As mulheres em situação de abortamento vivem um momento de dor existencial e física e associado aos fatores de risco é frequente a depressão. Percebendo essa ligação e sendo problema de saúde pública, o presente estudo procura associação de indicadores sociodemográficos e clínicos com o abortamento. Objetivos: identificar e avaliar a presença de sintomas sugestivos de depressão em mulheres com abortamento, correlacionando-os com indicadores clínicos e socioculturais, autoestima e fatores resilientes. Metodologia: Foram entrevistadas 120 mulheres internadas em um hospital público, seguindo o fluxo de chegada com diagnóstico de abortamento, utilizando: Questionário com informações sociodemográficas, clínicas e questões relacionadas à resiliência; Inventário de Beck; e Escala de Autoestima. Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética, as mulheres foram entrevistadas. Os dados foram coletados de agosto de 2008 a setembro de 2009, sendo realizada análise estatístico-descritiva dos dados e correlacionado depressão com as demais variáveis. