從本質上來看，動畫產業屬於創意內容產業，具有巨大的經濟潛力。動畫影片除了播映產生的直接收益外，還蘊含了龐大的週邊產品授權市場。往昔研究日本動畫產業的文獻，內容多著重描述產業的發展歷史，而在產業運作模式的整體分析部分，往往著墨較少。基於個人對日本動畫產業的興趣，以及創意內容產業與日遽增的重要性，希望能透過一個整體性的架構，剖析日本動畫產業的運作方式，找出產業價值鏈發展的關鍵因素，供產界、學界往後研究日本動畫產業參考。 本研究依照產業價值鏈的研究架構，從次級資料中整理、分析日本動畫產業的發展歷程，希望能夠回答以下的研究問題： 1. 從價值鍊理論的觀點，探討日本動畫產業從1950年代到2000年代的發展歷程以及歷史背景因素的影響。希望能建構出一整體性的日本動畫產業價值鏈。 2. 藉由產業價值鏈的建構過程，釐清日本動畫產業內的重要價值活動，以及彼此之間相互影響的關係。 3. 綜合以上研究，希望能找出日本動畫產業發展的關鍵因素。 本研究之結論可摘要如下： 一、 日本動畫產業的價值鏈的內涵，可分為五個環節來描述 1. 原始創意：「原始創意」乃是動畫作品製作流程中，最早期投入的「原料」。包含動畫作品故事的題材選用、各項設定如人物、場景、美術設定、以及說故事的表現手法。 2. 資源募集：原料備妥後，為了要進入製作動畫的階段，還必須要有資金、人才、以及技術的到位，稱之為「資源募集」。資源募集包含了資金的籌措方式、人才培育的制度機構、以及動畫技術的創新突破。 3. 動畫製作：動畫製作的階段可再細分為許多的細項，但是對產業發展的過程來說，關鍵點不在於製作流程中某一項活動的創新，而是整體製作流程的演進，包含：垂直整合、專業分工、以及動畫製程的改變。 4. 內容流通：動畫作品製作完成後，需要經由種種的通路，將作品的影響力傳播出去。傳播的管道不限於一般的播送通路如電視、電影，也有可能是通過參加影展、參加專為動畫作品設置的競賽、接受某些動畫獎項的評審。此外，在內容流通的過程中，政府法規所扮演的角色，可能是助力，亦有可能是阻力。 5. 價值回收：經過內容流通的階段後，動畫作品的影響力傳播出去，這時候廠商開始透過許多不同的管道，進行價值回收的活動。除了直接針對傳播媒體收取播送的權利金、透過電影院的票房分紅外，透過肖像授權的方式所衍生出來的周邊事業，更是龐大的商機所在。 二、 價值鏈上的各環節存在著互相鏈結的現像 6. 「原始創意」環節的改變，會影響「內容流通」、「價值回收」等環節。 7. 「資源募集」環節的改變，會影響「原始創意」、「動畫製作」、「內容流通」、「價值回收」等全部環節。 8. 「動畫製作」環節的改變，會影響「原始創意」、「內容流通」等環節。 9. 「內容流通」環節的改變，會影響「原始創意」、「價值回收」。 10. 「價值回收」環節的改變，會影響「內容流通」環節。 三、 日本動畫產業發展的關鍵因素，在於完整價值鏈的建立，以及價值鏈內不同環節之間鏈結的強固 11. 在「原始創意」部分，日本動畫題材與表現手法的豐富，是發展歷程每個階段不斷累積的成果。 12. 「資源募集」部分，資金的來源多元、人才的培育制度化、技術不斷的創新，使得日本動畫產業在這部份相當具有競爭力。 13. 「動畫製作」部分，隨著流動通路的改變能夠採用不同的模式；並且發展出兩大軸線：虫製作的「有限動畫」和吉卜力工作室的「精緻製作」。 14. 「內容流通」和「價值回收」部分，新的動畫放映通路不斷的出現，伴隨著各種價值回收的手法開發出來，使得日本動畫產業在周邊商品的行銷上具有相當的能耐。 四、 日本動畫產業價值鏈的分析方式，不僅可應用於動畫產業，更可應用於其他相關之文化創意產業範疇 15. 本研究乃是依據Porter所提出之價值鏈理論作為建構產業價值鏈之工具，並輔以文獻探討中關於文化創意產業經濟特性以及電影產業價值鏈的回顧，將原先Porter之「製造業」思維之產業價值鏈，轉化為「軟體產業」思維之產業價值鏈。 16. 凡是文化創意產業中具有與動畫產業類似之創意投入、內容產製、流通、價值回收之產業，諸如電影產業、遊戲產業、音樂產業……等，都可以本研究所提出之產業價值鏈之分析模式，作為產業發展分析之工具。 / Essentially, animation industry, as a category of creative industries, has great economic potential. They include direct revenue from exhibitions and and there is a big market of related products. Most documents about Japanese animation industry focus on the history of industry development; total analysis of industrial operation is relatively less emphasized. Based on my personal interests in Japanese animation industry and the increasing importance of creative industries, this research will analyze the operation of Japanese animation industry and figure out the key factors in its value chain development. The objective of this research is to answer the following questions: 1. From the viewpoint of value chain theory, to study the history of Japanese animation industry between 1950 to 2000 in order to build a complete industrial value chain. 2. Through the building process of industrial value chain, identify the key value activities and the mutual effects among them. 3. Upon analysis, identify the key factors of Japanese animation industry development. The conclusions of this research can be summarized as below: A. The contents of the value chain of the Japanese animation industry can be described as five core elements. 1. Original creativity: Original creativity is the raw materials of the animation film production which are injected at the early stage, including the story, characters, scene, and art. 2. Resources collection: Before entering the stage of production, some resources are essential, such as capital, human resource, and technology. 3. Production: From the industrial viewpoint, we focus on the change of production process, including vertical integration, specialization and division of labor. 4. Contents distribution: Through various kinds of channels, the influences of animation films are spread out. The channels include television, theaters, exhibitions, contests, and awards. Also, the government and laws play the roles as help or blockage. 5. Value recycle: After the influence of animation films are spread out, enterprises begin to gain value recycle through several ways, such as premium, distribute profits, and especially the sales of related products. B. The five elements of the value chain are connected with different chains. 