Terry Pratchett, writer of humorous, satirical fantasy, is very popular in Britain. His Discworld series, which encompasses over 30 novels, has witches as protagonists in one of the major sub-series, currently covering eight novels. His first “witch” novel, Equal Rites, in which he pits organised, misogynist wizards against disorganised witches, led him to being accused of feminist writing. This work investigates this claim by first outlining the development of the historical witch stereotype or discourse and how that relates to the modern, feminist views of witches. Then Pratchett’s treatment of his major witch characters is examined and analysed in terms of feminist and poststructuralist literary theory. It appears that, while giving the impression of supporting feminism and the feminist views of witches, Pratchett’s witches actually reinforce the patriarchal view of women.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1937. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 385-392).

A re-evaluation of the king's writings combined with a detailed study of these Jacobean plays provides sufficient evidence to support the main contentions of this thesis. First, it presents the proposition that the interest of James in witches and witchcraft has been misjudged and frequently either maligned or disregarded. Second, it demonstrates that the king's views on witchcraft comprise a philosophy which is consistent with the balance of his political and religious thought and action. Third, it develops the idea that certain reflections of the king's interest in witchcraft are significantly evident in specific plays written during his reign.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Theatre, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], ii, 104 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-104).

The use of supernatural beings in four of Shakespeare’s plays – A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and The Tempest – is examined in order to show the change in Shakespeare’s thinking about magic, and how the mortal and supernatural can co-exist. The shift from properly controlled benevolent female power, to out-of-control malevolent female power, to the eradication of female power and triumph of the male magus is examined; the ideal co-existence of the human and supernatural worlds is assessed.

O fungo fitopatogênico hemibiotrófico Moniliophthora perniciosa, causador da doença Vassoura-de-Bruxa no cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao), é um dos maiores responsáveis pela contribuição do declínio da produção brasileira de cacau e constitui um problema fitopatológico em todas as regiões cacauicultoras. O gênero Solanum, do qual faz parte o tomate, berinjela, batata entre outros, é bem conhecido na literatura por conterem compostos que exibem atividade biológica tais como antifúngica, antiviral, moluscida, anticancerígena entre outras. O presente trabalho explorou o potencial de extrato bruto de folhas de Solanum lycopersicum como agente inibidor no controle de crescimento e desenvolvimento de três biotipos de M. perniciosa (cacau, solanácea e liana). Através de ensaios biológicos e métodos cromatográficos foi identificado o metabólito secundário -tomatina como responsável pela atividade antifúngica. Este glicoalcalóide, que apresentou potente atividade antifúngica em ensaios in vitro, foi utilizado como agente de controle no desenvolvimento do fungo e manifestação dos sintomas em plantas in vivo, onde foi verificado uma redução significativa no número de plantas com sintomas. / The hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungi Moniliophthora perniciosa, agent of witches broom disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of the major responsible for the Brazilian cocoa production decay and it is a phytopathological problem in every cocoa yield area. Solanum genera, from each belongs tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, among others, is well known as producer of biological activity such as antifungal, antiviral, anti mollus, anticancer, etc. This study explored the potential of crude extract leaves from Solanum lycopersicum as an inhibitor agent for the control of growing and development of three M. perniciosa biotypes. By the use of biological assays and chromatography, -tomatine, a secondary metabolite was identified as responsible for antifungal activity. This glycoalcaloid presented great antifungal activity on in vitro assays and it was used on the control and development of witches broom symptoms in vivo, where a significant reduction of symptomatic plants could be observed.

