Le rôle de la femme dans la tradition juive est un sujet qui fait l'objet de discussions depuis bien longtemps. Que ce soit la Bible ou le Talmud ou la dimension mystique, tous les commentateurs ont été amenés à évoquer ce sujet. Depuis l'apparition du hassidisme et plus encore avec la modernisation de la société, il suscite des interrogations : est-Il possible de concilier la définition moderne du rôle de la femme avec celle d'une tradition millénaire ? Avec l'évolution constante de la société moderne, cette question se pose constamment dans les milieux juifs orthodoxes, toutes branches confondues. Parmi ces dernières, la branche du hassidisme Habad, dont le dernier dirigeant, Mena'hem M. Schneersohn, mit en oeuvre le plus grande "révolution hassidique" de l'histoire du hassidisme, ayant permis une large diffusion de ses enseignements, au-Delà de toutes frontières, grâce à une véritable stratégie de développement reposant essentiellement sur l'envoi d'émissaires à travers le monde. Dans cette étude, je me propose d'examiner l'évolution de la place juive Habad dans la société depuis la "révolution" hassidique jusqu'à l'heure actuelle. Pour cela, je me pencherai, tout d'abord, sur les textes écrits par des maîtres hassidiques Habad sur plusieurs générations mettant en lumière le rôle de la femme au sein du mouvement, ainsi que les initiatives prises relatives aux activités des femmes Habad. Je me concentrerai plus particulièrement sur les écrits et réalisations de son dernier dirigeant : Mena'hem Mendel Schneersohn, qui fut un grand soutien pour la cause des femmes juives et les encouragea à se "libérer" tout en maintenant leur respect de la tradition biblique et talmudique. En conclusion, j'exposerai un regard actuel de l'activité des femmes Habad dans la société, et mentionnerai les nombreuses responsabilités qu'elles assument ainsi que certains défis les affectant. / The role of women according to Jewish tradition has been discussed by many throughout the ages. With the constant evolution and modernization of society, which brought about so many changes in the condition of women, a question arises : is it possible to live as a modern woman in today's world by the standards of an age-Old tradition ? This question is constantly asked amongst orthodox Jewish circles. In this study, I chose to focus on one particular branch within orthodox Judaism : the Chabad Chassidic movement, whose last leader, rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, led the greatest "Chassidic revolution" of all times, enabling so many worldwide to become more familiar to the Jewish tradition in general, as well as the teachings of Chassidism in particular.

This diploma thesis deals with thema of harmonization of family and working duties in women at managerial positions. Background is drawn from the area of psychology of work and organization in theoretical part and from personal experiences of manager women in empirical part. The thesis analyzes the meaning of work in nowdays society, its changes and raising work demands in each individual. Next there are underlined themes of woman in management and social expectations from woman. Used strategies in 7 women were investigated with hep of qualitative research with usage of semistructured interview in real conditions. The thesis draws conclusion that spousal support, supportive family background, a need of self-fulfillment at work, use of flexible working time arrangements and the use of modern technologies are crucial points. Discovered data were recorded and women feelings emerging from building their careers and gaining work success as well. Keywords work, woman, management, harmonization of work and family life, leadership, children

Regional differentiation of gender patterns Abstract It is common nowadays to view the problem of gender from all angles, but until now it has not been considered from a regional point of view. This dissertation focuses on the regional differentiation of gender patterns. The object of this dissertation is to show the biggest diferences between men and women from a regional standpoint by the use of selected indicators. This entails considering the selected gender patterns in distinct districts. As a suitable data basis for this survey results from the last two censuses were chosen, the criterion being permanent residence in an area. The dissertation focused on study of patterns of gender characteristics and their changes between the last two censuses, which took place in the Czech Republic, SLDB 2001 and SLDB 2011. In the first part the indicators are presented for the whole of the Czech Republic. Then follows an analysis of changes in the levels of the chosen patterns between individual censuses and then their structural transformation. Then the dissertation looks at the regional view in more detail. The last part focuses on the creation of district typology in the Czech Republic according to the most important patterns. Keywords: gender, region, district, man, woman, differentiation, SLDB