6. Changes of “Original creativity” have effects on “Contents distribution” and “Value recycle”. 7. Changes of “Resources collection” have effects on “Original creativity”, “Production”, “Contents distribution“ and “Value recycle”. 8. Changes of “Production” have effects on “Original creativity” and “Contents distribution”. 9. Changes of “Contents distribution” have effects on “Original creativity” and “Value recycle”. 10. Changes of “Value recycle” have effects on “Contents distribution”. C. The key factors of Japanese animation industry development are the construction of complete industrial value chain and the strong connections among the chains of different elements. 11. In the part of “Original creativity”, the rich contents about stories and performances of Japanese animations are the results of long-term accumulation. 12. In the part of “Resources collection”, multiple sources of capital, systematic education of human resource and continuous innovations of technology make Japanese animation industry very competitive. 13. In the part of “Production”, variable production processes are adopted according to different exhibition channels. There goes two major production processes: “Limited animation” and “Refined animation”. 14. In the part of “Contents distribution” and “Value recycle”, continuous invention of new exhibition channels and methods of value recycle make the Japanese animation industry very proficient in marketing the related products. D. The analysis methods of this research can apply to not only the animation industry, but also to the other fields within the creative industries. 15. This research transforms the “manufacturing” industrial value chain model mentioned by Michael E. Porter into the “software” one, based on the reviews of documents. 16. The analysis methods of this research work on those industries with similar creativity injection, production, distribution, and value recycle as the animation industry, such as movie, music, video game industries.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-16T11:40:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagoribeirofurtadodemendonca.pdf: 2671419 bytes, checksum: 9751de9437139252fdb339ca32b4f21d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-16T11:57:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagoribeirofurtadodemendonca.pdf: 2671419 bytes, checksum: 9751de9437139252fdb339ca32b4f21d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-16T11:57:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagoribeirofurtadodemendonca.pdf: 2671419 bytes, checksum: 9751de9437139252fdb339ca32b4f21d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em face ao aumento da demanda por energia elétrica e maior confiabilidade em seu fornecimento, diversas metodologias de controle e proteção da rede elétrica estão sendo desenvolvidas. Para isso é de fundamental importância a utilização de técnicas de processamento de sinais que permitam a extração de forma precisa e rápida dos parâmetros da rede elétrica. O advento de novas tecnologias permitiu a modernização dos sistemas de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, melhorando a eficiência energética e confiabilidade. Por outro lado, observou-se a proliferação na indústria de novas cargas, em sua maioria de natureza não linear, responsáveis pela geração de componentes harmônicos e inter-harmônicos que distorcem o sinal do sistema elétrico (tensão e corrente), dificultando a estimação de parâmetros importantes. Com o intuito de continuar provendo energia de forma segura e confiável, alguns pré-requisitos devem ser atendidos, tais como a baixa distorção harmônica, amplitude estável, baixa oscilação da frequência fundamental, entre outros. Hoje em dia, devido ao maior nível de cargas e equipamentos não lineares conectados a rede, rastrear estes parâmetros de qualidade de energia não é uma tarefa fácil. Para isso, novas técnicas de processamento de sinais devem ser combinadas às teorias de sistemas de potência como forma de estimar e acompanhar as mudanças destes parâmetros. Nesse