores somente tornam-se instáveis quando os geradores síncronos perdem o sincronismo, ou quando o controle do torque aerodinâmico é desconsiderado. / Considering the growing penetration of electrical energy generated by wind turbines in the power system of numerous countries, the present masters dissertation investigates the problems of transient stability, for synchronous generators, voltage stability, for synchronous generators and aerogenerators, and velocity stability, for aerogenerators, in transmission systems, before large disturbances. Comparisons are made between the different dynamic behaviors of each type of wind energy conversion system, namely types A, B, C and D. The effects of contingencies in some test systems in the presence of wind farms with different types of aerogenerators and conventional synchronous generators are verified, whose aim of the simulations is to analyze the relation between the different generation systems. The simulations performed contemplate dynamic aspects of generic models of wind turbines. The components of wind turbines are studied, the modeling of these components is elaborated and the usual control methods are discussed. The main characteristics of generic wind models and the diagram blocks are presented. The simulations were performed in software PSS/E, whose models already validated, represent real machines. The different characteristics of aerogenerator models and the control strategies employed to mitigate the negative consequences, from several contingencies, significantly influence the voltage profile and the power flow network. This fact implies in different responses of generation systems. It is verified that wind generators are very robust to perturbations and contribute to the stabilization of synchronous generators in a power system, increasing the average critical clearing times. Unstable modes related to the acceleration of the wind generator rotor are hardly ever observed due to the existing mechanisms of control of speed and generated power. It is observed that violation of the LVRT curve is the main cause of disconnection of wind turbines from the grid and it consists of the main cause of power system collapse triggered by problems in this type of generators.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCOS GUILHERME ZANCHETTIN.pdf: 1368217 bytes, checksum: 2ad7e15a270a9abefc8d6f85f3ba01e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-25 / The wind generation has stood out among the alternative sources and has experienced a high rate of penetration through the years. Thus, the electrical connection of wind power generation must be analyzed in detail to avoid or minimize the problems inherent this type of source can cause in electric power systems (SEP) and thereby preserve the voltage quality indicators and reliability. This paper deal about the integration of wind farms in SEP, equipped with squirrel-cage induction generator based fixed speed wind turbines (AVV-SCIG) and doublyfed induction generator based variable speed wind turbines (AVV-DFIG). The limits of integration of wind energy generation, i.e., the amount of power that the wind farm can provide the point-of-common-connection (PCC) while complying with certain interconnections requirements, are obtained considering static and transient aspects of the connection of wind farms. The topology adopted to represent, in a simplified way, the local characteristics of the connection between the wind farm and the SEP, as well as characterize the integration of wind generation from the parameters of the PCC, is the single machine infinite-bus system (MBI). Throughout the text also are presents the models used to represent the wind turbine and wind farm in studies of power systems, the main criteria specified to connection of this type of source in SEP and the main issues dealing with the problem of integration of generation wind. The analyzes aim to assess how the wind energy generation is impacted by technical criteria that consider static and transient aspects of the connection of wind farms, the technology used in energy conversion, the control strategy/operation and the characteristics of PCC. The results obtained allow to define which the stricts conditions for the integration of wind energy generation. For these analyzes are considered the criteria of the maximum allowable voltage variation at the connection point of the wind farm, the power range for the maximum transferable power to the electrical system and the fault ride through capability. / A geração eólica vem se destacando entre as fontes alternativas e tem experimentado um elevado índice de pene- tração ao longo dos anos. Assim, a conexão elétrica de parques eólicos precisa ser analisada detalhadamente a fim de evitar ou minimizar os efeitos que os problemas inerentes desse tipo de fonte, geração eólica, podem causar em sistemas elétrico de potência (SEP) e com isso preservar os indicadores de qualidade de tensão e confiabilidade. Este trabalho trata da integração de centrais eólicas em SEP, equipadas com aerogeradores de velocidade fixa com gerador de indução de rotor em gaiola (AVF-SCIG) e aerogeradores de velocidade variável com gerador de indução duplamente alimentado (AVV-DFIG). Os limites de inserção de geração eólica, i.e., a quantidade de potência que o parque eólico pode fornecer ao ponto comum de conexão (PCC) tendo que atender certos critérios da integração, são obtidos considerando aspectos estáticos e transitórios da conexão de centrais eólicas. A topologia adotada para representar, de maneira simplificada, as características locais de conexão entre o parque eólico e o SEP, assim como caracterizar a inserção de geração eólica a partir dos parâmetros do PCC, é o modelo máquina barra-infinita (MBI). Ao longo do texto também são apresentados os modelos empregados para representar tanto o aerogerador quanto o parque eólico em estudos de sistemas de potência, os principais critérios especificados para a conexão desse tipo de fonte em SEP e as principais questões que tratam do problema de inserção de geração eólica. As análises têm por objetivo avaliar como a inserção de geração eólica é impactada por critérios técnicos que consideram aspectos estáticos e transitórios da conexão de centrais eólicas, pela tecnologia empregada na conversão de energia, pela estratégia de controle/operação e pelas características do PCC. Os resultados obtidos permitem definir quais as condições mais severas à inserção de geração eólica. Para estas análises são considerados os critérios da máxima variação de tensão admissível no ponto de conexão da central eólica, a margem de potência relativamente à máxima potência transferível ao sistema elétrico e a capacidade de sustentação durante faltas.