Background Collaborative working between health and social care professionals in child protection work has been generally promoted in the western world as best practice (Laming 2009, HM Govt 2010). Problems in achieving effective collaborative working have beset child protection systems and have been a constant feature in a number of serious case reviews (Brandon et al 2010). Collaboration between professionals of different disciplines is complex and involves interpersonal, interprofessional and interorganisational dimensions. Aim The aim of this research project was to investigate the extent to which health and social services professionals practising within two health and local authorities perceived that a collaborative approach was adopted between the two agencies when working both with families where there were children in need of services and families where there were children in need of protection. Factors that may enhance or inhibit collaboration were explored. Method The sample used was a purposive sample, comprising social workers and health professionals working in one of two boroughs. A case study approach was adopted and data collection involved a mixed approach of both qualitative and quantitative methods. A postal survey across the two boroughs was undertaken, using a questionnaire which was distributed on two separate occasions to allow comparison of the extent to which there was effective collaboration pre and post the Laming Inquiry. The questionnaire included a series of brief vignettes and a multi staged vignette, based on real life cases which were anonymised and were developed to assess the application of thresholds across the two boroughs and across professional disciplines, and to explore collaboration throughout the safeguarding continuum. The questionnaire used a number of open, closed and scaled questions to generate both quantitative and qualitative data. The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 311 practitioners at the pre Laming stage and to a total of 300 practitioners post Laming. Results In analysing the responses from participants across health and social care, a number of important themes have emerged. The responses to the vignettes demonstrated different levels of professional participation in work both with children in need and at different stages of the process for children in need of protection. Professionals in the borough with established child in need policies valued the multi-agency approach that was adopted in work where there are children in need of services There was lack of consensus in several of the cases in terms of thresholds of concern; a range of factors that may enhance or inhibit collaboration were identified, including shared thresholds, the practice of informal joint meetings, joint assessment and joint training. The majority of respondents believed the Laming Inquiry had impacted on collaboration in both areas of practice, children in need of services and children in need of protection. Although a number of positive outcomes of the Laming Inquiry were identified, the impact in terms of work load and stress generated as a result of policy change from the Inquiry were highlighted. In analysing responses in the current study, a theme that was very evident was the extent to which the emotional impact of safeguarding work affects the ability of professionals to achieve a collaborative way of working. In reflecting on the findings of the research the following recommendations are made: Recommendations In undertaking this current research and reflecting upon the learning that has taken place, as a result of the valuable input from professionals who participated, the following recommendations are made: Recommendations at the level of practice 1. Health and social care organisations should consider the development of multi-agency practice teams to provide services for children in need. 2. Health and social care organisations should consider the development of multi-agency safeguarding supervision, based on a model that allows reflection, particularly for complex cases and includes the supportive element for practitioners. Recommendations at the level of policy 3. Health and social care organisations should undertake assessments at the time of policy change to identify the financial and human requirements to resource the change. Recommendations for future research 4. Further research is undertaken to explore in greater depth the emotional impact of safeguarding work and potential approaches to support professionals. 5. Future research is undertaken to explore the child and young person’s experience of collaborative approaches in safeguarding practice.

Combating poverty in Saudi Arabia has become an important national target; this study researches poverty in Saudi Society and in particular, female poverty, focusing on poor female-headed households (FHHs) in Jeddah City. This is an exploratory study to highlight the social reality of the FHHs and their female heads, with a focus on the details of their everyday lives and their relationships with social support institutions, namely: the Social Security Department (SSD) and the Charitable Women’s Associations. The main aim of this study is to explore the social reality of these families and how, during their struggles to obtain or maintain a standard of living, they interact with these social support institutions. The study investigated a main sample of 112 FHHs represented by their female heads who were selected purposefully according to a matrix designed to ensure adequate representation across the main sample according to marital status, age group and place of residence (south or north) in Jeddah City. They were also selected by their marital status according to five sub-groups: widows’ families, divorced women’s families, abandoned women’s families, prisoners’ wives’ families and finally married women’s families. A further sample was 18 informants (called ‘elites’) who were selected purposefully from a range of experts, officials and decision makers from different governmental and non-governmental departments to explore and interpret issues raised during the women’s interviews. The interviews with the female heads were based on questions designed to achieve four main goals: 1- to study and identify the social, cultural and demographic characteristics of poor FHHs in Jeddah City. 2- to study and present the poor FHHs’ experiences and how they interacted with their social reality. 3- to study social policies in practice and highlight the relationship between the FHHs and the social support institutions. 4- to make recommendations for formulating an effective social policy for combating poverty among women and poor FHHs in Saudi society. The data and information was collected via different methods such as interviews, document searches, observations, field notes and digital recordings. The data was organized and analysed using a thematic approach to reduce the data, present it and provide conclusive statements. The main findings are organized in chapters 5, 6 and 7 and cover the study goals. The main findings are as follows: The typical poor FHHs were mostly large families and the male head tended to be missing from family life, thus the family was headed by the female. The women had suffered divorce, widowhood, imprisonment of their husbands, abandonment, or their husbands suffered sickness, old age or unemployment. These female heads were mostly uneducated or had a low or basic level of education. The families typically had no regular earned income because the head of the family was not in employment. The majority of the FHHs were tenants and lived in small flats. A significant number of FHHs was deprived of both official support from the SSD and from the women’s associations for various reasons. Some of the women were regarded legally and socially as minority groups because of their ethnicity, family backgrounds and/or nationality. These details provided an honest and clear picture of the lives of the poor FHHs and showed the inter-penetrated realms of these families and their heads that were: 1- public realms (society, culture, state, welfare systems and social support institutions); 2- private realms (women’s worlds, specific stories and experiences that had led the women to head their families such as divorce, widowhood, abandonment or the imprisonment of the head of the family). The details of everyday life showed how the sub-categories and their female heads had a similar experience in some aspects of the public realm but they experienced quite different private realms. The study concludes with some important strategic, public and specialized recommendations aimed at improving and reforming the current welfare system and social policies and suggests integrated social policies to eradicate poverty in general and among FHHs in particular.