contexto, diversos algoritmos vêm sendo implementados, cada um com suas especificidades e desempenho. O presente trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de um novo filtro baseado no filtro Hanning, que é capaz de eliminar harmônicos e atenuar inter-harmônicos com maior eficiência além de ser mais estável quando se considera a implementação em ponto fixo. Este filtro foi combinado com um algoritmo capaz de ajustar seus coeficientes de acordo com a estimação da frequência fundamental de forma a garantir amostragem síncrona, ou seja, a frequência de amostragem será sempre múltipla inteira da frequência atual. Dessa forma, a estimação de amplitude e reconstrução de componentes são feitas com maior precisão mesmo quando se considera a natureza variante da frequência fundamental do sinal bem como a maior quantidade de harmônicos e inter-harmônicos presentes, retratando com maior fidelidade o sinal real do sistema de potência. Os resultados mostram-se superiores às técnicas já existentes, considerando sinais com frequências fora da nominal bem como com grande quantidade de componentes harmônicos e inter-harmônicos, atingindo uma melhoria de 74% em relação ao MAF e de quase 90% em relação ao Hanning convencional. / Due to the growing demand for energy provided in a more reliable way, several control, protection and monitoring methodologies are been developed. For this reason it is of great importance the utilization of appropriate signal processing techniques that allow a precise and fast extraction of parameters from the electrical grid. The advent of new technologies has enabled the modernization of the electric energy generation, transmission and distribution systems, improving its efficiency and service reliability. On the other hand, it was noted a widespread in the application of non-linear loads, responsible for generating harmonics and inter-harmonics components that distorts the electrical signal (voltage and current), hindering the estimation process of useful parameters. With the aim to keep providing energy in a safe and reliable way, some prerequisites must be taken into account, such as the low harmonic distortion, stable amplitude, low oscillation of the fundamental frequency among others. Nowadays, due to the widespread use of nonlinear loads and equipment coupled to the grid, tracking these power quality parameters is not an easy task. That is why novel approaches and techniques of signal processing must be combined with knowledge of power systems theory as a form to estimate and keep track of these measurements. Within this context several algorithms are been developed, each one with its specificity and performance. The present work proposes the development of a new filter, based on the Hanning filter, capable of eliminating harmonics and attenuate with more efficiency the inter-harmonic components besides being more stable for fixed point implementation. This filter is combined with an algorithm that enable the adjustment of its coefficients according to the frequency estimation, assuring a synchronous sampling process, that is, the sampling rate will always be an integer multiple of the actual system frequency. In this way, the amplitude estimation and component reconstruction are performed with better accuracy even when considering the time-varying nature of the fundamental frequency of the signal and the high amount of distortion due to harmonics and inter-harmonics, depicting with greater fidelity the true signal of power system. Results have shown better performance than the already known techniques, considering signal with off-nominal frequency as well as high level of harmonic and inter-harmonic distortion, reaching 74% of improvement in relation with MAF and almost 90% in relation of conventional Hanning.