Fitoplasmas são procariotos sem parede celular e habitantes de floema, agentes de doenças que causam danos consideráveis em diversas culturas. O maracujazeiro é uma espécie tropical cultivada em diversas regiões brasileiras. As doenças estão entre os fatores que podem causar danos à cultura e o superbrotamento do maracujazeiro tem se revelado como sendo uma das mais importantes. Esta doença, associada com fitoplasma, foi reportada somente no Brasil, onde foi registrada nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Pernambuco, no início da década de oitenta. Embora alguns estudos sobre o assunto tenham sido feitos anteriormente, o presente estudo foi conduzido para: demonstrar a presença constante do agente em associação com plantas doentes; revelar a ocorrência do fitoplasma em algumas áreas pertencentes a alguns estados; identificar, classificar e estudar filogeneticamente o fitoplasma; e demonstrar a patogenicidade do fitoplasma do superbrotamento do maracujazeiro. Em 2005-2006, plantas sintomáticas suspeitas de estarem infectadas por fitoplasma foram amostradas em algumas áreas do estado de São Paulo e vários outros estados brasileiros. A detecção e identificação por PCR duplo foi conduzida com os pares de oligonucleotídeos universais para fitoplasmas R16mF2/mR1-R16 F2n/R2 e pelo par específico R16(III) F2/R1, repectivamente. Para as análises de RFLP foram usadas as enzimas de restrição AluI, HhaI, KpnI, HinfI, HpaII, MseI, RsaI e MboI. Análises filogenéticas foram baseadas nas seqüências de nucleotídeos do 16S rDNA de fitoplasmas pertencentes a grupos e subgrupos distintos. Os ensaios de patogenicidade foram feitos usando-se enxertia de tecido. Amplificações de fragmentos de DNA de 1,2kb usando-se os oligonuclotídeos universais revelaram a presença de fitoplasma nas plantas sintomáticas de todas as regiões amostradas. Amplificações de fragmentos de DNA de 0,8kb pelos oligonucleotídeos específicos indicaram que o fitoplasma detectado era afiliado ao grupo 16SrIII, enquanto as análises de RFLP confirmaram a identificação feita com base no PCR e mostraram que o fitoplasma pode ser classificado como um membro do subgrupo 16SrIII-B. Sequenciamento e análises filogenéticas revelaram que o fitoplasma do superbrotamento do maracujazeiro é um típico representante do grupo 16SRIII, quando comparado com fitoplasmas de outros grupos. A patogenicidade foi demonstrada através da observação de sintomas típicos da doença, seguida da detecção molecular do fitoplasma in plantas sadias enxertadas com ramos de plantas infectadas. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo permitiram: confirmar a diagnose baseada na sintomatologia; revelar a associação constante entre planta doente e fitoplasma, confirmando investigações anteriores conduzidas com microscopia eletrônica; identificar o fitoplasma como um membro do grupo 16SrIII-B; demonstrar que o fitoplasma é o agente causal do superbrotamento do maracujazeiro; e mostrar a ocorrência atual do patógeno nos estados da Bahia, do Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe e São Paulo. / Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotes and phloem-inhabitants associated with diseases that affect several crops. Passion fruit plant is a tropical species cultivated in various Brazilian regions. Diseases are among factors that may cause damage to this crop and the passion fruit witches\' broom has been revealed as very important one. That disease, associated with phytoplasma, was reported only in Brazil, where it was registered in Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco States in the beginning of eighty decade. Although some studies about that subject have been made previously, the present study was conducted in order to: demonstrate the constant presence of the agent in association with diseased plants; reveal the occurrence of fitoplasma in some areas belonging to some States; identify, classify and study phylogenetically the phytoplasma; and demonstrate the pathogenicity of passion fruit witches\' broom phytoplasma. In 2005-2006, symptomatic plants suspected of phytoplasma infection were sampled in some areas of São Paulo State and various other Brazilian States. The detection and identification by nested PCR were performed with the universal primer pair R16mF2/mR1-16F2n/R2 and specific pair R16(III)F2/R1, respectively. For RFLP analyses were used the restriction enzymes AluI, HhaI, KpnI, HinfI, HpaII, MseI, RsaI e MboI. Phylogenetic analyses were based on the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rDNA from phytoplasmas belonging to distinct groups and subgroups. Pathogenecity assays were made by using grafting of tissue. Amplifications of DNA fragments of 1.2kb by using universal primer pairs revealed the presence of phytoplasma in the symptomatic plants from all sampled regions. Amplifications of DNA fragments of 0,8kb by specific primer pair indicated that the detected phytoplasma is affiliated to the group 16SrIII, while RFLP analyses confirmed the identification based on PCR and showed that phytoplasma may be classify as a member of the subgroup 16SRIII-B. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the passion fruit witches\'broom phytoplasma is a typical representative of group 16SRIII, when compared with phytoplasmas from other groups. Pathogenicity was demonstrated through the observation of typical symptoms of the disease followed by molecular detection of the phytoplasma in healthy plants grafted with shoots from infected plants. The results obtained in the present study allowed: to confirm the diagnosis based on the symptomatology; to reveal the firm association between diseased plant and phytoplasma, confirming previous investigations conduced by electron microscopy; to identify the phytoplasma as a member of the group 16SRIII-B; to demonstrate that phytoplasma is the causal agent of passion fruit witches\' broom; and to show the present occurrence of the pathogen in the States of Bahia, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, and São Paulo

