Sistemas digitais tornaram-se onipresentes, há cerca de um bilhão de computadores conectados à Internet, e essenciais às atividades humanas. Em consequência, aumentam os casos judiciais cuja solução depende do exame forense de dispositivos eletrônicos. A investigação de ilícitos é quase sempre presencial: oficiais de justiça e peritos coletam computadores suspeitos e os conduzem para laboratórios especializados mantidos pelo Estado (Institutos de Criminalística), por universidades ou pelos próprios peritos judiciais. Funcionários públicos ou especialistas nomeados pelos Juízes e, quando admissíveis, representantes dos autores e réus, conduzem exames técnicos segundo métodos e ferramentas forenses. O resultado é submetido ao Magistrado na forma de um laudo pericial cuja qualidade tem severa repercussão social por ser elemento de convencimento, decisão e julgamento nos processos judiciais. Essa qualidade é ameaçada pela demanda superior aos recursos disponíveis e pela crescente complexidade. Poucos centros de estudo reúnem recursos e competência apropriados ao desafio, além de quase sempre estarem distantes dos seus principais usuários: milhares de fóruns e delegacias espalhados pelo país. Impõe-se, portanto, que os meios acadêmicos lancem mão das mais recentes descobertas científicas para trazer inovações compatíveis com as novas demandas sociais. Uma das mais promissoras tecnologias nesse sentido é o laboratório acessível remotamente via internet, denominado WebLab, no Brasil alvo do projeto KyaTera, coordenado pela Fapesp. A presente dissertação explora e contextualiza esses temas e faz análise preliminar sobre uma alternativa que poderia, dependendo de estudos complementares futuros, proporcionar aos operadores do Direito, como juízes, peritos oficiais e assistentes técnicos das partes, acesso remoto a laboratórios especializados no exame de sistemas eletrônicos digitais e à sociedade uma ferramenta para tornar mais confiáveis os procedimentos periciais forenses. / Digital systems have become ubiquitous, there are nearly a billion computers connected to Internet, and essential for human activities. This leads to the increase of the number of legal cases whose solution depends on the forensic examination of electronic devices. The investigation of unlawful acts is almost always made on site: bailiffs and experts witness collect suspect computers and take them to specialized laboratories maintained by the governments (criminology institutes), universities or even by expert witnesses. Experts appointed by judges and, if eligible, representatives of the defendants and plaintiffs, conducts technical examinations based on forensic methods and tools. The result of this work is submitted to the Judge as an expert witness report whose quality has severe social repercussions as a matter of conviction and decision in the trial proceedings. This quality is under serious threat due to demand greater than available resources and due to growing complexity. Few centers of study have resources and enough technical skill enough to overcome these challenges, and those centers are often distant from users: thousands of courts and police stations throughout Brazil. It is really necessary the academic community engagement to bring solutions to those new social demands by means of latest scientific findings. One of the most promising technologies in this area is an Internet remotely accessible laboratory, using so called WebLab technology, in Brazil developed mainly by the Fapesp project KyaTera. This dissertation explores and contextualizes these themes and makes a preliminary analysis about an alternative which, depending on future complementary studies, may offer to legal professionals and especially to experts and technical assistants remote access to specialized laboratories for the examination of electronic digital systems, providing a tool to society that makes forensic exams more reliable.