Für den Zugang zu grafischen Benutzungsoberflächen (GUIs) stehen blinden Menschen so genannte Screenreader und Braillezeilen zur Verfügung. Diese ermöglichen zwar das nicht-visuelle Wahrnehmen textueller Inhalte, allerdings kein effektives Arbeiten mit bildlichen Darstellungen. Neuartige taktile Flächendisplays können eine geeignete Lösung für den interaktiven Zugang zu tastbaren Grafiken darstellen und somit die Interaktionsmöglichkeiten blinder Benutzer im Umgang mit grafischen Anwendungen bereichern. Beispielsweise erlauben derartige Geräte nicht nur das Erkunden räumlicher Anordnungen, sondern darüber hinaus auch die kombinierte Ausgabe von Braille, Grafik und semi-grafischen Elementen. Um die deutlich größere Menge an gleichzeitig darstellbaren Informationen beherrschbar zu machen, sind neben entsprechenden Inhaltsaufbereitungen und Navigationsmechanismen auch geeignete Orientierungshilfen bereitzustellen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde am Beispiel der BrailleDis Geräte der Metec AG, welche eine taktile Ausgabefläche von 120 mal 60 Stiften bereitstellen, untersucht, inwieweit flächige Brailledisplays blinden Menschen eine effektive und effiziente Bedienung grafischer Benutzungsoberflächen ermöglichen. Neben dem Zugang zur GUI selbst sowie dem Lesen von Texten stellt dabei insbesondere das Arbeiten mit Grafiken einen wichtigen Aspekt dar. Um die Bedienung auf einem taktilen Flächendisplay zu erleichtern, ist eine konsistente Organisation der Inhalte hilfreich. Hierfür wurde ein neuartiges taktiles Fenstersystem umgesetzt, welches die Ausgabe nicht nur in mehrere disjunkte Bereiche unterteilt, sondern auch verschiedene taktile Darstellungsarten unterstützt. Zur Systematisierung der Gestaltung und Evaluation derartiger taktiler Benutzungsoberflächen sowie der darin stattfindenden Benutzerinteraktionen wurde zunächst eine Taxonomie erarbeitet. Dabei wurden neben der Interaktion selber, welche durch die Ein-und Ausgabe sowie die Handbewegungen des Benutzers beschrieben werden kann, auch die Benutzerintention in Form von taktilen Elementaraufgaben sowie die technischen Spezifikationen des Geräts mit einbezogen. Basierend auf der Taxonomie wurden anschließend relevante Aspekte identifiziert, welche in mehreren Benutzerstudien mit insgesamt 46 blinden und hochgradig sehbehinderten Menschen untersucht wurden. Die betrachteten Untersuchungsfragen betrafen dabei einerseits die Effektivität der Ausgabe in Form verschiedener taktiler Ansichtsarten sowie die Eingabe und Erkundung durch den Benutzer, andererseits auch Aspekte zur Effizienz konkreter Interaktionstechniken. Als Ergebnis der einzelnen Studien wurden abschließend konkrete Empfehlungen zur Umsetzung von Benutzungsoberflächen auf flächigen Brailledisplays gegeben. Diese beinhalten insbesondere Aspekte zur Ergonomie von taktilen Flächendisplays, zur Anzeige von textuellen Inhalten, zur Darstellung und Interaktion mit grafischen Inhalten sowie zu Orientierungshilfen. Insgesamt konnte mit Hilfe der Benutzerstudien gezeigt werden, dass flächige Brailledisplays blinden Menschen einen effektiven und effizienten Zugang zu grafischen Benutzungsoberflächen ermöglichen. Verschiedene taktile Darstellungsarten können dabei das Lösen unterschiedlicher Aufgaben unterstützen. Generell erfordert die flächige Interaktion vom Benutzer allerdings auch die Erweiterung seiner konventionellen Erkundungs-und Eingabestrategien. Die Bereitstellung neuartiger Interaktionstechniken zur Unterstützung der Orientierung kann die Effizienz zusätzlich steigern. / Blind people normally use screen readers as well as single-lined refreshable Braille displays for accessing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). These technologies allow for a non-visual perception of textual content but not for an effective handling of visual illustrations. Novel two-dimensional tactile pin-matrix devices are an appropriate solution to interactively access tactual graphics. In this way, they can enrich the interaction possibilities of blind users in dealing with graphical applications. For instance, such devices enable the exploration of spatial arrangements and also combine output of Braille, graphics and semi-graphical elements. To make the high amount of simultaneously presented information perceivable and efficiently