Hystériques, illuminés, fanatiques, simulateurs, simples d’esprit ou encore sado-masochistes sont quelques-uns des termes qui furent ou sont parfois toujours utilisés par les autorités établies, les historiens, les théologiens, les philosophes et jusqu’aux médecins pour qualifier les miraculés et les convulsionnaires jansénistes parisiens du XVIIIe siècle. Exhumés de milliers de documents relatifs à ce phénomène, les recueils de discours, de lettres et de visons de la sœur Brigitte accompagnée de son directeur de conscience le Père oratorien Michel Pinel nous permettent de pénétrer au cœur de l’imaginaire convulsionnaire et d’en cerner nombre de points qui furent souvent ignorés ou peu analysés par la recherche. Des corps, des gestes, des voix donnent à des hommes et des femmes des possibilités d’être reconnus dans un monde qui semble s’éloigner d’une vérité, leur Vérité. Revisité par des disciplines peu fréquentées par les historiens jusqu’à une période récente, ce moment déroutant d’une histoire surchargée de sens, au point d’en perdre tout sens, ouvre des possibilités d’enrichissement certain à la compréhension d’un siècle qui ne fut pas que celui des Lumières et de la raison triomphante. / Hysteries, visionaries, zealot, shammers, simpletons or even sadomasochists are a few words or phrases among others which were or still are used by those in authority, the historians, the theologists, the philosophers including doctors to qualify the 18th century people who miraculously recovered and the Jansenist Convulsionaries from Paris. Unearthed with thousands of documents related to this phenomenum, the compendium of speeches, letters and Sister Brigitte’s visions which come along with her spiritual advisor the oratorian Father Michel Pinel enable us to get to the heart of the convulsionary imagination and to develop many items which used to be left heart or little considered due to narrow investigations. Bodies, gestures, voices give these men and women the opportunity to be accepted in a world seems to wonder from the truth, Their Truth. Reexamined by same subjects which so far had often been left out by historians, this disconcerting and fascinating period of time is part of an eventful history, to the extent it may lose its deepest meanings; this moment gives a real boost to a better understanding of that century which can be restricted, far from it, to the Age of the Enlightenment or “raison triomphante”.