L'arbitrage est un mode de résolution des litiges par l'intermédiaire d'un tribunal arbitral composé d'un ou plusieurs arbitres. Il permet, comme devant les tribunaux étatiques, de régler un litige en vertu d'une sentence rendue à l'issue d'une procédure arbitrale dans laquelle chacune des parties doit prouver ce qu'elle allègue afin d'établir la conviction des arbitres. C'est par le recours aux divers modes de preuve inspirés des différents systèmes juridiques notamment du système de Common Law et du système de droit civil que les plaideurs pourront atteindre cette finalité.En revanche, parce que l'arbitrage international ne possède ni for ni législation spéciaux, l'administration des preuves dans une instance arbitrale internationale revêt un caractère sui generis de fait que l'arbitrage international a reconnu un système de preuve qui a utilisé les avantages des divers systèmes juridiques. Ainsi, on retrouve que la preuve écrite, qu'elle soit sur support papier ou sur support électronique, est administrée selon le model civiliste qui donne la primauté à une preuve préconstituée à l'avance. Mais, en ce qui concerne la preuve par témoin, l'influence des droits de Common Law paraît claire surtout que dans la plupart des cas, le pouvoir de nommer et d'interroger les témoins revient aux plaideurs qui utilisent la méthode d'Examination lors de l'interrogation des témoins. C'est aussi le cas de l'expertise qui est souvent considérée comme une preuve orale dans laquelle il revient aux parties le pouvoir de désigner les experts et de les interroger suivant l'interrogatoire direct et le contre interrogatoire tout comme des témoins. Ainsi, les preuves dans l'arbitrage international peuvent être reparties en preuves écrites et preuves orales dont les premières sont constituées de l'écrit sur support papier ou sur support électronique et les secondes sont formées par la preuve par témoin et la preuve par expertise. / The arbitration is a method of resolving disputes through an arbitration tribunal composed of one or several arbitrators. He allows resolving a dispute under a sentence delivered after an arbitration procedure in which all parties have to prove what they adduce to convince the tribunal. It is by using various modes of proof inspired specially from the system of Common Law and the system of Civil Law that parties can achieve this purpose.On the other hand, because the international arbitration has neither a territory nor legislation, it was created a system which combines between best practices of Common Law and Civil Law. So, the written evidence is produced according to the practice of Civil Law which gives primacy to a proof written in advance. But for the oral testimony, it is the common Law which dominates the administration of this proof by giving parties the right to nominate and interrogate witnesses. This is also what happens when arbitrators decide to use an expertise in which the parties have the power to nominate experts and interrogate them as witnesses. So, the evidence in international arbitration can be divided into written evidence made up by the writing on paper medium and electronic medium and oral evidence formed by proof by witness and proof by expertise.

Sistemas digitais tornaram-se onipresentes, há cerca de um bilhão de computadores conectados à Internet, e essenciais às atividades humanas. Em consequência, aumentam os casos judiciais cuja solução depende do exame forense de dispositivos eletrônicos. A investigação de ilícitos é quase sempre presencial: oficiais de justiça e peritos coletam computadores suspeitos e os conduzem para laboratórios especializados mantidos pelo Estado (Institutos de Criminalística), por universidades ou pelos próprios peritos judiciais. Funcionários públicos ou especialistas nomeados pelos Juízes e, quando admissíveis, representantes dos autores e réus, conduzem exames técnicos segundo métodos e ferramentas forenses. O resultado é submetido ao Magistrado na forma de um laudo pericial cuja qualidade tem severa repercussão social por ser elemento de convencimento, decisão e julgamento nos processos judiciais. Essa qualidade é ameaçada pela demanda superior aos recursos disponíveis e pela crescente complexidade. Poucos centros de estudo reúnem recursos e competência apropriados ao desafio, além de quase sempre estarem distantes dos seus principais usuários: milhares de fóruns e delegacias espalhados pelo país. Impõe-se, portanto, que os meios acadêmicos lancem mão das mais recentes descobertas científicas para trazer inovações compatíveis com as novas demandas sociais. Uma das mais promissoras tecnologias nesse sentido é o laboratório acessível remotamente via internet, denominado WebLab, no Brasil alvo do projeto KyaTera, coordenado pela Fapesp. A presente dissertação explora e contextualiza esses temas e faz análise preliminar sobre uma alternativa que poderia, dependendo de estudos complementares futuros, proporcionar aos operadores do Direito, como juízes, peritos oficiais e assistentes técnicos das partes, acesso remoto a laboratórios especializados no exame de sistemas eletrônicos digitais e à sociedade uma ferramenta para tornar mais confiáveis os procedimentos periciais forenses. / Digital systems have become ubiquitous, there are nearly a billion computers connected to Internet, and essential for human activities. This leads to the increase of the number of legal cases whose solution depends on the forensic examination of electronic devices. The investigation of unlawful acts is almost always made on site: bailiffs and experts witness collect suspect computers and take them to specialized laboratories maintained by the governments (criminology institutes), universities or even by expert witnesses. Experts appointed by judges and, if eligible, representatives of the defendants and plaintiffs, conducts technical examinations based on forensic methods and tools. The result of this work is submitted to the Judge as an expert witness report whose quality has severe social repercussions as a matter of conviction and decision in the trial proceedings. This quality is under serious threat due to demand greater than available resources and due to growing complexity. Few centers of study have resources and enough technical skill enough to overcome these challenges, and those centers are often distant from users: thousands of courts and police stations throughout Brazil. It is really necessary the academic community engagement to bring solutions to those new social demands by means of latest scientific findings. One of the most promising technologies in this area is an Internet remotely accessible laboratory, using so called WebLab technology, in Brazil developed mainly by the Fapesp project KyaTera. This dissertation explores and contextualizes these themes and makes a preliminary analysis about an alternative which, depending on future complementary studies, may offer to legal professionals and especially to experts and technical assistants remote access to specialized laboratories for the examination of electronic digital systems, providing a tool to society that makes forensic exams more reliable.