usable for blind users, an adequate preparation of content as well as adapted navigation and orientation mechanisms must be provided. In this thesis the BrailleDis devices of Metec AG, which have a tactile output area of 120 times 60 pins, were used. The goal was to investigate to what extent large pin-matrix devices enable blind people to use graphical user interfaces effectively and efficiently. Access to the GUI itself, reading text, and dealing with graphics are the main aspects of the application area of such devices. To facilitate the operation on a two-dimensional pin-matrix device a consistent organization of the content is helpful. Therefore, a novel tactile windowing system was implemented which divides the output area into multiple disjunctive regions and supports diverse tactile information visualizations. Moreover, a taxonomy was developed to systematize the design and evaluation of tactile user interfaces. Apart from interaction that can be described by input and output as well as hand movements, the taxonomy includes user intention in terms of interactive task primitives and technical specifications of the device. Based on the taxonomy, relevant aspects of tactile interaction were identified. These aspects were examined in multiple user studies with a total of 46 blind and visually impaired participants. The following research topics were considered during the user studies: 1. the effectiveness of diverse tactile view types (output), 2. user input and exploration, and 3. the efficiency of specific interaction techniques. As a result, practical recommendations for implementing user interfaces on two-dimensional pin-matrix devices were given. These recommendations include ergonomic issues of physical devices as well as design considerations for textual and graphical content as well as orientation aids. In summary, the user studies showed that two-dimensional pin-matrix devices enable blind people an effective and efficient access to graphical user interfaces. Diverse tactile information visualizations can support users to fulfill various tasks. In general, two-dimensional interaction requires the extension of conventional exploration and input strategies of users. The provision of novel interaction techniques for supporting orientation can help to increase efficiency even more.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5554.pdf: 2294386 bytes, checksum: ce6dc6cd7128337c0533ddd23c0bc601 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / The mining of sequential patterns in data from environmental sensors is a challenging task: the data may show noise and may also contain sparse patterns that are difficult to detect. The knowledge extracted from environmental sensor data can be used to determine climate change, for example. However, there is a lack of methods that can handle this type of database. In order to reduce this gap, the algorithm Incremental Miner of Stretchy Time Sequences with Post-Processing (IncMSTS-PP) was proposed. The IncMSTS-PP applies incremental extraction of sequential patterns with post-processing based on ontology for the generalization of the patterns. The post-processing makes the patterns semantically richer. Generalized patterns synthesize the information and makes it easier to be interpreted. IncMSTS-PP implements the Stretchy Time Window (STW) that allows stretchy time patterns (patterns with temporal intervals) are mined from bases that have noises. In comparison with GSP algorithm, IncMSTS-PP can return 2.3 times more patterns and patterns with 5 times more itemsets. The post-processing module is responsible for the reduction in 22.47% of the number of patterns presented to the user, but the returned patterns are semantically richer. Thus, the IncMSTS-PP showed good performance and mined relevant patterns showing, that way, that IncMSTS-PP is effective, efficient and appropriate for domain of environmental sensor data. / A mineração de padrões sequenciais em dados de sensores ambientais é uma tarefa desafiadora: os dados podem apresentar