Focussing on Scotland, this thesis adds a new perspective to the existing discussion surrounding marriage and marriage breakdown in the late twentieth century. It is the lived reality of marriage and marriage breakdown which is a key focus, using oral history and a range of contemporary and archival source materials. Whilst a renewed discursive emphasis on the 'companionate marriage' in the immediate post-war period is evident, in line with the social reconstruction ethos of the period, there existed alongside such enthusiasm a number of alternative, and often conflicting, contemporary discourses. With significant implications for marriage and family relations, sociologists and historians identify a further profound discursive shift as occurring during the 1970s, emphasising the increased availability of contraception, the emergence of second-wave feminism in Britain and landmark equality legislation as crucial factors intertwined with this. Perceived advances in terms of both mainstream ideology and legislation, including, for example, a revived feminist consciousness and the 1976 Divorce (Scotland) Act, did not influence marriage in a discursive vacuum but instead are likely to have integrated and competed not only with generic ideals regarding appropriate gender roles but also embedded local patterns of gender relations. Oral history is a particularly appropriate methodology with which to address this topic as it permits an otherwise unattainable insight into the experience of day-to-day life. Additional source materials drawn on include parliamentary, ecclesiastical and sociological commentary.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att utifrån ett transkulturellt perspektiv undersöka hur barnmorskor på barnmorskemottagning upplevde mötet med nyanlända kvinnor. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med sex stycken barnmorskor i norra Sverige. Materialet skrevs ut ordagrant och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det resulterade i nio subkategorier som samlades under tre kategorier och slutligen under ett övergripande tema. Resultatet: De tre kategorierna blev: Barnmorskor balanserar mellan det personliga och professionella engagemanget i mötet med nyanlända kvinnor, Språkliga barriärer och tidspress ger andra förutsättningar som kan påverka vården samt Fusion av olika kulturer uppskattas men bidrar till krockar i mötena mellan barnmorskor och nyanlända kvinnor. Barnmorskorna beskrev många svårigheter i att vårda nyanlända kvinnor men de flesta barnmorskorna uttryckte en önskan om att jobba med dessa kvinnor och sökte aktivt efter sätt att utvecklas i sitt arbete. Slutsats: Kulturella skillnader mellan barnmorskor och nyanlända kvinnor påverkar mötet. Nyanlända kvinnor upplevs inte ha samma möjlighet att tillgodogöra sig vården och har därför större risk för ohälsa. Det finns ett ökat behov av utbildade professionella tolkar i Sverige. Mer utbildning, tid och resurser till dessa möten skulle kunna minska barnmorskornas frustration och troligtvis också öka hälsovinsterna för nyanlända kvinnor. / Objective: The aim of the study was to explore from a transcultural perspective, how midwives within Swedish maternity care units experienced meetings with newly arrived women. Methods: A qualitative interview study was conducted with six midwives in northern Sweden and analyzed with the help of content analysis. Nine subcategories, three categories and one theme emerged. Results: The results of the project were summarized in three categories: Midwifes balance between the personal and professional commitment in the meeting with newly arrived women. Language barriers and time constraints provide other conditions which may affect care and The fusion of different cultures was appreciated but contributes to clashes in the encounter between midwifes and newly arrived women. The majority of these midwives expressed a desire to work with these women and actively sought ways to develop their skills. Conclusion: Cultural differences affect the meeting between midwives and newly arrived women. Newly arrived women does not have the same opportunity to benefit from healthcare and may be at greater risk for illness. There is a great need for professional interpreters in Sweden. More education, time and resources would probably ease the midwives' frustration and increase the health benefits for newly arrived women.

This work is a collection of poems revolving around black or African-American identity and the intersection of feminist consciousness with racial struggle. An examination of the unknown or forgotten black woman runs through this work as well as connection to a mother figure. The poems also reflect the influence of place, particularly New Orleans, its history, its culture, and its present evolution post-Hurricane Katrina. The collection's preface includes development of a unique poetics that considers identity theories and models of the subject in light of poetic voice. The poems use caesura heavily, rhyme, and sonic echo. Poets who have influenced the author include Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Ai, and Lucille Clifton.

M.A. / Of late there has been an accelerated impetus in the study of marriage and its associated issues. A veritable deluge of research articles are regularly devoted to the topic, for example Hatfield and Sprecher (1986); Fincham and Bradbury (1987); Dion and Dion (1993); Kamo (1993). There has also been some recent South African research on marriage and mate selection, particularly Crous and Pretorius (1994). New books appear with striking regularity while instruments to measure aspects of relationships are readily available. These include Hendrick and Hendrick's Love Attitude Scale, Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Rubin's Love Scale (Tzeng, 1993). Relationships, love and marriage are becoming increasingly measurable and as more questions become answered, researchers are able to unravel some of the complexity within the field. Adams (1988) looks back at fifty years of family research to discover that it has become increasingly scientific despite dealing with so-called "soft" variables like adjustment and attitudes. When even more elusive constructs like satisfaction, contentment and love are introduced, social scientists find that the terrain might be uncomfortably abstract. However, it is anticipated that as this domain, once only the estate of poets and philosophers becomes steadily more understood, it will bear fruit by answering questions which can then be profitably applied in many couplecounselling situations. The concepts of mate selection, marriage and familial stability are at the heart of societal functioning. There are a myriad of variables that impact on these constructs, as is evident from Surra's (1990) decade review. Recent research has shed some light, albeit theoretical, on the reasons why two people form a marital dyad. Social scientists are thus slowly building a solid mass of knowledge relating to the entire process of how and why a couple eventually exist. This goes hand in hand with contemporary urgency, for the accelerating forces of career, sociological, psychological and economic pressures play havoc with older traditional values of stability and permanence in all these domains. Soaring divorce rates are only one symptom of couples and individuals buckling under these tremendous pressures. Clearly, whatever can be done to better understand the choices individuals make in forming marital dyads, can only be regarded as useful information. In the South African context, this type of research is similarly required. With the wealth of family and marriage research being done abroad, it is important to know if this information applies to South African couples. Thus the primary motivation for the study is to better understand the way South Africans love. Lee's (1976) treatise is widely accepted as a valuable model of love. To date no work appears to have been done using this model in South Africa. The aims of this study thus are: To determine if there is any relationship between the various lovestyles and marital satisfaction for a South African sample. To examine several contemporary models of love.