Workplace deviance behaviour has resulted in 20% of business failure and annual loss of $6-$200 billion in US organizations and it was found that 33% to 75% of employees engage in deviant activities like withdrawal, theft, production deviance, abuse of co-workers etc., (Coffin, 2003; Diefendorff & Mehta, 2007). In addition, several researchers have concentrated on constructive deviance that would benefit the organizations. Thus, deviance has been a topic of interest for many researchers. However, previous research on deviance behaviour has concentrated predominantly in the USA despite proof that Indian organizations are indeed affected by workplace deviance (Pradhan & Pradhan, 2014) and on destructive or constructive deviance. In addition, from the deviance perspective, surprisingly no study so far has examined the presence and effects of individualism and collectivism within the same culture at the individual level. To contribute towards the extant deviance literature and to fill in the aforementioned gaps, this PhD thesis develops and tests a model using social cognitive theory as a lens to determine the relationship between environment, personality and behavioural outcomes of an individual. It incorporates workplace destructive and constructive deviance in the same study with individualistic and collectivistic orientation of individuals as moderators in India and the USA. What is the relationship of organizational and individual determinants with workplace destructive and constructive deviance when individual cultural orientation acts as a moderator? For this purpose, this research first determines the various factors that will be considered in the model by reviewing previous research done on workplace deviance. It was found that organizational climate, though it contributes to deviance behaviour in the workplace, has not yet been extensively researched so, climate was one of the factors examined in the research. In addition and despite its importance, an individual witness perspective towards deviance is still in its infancy. What are the behavioural responses of an individual while being a witness to supervisor, organizational, co-worker involvement in workplace destructive deviance? Therefore, the present study extended, developed and validated a construct to define and measure the witness behaviour towards workplace deviance behaviour using the theory of planned behaviour as its theoretical lens. This construct formed the second factor to be included in the model. This research makes use of the multi-strategy research paradigm that consists of two main studies: Study 2, 3 and 4 involves the development and validation of the witness behaviour towards workplace deviance scale; Study 5 involves the development and testing of a theoretical framework. Study 2 to 4 made use of a mixed methods strategy and inductive approach where the results from analysing the qualitative one-to-one interviews conducted in India and the USA formed the basis of scale construction. The scale, after undergoing rigorous analysis by using the quantitative data collected from India and the USA, resulted in a two-dimensional self-serving and intervening behaviour 9-item measure that proved to be a universal construct. It was then validated for construct, discriminant and predictive validity to classify it within the nomological network. It was found to sit closer to the phenomenon of voluntary behaviours, thus contributing to deviance and scale development literature. Study 5 involved the development of a conceptual framework that was tested with the quantitative data collected from India and the USA. The results provided support that when an individual has high organizational climate experience as well as more self-serving and less intervening behaviour, he/she would be involved in more constructive and destructive deviance behaviour providing support that organizations should focus on these factors and a clear distinction should be made between negative and positive deviance accepted within the organization. The results also provided support that individualistic and collectivistic orientation of an individual did moderate the effect of organizational climate, self-serving and intervening behaviour with destructive and constructive deviance. Therefore, an individual's orientation to individualism and collectivism would influence the relationship of organizational climate and witness behaviour towards workplace deviance so that organizations may benefit from implementing the study findings and suggestions. This would then prevent individuals from becoming involved in destructive deviance and enhance their involvement in constructive deviance.

The media exaggerates the capabilities of crime laboratories while it publicizes the wrongdoings of individual forensic scientists. Such portrayals skew the perspectives of jurors and hinder expert witness testimony. Complicating the problem are separate, but related, phenomena that influence how forensic laboratories conduct casework. These phenomena are Cole and Dioso-Villa's conceptualization of the unrealistic expectations of forensic science created by fictional television, known as the CSI Effect; the Daubert ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony; and some federal policy changes as a result of a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report that impacted requirements for the daily operation of crime laboratories. This study sought to better understand which among these phenomena had the greatest effect on policy development and implementation related to crime lab operations. Quantitative survey data were collected through an online survey from a nationwide sample (n = 124) of forensic practitioners belonging to the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors. The data were analyzed using ANOVA to evaluate the influence of each factor (CSI Effect, Daubert ruling, and NAS report) on policy creation within crime laboratories. Results indicate that the CSI Effect has a statistically greater impact on policy creation than did either the Daubert ruling or the NAS report (p <.001). The implications for positive social change stemming from this study include recommendations to lawmakers and administrators to reevaluate performance objectives related to operations and increase awareness of the CSI Effect in order to promote scientifically sound results and increase the effectiveness of testimony at trial.