Diante da crescente penetração da energia elétrica gerada por unidades eólicas no sistema elétrico de inúmeros países, a presente dissertação de mestrado investiga os problemas de estabilidade transitória, para geradores síncronos, de estabilidade de tensão, para geradores síncronos e aerogeradores e de estabilidade de velocidade, para aerogeradores, em sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica, frente a grandes perturbações. São estabelecidas comparações entre os diferentes comportamentos dinâmicos de cada tipo de unidade eólica, referentes aos tipos A, B, C e D. Também, são verificados os efeitos de contingências aplicadas a sistemas teste, na presença de sistemas de geração convencionais dotados de geradores síncronos e parques eólicos compostos pelos tipos de unidades eólicas citadas, a fim de verificar a relação entre os diferentes sistemas de geração. As simulações realizadas contemplam aspectos dinâmicos de modelos genéricos de aerogeradores. São estudadas as partes constituintes de aerogeradores, realizadas as modelagens e discutidos os métodos de controle usuais. As principais características dos modelos genéricos de unidades eólicas, assim como os respectivos diagramas de bloco para cada modelo são apresentados. As simulações são realizadas no programa computacional PSS/E, cujos modelos, já validados, representam aerogeradores reais de fabricantes distintos. É observado que as diferentes características dos modelos de unidades eólicas e as estratégias de controle empregadas para atenuar os efeitos negativos de contingências impostas ao sistema, influenciam significativamente o perfil da tensão e o fluxo de potência na rede elétrica. Este fato é refletido em diferentes respostas dos sistemas de geração. As unidades eólicas mostram-se resistentes à perderem a estabilidade e apresentam-se capazes de estabilizar um sistema elétrico de potência, devido aos mecanismos de controle de velocidade e potência dos mesmos. A violação da curva LVRT mostra-se a principal causa da desconexão de aerogeradores da rede elétrica. Verifica-se neste trabalho que os aerogeradores somente tornam-se instáveis quando os geradores síncronos perdem o sincronismo, ou quando o controle do torque aerodinâmico é desconsiderado. / Considering the growing penetration of electrical energy generated by wind turbines in the power system of numerous countries, the present masters dissertation investigates the problems of transient stability, for synchronous generators, voltage stability, for synchronous generators and aerogenerators, and velocity stability, for aerogenerators, in transmission systems, before large disturbances. Comparisons are made between the different dynamic behaviors of each type of wind energy conversion system, namely types A, B, C and D. The effects of contingencies in some test systems in the presence of wind farms with different types of aerogenerators and conventional synchronous generators are verified, whose aim of the simulations is to analyze the relation between the different generation systems. The simulations performed contemplate dynamic aspects of generic models of wind turbines. The components of wind turbines are studied, the modeling of these components is elaborated and the usual control methods are discussed. The main characteristics of generic wind models and the diagram blocks are presented. The simulations were performed in software PSS/E, whose models already validated, represent real machines. The different characteristics of aerogenerator models and the control strategies employed to mitigate the negative consequences, from several contingencies, significantly influence the voltage profile and the power flow network. This fact implies in different responses of generation systems. It is verified that wind generators are very robust to perturbations and contribute to the stabilization of synchronous generators in a power system, increasing the average critical clearing times. Unstable modes related to the acceleration of the wind generator rotor are hardly ever observed due to the existing mechanisms of control of speed and generated power. It is observed that violation of the LVRT curve is the main cause of disconnection of wind turbines from the grid and it consists of the main cause of power system collapse triggered by problems in this type of generators.