O fungo fitopatogênico hemibiotrófico Moniliophthora perniciosa, causador da doença Vassoura-de-Bruxa no cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao), é um dos maiores responsáveis pela contribuição do declínio da produção brasileira de cacau e constitui um problema fitopatológico em todas as regiões cacauicultoras. O gênero Solanum, do qual faz parte o tomate, berinjela, batata entre outros, é bem conhecido na literatura por conterem compostos que exibem atividade biológica tais como antifúngica, antiviral, moluscida, anticancerígena entre outras. O presente trabalho explorou o potencial de extrato bruto de folhas de Solanum lycopersicum como agente inibidor no controle de crescimento e desenvolvimento de três biotipos de M. perniciosa (cacau, solanácea e liana). Através de ensaios biológicos e métodos cromatográficos foi identificado o metabólito secundário -tomatina como responsável pela atividade antifúngica. Este glicoalcalóide, que apresentou potente atividade antifúngica em ensaios in vitro, foi utilizado como agente de controle no desenvolvimento do fungo e manifestação dos sintomas em plantas in vivo, onde foi verificado uma redução significativa no número de plantas com sintomas. / The hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungi Moniliophthora perniciosa, agent of witches broom disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of the major responsible for the Brazilian cocoa production decay and it is a phytopathological problem in every cocoa yield area. Solanum genera, from each belongs tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, among others, is well known as producer of biological activity such as antifungal, antiviral, anti mollus, anticancer, etc. This study explored the potential of crude extract leaves from Solanum lycopersicum as an inhibitor agent for the control of growing and development of three M. perniciosa biotypes. By the use of biological assays and chromatography, -tomatine, a secondary metabolite was identified as responsible for antifungal activity. This glycoalcaloid presented great antifungal activity on in vitro assays and it was used on the control and development of witches broom symptoms in vivo, where a significant reduction of symptomatic plants could be observed.