ruídos e podem, também, conter padrões esparsos que são difíceis de serem detectados. O conhecimento extraído de dados de sensores ambientais pode ser usado para determinar mudanças climáticas, por exemplo. Entretanto, há uma lacuna de métodos que podem lidar com este tipo de banco de dados. Com o intuito de diminuir esta lacuna, o algoritmo Incremental Miner of Stretchy Time Sequences with Post- Processing (IncMSTS-PP) foi proposto. O IncMSTS-PP aplica a extração incremental de padrões sequencias com pós-processamento baseado em ontologia para a generalização dos padrões obtidos que acarreta o enriquecimento semântico desses padrões. Padrões generalizados sintetizam a informação e a torna mais fácil de ser interpretada. IncMSTS-PP implementa o método Stretchy Time Window (STW) que permite que padrões de tempo elástico (padrões com intervalos temporais) sejam extraídos em bases que apresentam ruídos. Em comparação com o algoritmo GSP, o IncMSTS-PP pode retornar 2,3 vezes mais sequencias e sequencias com 5 vezes mais itemsets. O módulo de pós-processamento é responsável pela redução em 22,47% do número de padrões apresentados ao usuário, porém os padrões retornados são semanticamente mais ricos, se comparados aos padrões não generalizados. Assim sendo, o IncMSTS-PP apresentou bons resultados de desempenho e minerou padrões relevantes mostrando, assim, que IncMSTS-PP é eficaz, eficiente e apropriado em domínio de dados de sensores ambientais.

Für den Zugang zu grafischen Benutzungsoberflächen (GUIs) stehen blinden Menschen so genannte Screenreader und Braillezeilen zur Verfügung. Diese ermöglichen zwar das nicht-visuelle Wahrnehmen textueller Inhalte, allerdings kein effektives Arbeiten mit bildlichen Darstellungen. Neuartige taktile Flächendisplays können eine geeignete Lösung für den interaktiven Zugang zu tastbaren Grafiken darstellen und somit die Interaktionsmöglichkeiten blinder Benutzer im Umgang mit grafischen Anwendungen bereichern. Beispielsweise erlauben derartige Geräte nicht nur das Erkunden räumlicher Anordnungen, sondern darüber hinaus auch die kombinierte Ausgabe von Braille, Grafik und semi-grafischen Elementen. Um die deutlich größere Menge an gleichzeitig darstellbaren Informationen beherrschbar zu machen, sind neben entsprechenden Inhaltsaufbereitungen und Navigationsmechanismen auch geeignete Orientierungshilfen bereitzustellen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde am Beispiel der BrailleDis Geräte der Metec AG, welche eine taktile Ausgabefläche von 120 mal 60 Stiften bereitstellen, untersucht, inwieweit flächige Brailledisplays blinden Menschen eine effektive und effiziente Bedienung grafischer Benutzungsoberflächen ermöglichen. Neben dem Zugang zur GUI selbst sowie dem Lesen von Texten stellt dabei insbesondere das Arbeiten mit Grafiken einen wichtigen Aspekt dar. Um die Bedienung auf einem taktilen Flächendisplay zu erleichtern, ist eine konsistente Organisation der Inhalte hilfreich. Hierfür wurde ein neuartiges taktiles Fenstersystem umgesetzt, welches die Ausgabe nicht nur in mehrere disjunkte Bereiche unterteilt, sondern auch verschiedene taktile Darstellungsarten unterstützt. Zur Systematisierung der Gestaltung und Evaluation derartiger taktiler Benutzungsoberflächen sowie der darin stattfindenden Benutzerinteraktionen wurde zunächst eine Taxonomie erarbeitet. Dabei wurden neben der Interaktion selber, welche durch die Ein-und Ausgabe sowie die Handbewegungen des Benutzers beschrieben werden kann, auch die Benutzerintention in Form von taktilen Elementaraufgaben sowie die technischen Spezifikationen des Geräts mit einbezogen. Basierend auf der Taxonomie wurden anschließend relevante Aspekte identifiziert, welche in mehreren Benutzerstudien mit insgesamt 46 blinden und hochgradig sehbehinderten Menschen untersucht wurden. Die betrachteten Untersuchungsfragen betrafen dabei einerseits die Effektivität der Ausgabe in Form verschiedener taktiler Ansichtsarten sowie die Eingabe und Erkundung durch den Benutzer, andererseits auch Aspekte zur Effizienz