This thesis seeks to explore the implications of a parenetic reading of the Book of Revelation as a whole, rather than merely of the seven messages in which this is more commonly regarded as the primary purpose of the text. It examines the validity of this approach in relation to the book�s claims about its purpose in the original communication event of which its text is a witness and its effectiveness in addressing hermeneutical issues in key passages of the book and argues that attention to the function of parenesis facilitates readings of Revelation which connect more directly with the intention of the book free from the need to decipher obscure coded references to past or future history. Drawing from the text of the Apocalypse a twofold hermeneutical strategy is developed and exemplified by application to key passages of the book. The first aspect of this reading strategy is focussed on the proposed parenetic nature of the book. In an examination of Revelation�s introductory and concluding passages it is argued that as a coherent unity they form a frame around the book. This frame serves to establish the perspective from which the whole book may be read. It does so by giving rise to the expectation that the whole book contains parenetic exhortation to faithfulness in light of the imminent parousia. Consequently this thesis proceeds to interpret the Book of Revelation by focussing primarily on how the various images in the book�s body (4:1-22:9) as well as the explicit parenesis in the seven messages serve to communicate this parenetic exhortation to the original addressees. The second aspect of interpretation seeks to facilitate scholarly analysis of the parenesis expected to be contained in Revelation�s body with systematic regard for the individual situation of each of the addressees of the book, as documented in the comparatively accessible seven messages. To this end an intra-textual hermeneutic is employed. It builds on an examination of the links between the various parts of Revelation which is part of the examination of both the book�s frame and the seven messages. This intra-textual reading utilizes the many links between the seven messages and Revelation�s body by allowing them to play a determinative role in the investigation of an image�s parenetic implications. In order to further explore the validity of a parentic reading, the intra-textual principle is applied to two central parts of Revelation�s body, the Babylon vision (Rev 17-19:3) and the seal, trumpet and bowl visions (Rev 6, 8, 9, 11:15-19, 15, 16). In this reading, the Babylon vision is read not as a general critique of the church�s pagan environment but as a divine commentary on the concrete threats and temptations with which the churches of the seven messages were confronted. In God�s judgment of Babylon those who suffer under her violence against Christians are promised vindication and are thus encouraged to maintain their faithful witness as citizens of the New Jerusalem. The citizens of Babylon however are exhorted to repent and leave her behind, becoming citizens of the New Jerusalem and thus escaping Babylon�s demise. The seal, trumpet and bowl visions are interpreted as illustrating the dividing line between what constitutes faithful witness to Christ on the one hand and heed to satanic deception on the other. Faithfulness even to the point of death is expected of the followers of the Lamb; the inhabitants of the earth are exhorted to repent from their affiliation with the beast and give glory to God. Thus such an intra-textual reading of Revelation as parenesis offers a strategy for reading the book in a way that is relevant for the Christian church beyond the limits of end-time phantasms on the one hand and mere historic interest on the other hand and so might facilitate the emergence of the message of the book from the obscurity in which it appears to be hidden to a significant proportion of its contemporary readers.

Thesis (D.Min.)--Andrews University, Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, 2007. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves 203-218.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 275-281)

<p>Denna studie syftar till att fördjupa kunskapen om hur rekonstruktionen i Trappan-modellen tillämpas i praktiken. Modellen är en av de största interventionerna som brukas i Sverige för barn som bevittnat våld i hemmet. Barn som lever i förhållanden där våld är ett ofta återkommande inslag löper stor risk att utveckla problem som kan påverka deras beteende och hälsa negativt. Dessa barn är därför i behov av hjälp för att bearbeta det trauma det kan innebära. Studien baseras dels på Trappan-modellens handbok samt inhämtad data från ett nätverk som arbetar enligt modellen. Resultatet visar att de olika delarna av rekonstruktionen tillämpas i praktiken i relativt hög utsträckning.</p> / <p>This study aims to increase the knowledge about how the reconstruction in the intervention “Trappan” is being attempted on a practical basis. This intervention is one of the greatest that’s being used in Sweden for children who have witnessed violence in their families. Children who experience domestic violence are at risk developing problems that may affect their health and behaviour in a negative way. These children are therefore in need of help to process the traumatic events. This study is based on the handbook of “Trappan” and also collected data from a network that attempts the intervention in their work. The result shows that the different parts of the reconstruction are being attempted in a relatively great extent.</p>

Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.