A doença vassoura-de-bruxa do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.), causada pelo basidiomiceto Moniliophthora perniciosa consiste numa importante enfermidade e apenas o uso de variedades resistentes representa uma solução econômica e ambientalmente viável. Os hormônios vegetais são imprescindíveis na rede de sinalização envolvida na resposta contra uma grande variedade de estresses bióticos e abióticos, sendo bem reconhecido o papel crucial do ácido salicílico (AS), etileno (ET) e os jasmonatos (JA) na interação planta-patógeno. O mecanismo de resistência observado em T. cacao contra o fungo hemibiotrófico M. perniciosa parece não envolver resposta de hipersensibilidade mediada pela sinalização por AS, e caracteriza-se pela menor incidência de sintomas e atenuação do crescimento micelial no material resistente. A resposta regulada por JA e/ou ET é determinada pela contenção e redução da colonização de tecidos infectados pelo patógeno, com atenuação dos sintomas manifestados, e está associada com a indução e produção de inibidores de protease, enzimas líticas da parede de fungos e enzimas do metabolismo secundário e cujo os genes demonstraram indução diferencial em amostras inoculadas com M. perniciosa. Recentemente, foi demonstrada a produção de AS pelo fungo M. perniciosa, o que poderia estar associado a um desarranjo hormonal na planta, auxiliando o pátogeno no processo infectivo. A partir destas evidências este trabalho teve como hipótese que JA e/ou ET estaria regulando a interação T. cacao e M. perniciosa. Sabe-se que a transcrição de genes codificantes das enzimas da via de biossíntese de JA é induzida por aplicação exógena de metil-jasmonato (MJ) e por patógenos, assim para verificar a participação de JA na resposta de defesa de cacau, seqüências de genes que codificam para enzimas da via de biossíntese foram identificadas, classificadas e confirmados sua identidade por seqüenciamento. A indução e expressão quantitativa destes, além dos genes Samsi, Accox, Pal, Jaz e Della, foram avaliadas entre o acesso susceptível à M. perniciosa (\'P7\') e o resistente (\'CAB 214\') de T. cacao, em experimentos de aplicação de indutores (AS, ET e MJ) e inoculação com M. perniciosa. As análises de expressão gênica relativa por RT-qPCR foram conduzidas e a resposta dos genes de biossíntese de JA, quando tratado com MJ no \'P7\' pareceu ser mais intensa e mais específica, enquanto que o acesso \'CAB 214\' apresentou resposta com menor intensidade, porém com resposta mais precoce, demonstrando que o mecanismo de regulação positiva pela aplicação exógena de MJ também ocorre em T. cacao. Em relação à inoculação, os resultados de expressão gênica sugerem uma diferença na resposta transcricional dos genes analisados sob inoculação de M. perniciosa entre o \'P7\' e o \'CAB 214\' onde os transcritos de Aos, Kat, Samsi e Jaz apresentaram elevação significativa somente no \'CAB 214\' em comparação ao \'P7\'. Em acessos resistentes, como \'CAB 214\', o efeito de AS produzido pelo fungo poderia não estar surtindo efeitos antagônicos, como indicado pelo aumento transcricional de Aos, gene codificador da principal enzima envolvida na biossíntese de JA, e embora os demais genes da via estejam sendo reprimidos, muito possivelmente a sinalização da resposta de defesa do acesso resistente \'CAB 214\' seja desencadeada por JA, devido ao papel central de AOS na sua biossíntese, e de maneira sinérgica ET estaria participando do mecanismo de resposta, indicado pela alta indução de Samsi no acesso resistente / Witches broom disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa is an important disease and the use of resistant varieties is the only economic and environmental long-term solution. Plant hormones are essential in the signaling network involved in the response against a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. It is well recognized the crucial role of salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and jasmonate (JA) in plant-pathogen interactions. The mechanism of resistance observed in Theobroma cacao against M. perniciosa does not appear to involve hypersensitivity response mediated by AS signaling, and it is characterized by lower incidence of symptoms and reduction of mycelial growth in resistant material. The response regulated by JA and/or ET is determined by the growth inhibition and a reduction of the colonization of infected tissues by the pathogen, together with an attenuation of symptoms. It is also associated with an induction and production of the protease inhibitors, lytic enzymes and enzymes of secondary metabolism and the genes enconding these enzymes have shown differential expression patterns in samples inoculated with M. perniciosa. It has been recently demonstrated that the production of AS by the fungus M. perniciosa could be associated with a hormonal disorder in the plant, which could therefore help the pathogen in the infective process. Considering this, the hypothesis that JA and/or ET would regulate the interaction of T. cacao with M. perniciosa was formulated in order to be tested by this research work. It is known that the transcription of genes encoding the enzymes of the JA biosynthesis pathway is induced by exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and by pathogen, thus, in order to verify the involvement of JA in defense response of cocoa, sequences of genes that encode the enzymes of the JA biosynthesis pathway were isolated, identified, classified and had their identity confirmed by sequencing, and relative quantitative gene expression were evaluated in susceptible \'P7\' and resistant \'CAB 214\' plants of T. cacao. In addition genes Sams, Accox, Pal , Jaz and Della, were evaluated in experiments with application of inducers (AS, ET and MJ) and inoculation with M. perniciosa. Analysis of relative gene expression by RT-qPCR were conducted and \'P7\' seems to have the expression of jasmonate biosynthesis genes in a more intense and more specific manner when treated with MJ, while \'CAB 214\' shows an earlier yet lower response suggesting that the mechanism of positive regulation by the exogenous application of MJ also occurs in T. cacao. For the inoculation, the gene expression results suggest a difference in the transcriptional response from inoculation with M. perniciosa between \'P7\' and \'CAB 214\' in T. cacao. The effect of AS produced by the fungus may not have antagonistic effects in resistant materials such as \'CAB 214\', as indicated by the increase of the transcription of Aos gene that encodes the main enzyme involved in JA biosynthesis, so the defense responses of \'CAB 214\' is possibly triggered by JA signaling, because the central role of AOS in its biosynthesis, and may be part of synergistic ET signaling, indicated by high Samsi expression in resistance material

Every society consists of two main parts: ingroup (“ours”) and outgroup (“other”). The values of these groups are different and it causes the antithesis exits between these groups. It can develop into the intolerance towards the opposite group. The ingroup has a tendency to overestimate itself while the outgroup is underestimated. Such situation has a tendency to instigate the formation of the stereotypes of the outgroup. Sometimes some qualities of outgroup can be related with crimes in the eyes of ingroup members. One can distinguish two main types of the outgroups in the society of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the 17th century. The first group can be defined as infidels (Jewry, the Protestants, etc.) and the second – witches. Jewry became the out group because of the religious differences, traditions and behaviour features, etc. The intolerance towards the Jewry had could be stimulated by the existing economic competition. Usually the Jews had been blamed on economical crimes and swindles. Later the character of the accusations for the Jews had transformed. The image of swindling Jew had changed into the image of malevolent Jew, who harms To Christians purposely. The Jewry has been blamed having aim to pauperize the Christians. Later they had been blamed for beeing wishful to damage the Christian religion and to scorn it. Also the Jews had been accused for doing sacriledges, scorning the sacramental objects, stealing crucifixes, etc. Eventually the image of malevolent Jewry... [to full text]