konkreter Interaktionstechniken. Als Ergebnis der einzelnen Studien wurden abschließend konkrete Empfehlungen zur Umsetzung von Benutzungsoberflächen auf flächigen Brailledisplays gegeben. Diese beinhalten insbesondere Aspekte zur Ergonomie von taktilen Flächendisplays, zur Anzeige von textuellen Inhalten, zur Darstellung und Interaktion mit grafischen Inhalten sowie zu Orientierungshilfen. Insgesamt konnte mit Hilfe der Benutzerstudien gezeigt werden, dass flächige Brailledisplays blinden Menschen einen effektiven und effizienten Zugang zu grafischen Benutzungsoberflächen ermöglichen. Verschiedene taktile Darstellungsarten können dabei das Lösen unterschiedlicher Aufgaben unterstützen. Generell erfordert die flächige Interaktion vom Benutzer allerdings auch die Erweiterung seiner konventionellen Erkundungs-und Eingabestrategien. Die Bereitstellung neuartiger Interaktionstechniken zur Unterstützung der Orientierung kann die Effizienz zusätzlich steigern. / Blind people normally use screen readers as well as single-lined refreshable Braille displays for accessing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). These technologies allow for a non-visual perception of textual content but not for an effective handling of visual illustrations. Novel two-dimensional tactile pin-matrix devices are an appropriate solution to interactively access tactual graphics. In this way, they can enrich the interaction possibilities of blind users in dealing with graphical applications. For instance, such devices enable the exploration of spatial arrangements and also combine output of Braille, graphics and semi-graphical elements. To make the high amount of simultaneously presented information perceivable and efficiently usable for blind users, an adequate preparation of content as well as adapted navigation and orientation mechanisms must be provided. In this thesis the BrailleDis devices of Metec AG, which have a tactile output area of 120 times 60 pins, were used. The goal was to investigate to what extent large pin-matrix devices enable blind people to use graphical user interfaces effectively and efficiently. Access to the GUI itself, reading text, and dealing with graphics are the main aspects of the application area of such devices. To facilitate the operation on a two-dimensional pin-matrix device a consistent organization of the content is helpful. Therefore, a novel tactile windowing system was implemented which divides the output area into multiple disjunctive regions and supports diverse tactile information visualizations. Moreover, a taxonomy was developed to systematize the design and evaluation of tactile user interfaces. Apart from interaction that can be described by input and output as well as hand movements, the taxonomy includes user intention in terms of interactive task primitives and technical specifications of the device. Based on the taxonomy, relevant aspects of tactile interaction were identified. These aspects were examined in multiple user studies with a total of 46 blind and visually impaired participants. The following research topics were considered during the user studies: 1. the effectiveness of diverse tactile view types (output), 2. user input and exploration, and 3. the efficiency of specific interaction techniques. As a result, practical recommendations for implementing user interfaces on two-dimensional pin-matrix devices were given. These recommendations include ergonomic issues of physical devices as well as design considerations for textual and graphical content as well as orientation aids. In summary, the user studies showed that two-dimensional pin-matrix devices enable blind people an effective and efficient access to graphical user interfaces. Diverse tactile information visualizations can support users to fulfill various tasks. In general, two-dimensional interaction requires the extension of conventional exploration and input strategies of users. The provision of novel interaction techniques for supporting orientation can help to increase efficiency even more.