Securing rare earth elements (REE) for a stable supply require sustainable management strategies in Europe due to a missing local primary production and a dependence on China as the main producer of REE. These elements, like neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), are contained in permanent magnets (PM) (mostly NdFeB-magnets) in wind turbines. Addressing the question whether PM-material, Nd- and Dy-contents from wind turbines could help to meet future demands of REE in Europe while reducing simultaneously the import dependence, the purpose of the present work was to analyze the urban mining opportunities, recovery - and recycling potentials for REE from end-of-life (EoL) wind turbines. This thesis aimed to identify current and upcoming stocks as well as material flows of the PM and their containing REE in the wind energy sector. Two European countries, Germany and Denmark, were chosen as case studies to be compared based on created future scenarios and the modeling of the theoretical recycling potential of Nd and Dy in both countries. It could have been identified that the German anthropogenic stock contains greater amounts of NdFeB-magnets and REE compared to the Danish stock. Overall it could be concluded that the countries’ demand could partly be met by using secondary Nd and Dy from the EoL-wind turbines. Although future scenarios were used, the results realistically illustrate the German and Danish anthropogenic stock until 2035 by relying on data of already installed turbines up to 2018, which makes an evaluation of capacities and EoL-turbines, which need to be decommissioned by 2035, achievable. The provided information is valuable for further investigations regarding recovery strategies, feasibility analysis, and future decision-making processes. / För att säkra tillgången på jordartsmetaller (REE) i Europa krävs hållbara beslutsstrategier. Detta på grund av avsaknaden av en inhemsk primärproduktion samt ett beroende av Kina som en huvudprodu-cent av REE. Jordartsmetaller som neodymium (Nd) och dysprosium (Dy), finns kvar i permanenta magneter (PM) (mestadels NdFeB-magneter) i vindturbiner. För att ta itu med frågan om huruvida Nd- och Dy-innehållet i PM-material, från vindturbiner skulle kunna bidra till att uppfylla framtida efter-frågan på REE i Europa samtidigt som importberoendet skulle minskas, var syftet med detta arbete att analysera möjligheterna till urban utvininng, återvinning och materialutnyttjande av REE från vindtur-biner i uttjänt tillstånd (EoL).Syftet med denna uppsats var att identifiera nuvarande och kommande tillgångar samt materialflöden av PM och därav följande REE inom vindkraftsektorn. Två europeiska länder, Tyskland och Danmark, valdes ut som fallstudier och jämfördes i framtida scenarier och mo-dellering av Nd -och Dy teoretiska återvinningspotential i båda länderna. Det kunde konstaterats att det tyska antropogena beståndet innehåller större mängder NdFeB-magneter och REE än det danska beståndet. Sammanfattningsvis kan man dra slutsatsen att ländernas efterfrågan delvis kunde tillgodo-ses genom att man använde sekundär Nd och Dy från EoL-vindturbiner. Även om framtida scenarier användes illustreras resultatet på ett realistiskt sätt det det antropogena lagret i Tyskland och Danmark fram till 2035 genom att man förlitar sig på uppgifter om redan installerade turbiner fram till 2018, vilket gör det möjligt att göra en utvärdering av kapaciteten och antal EoL-turbiner, som måste av-vecklas senast 2035. Informationen är värdefull för ytterligare utredningar om återvinningsstrategier, genomförbarhetsanalys och framtida beslutsprocesser.

The 21st century would be a nightmare for Don Quijote: thousands of windmills are installed all over the globe and the number will increase tremendously over the next years. If climate change was an issue in the early 17th century, Don Quijote might have specialized in fighting nuclear or fossil fuel power plants. The change in power production is clearly pronounced, and it inspires the market to respond immediately. Numerous wind turbine manufacturers emerge, developing one technological innovation after another. The trend clearly goes in one direction: horizontal axis wind turbines in all possible variations. However, there are a few companies that do not follow the mainstream – they swim against the current and introduce new concepts, with the potential to set new standards in the industry. Nevertheless, the question whether these companies can establish operations and survive in an industry dominated by large multinational corporations arises. If these companies want to become recognized, they need to compete on an international scale from the outset – they become born globals. This master’s thesis investigates the preconditions under which an innovative start-up company can become born global in the wind turbine industry. For that, distinctive resources and capabilities of such companies, as well as key success factors for the industry are defined. Furthermore, enhancing or restricting parameters lying within company’s environment – in particular, within its networks – are discovered. These findings are based on and supported by the case study of an innovative vertical axis wind turbine manufacturer. In addition, the influence of this company’s university spin-off origin is investigated.

In zukünftigen Elektroenergiesystemen wird die dezentrale, häufig auf erneuerbaren Quellen basierende Energieversorgung eine große Bedeutung einnehmen. Die wachsende Präsenz der dezentralen Erzeugung in verschiedenen Spannungsebenen des elektrischen Netzes erfordert neue Konzepte zur Regelung des elektrischen Energieversorgungssystems. Insbesondere gibt es eine Tendenz auch kleine Netzbereiche autonome, d.h. vom Verbundnetz unabhängig zu betreiben. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen die Stabilitäts- und Regelungsaspekte immer stärker berücksichtigt werden. Die vorliegende Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Beurteilung und die Verbesserung der Stabilität von Windkraftanlagen (WKA). Die Integration von WKA zur dezentralen Energieversorgung in lokale Energienetze unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Systemsstabilität ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Hierfür muss die Analyse der Stabilität einer WKA sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ durchgeführt werden, um die Faktoren zu ermitteln, die zur Verbesserung der Systemsstabilität beitragen. Der darauf basierte Entwurf von Regelstrategien für ein verbessertes dynamisches und transientes Verhalten wird theoretisch und durch numerische Simulationen validiert.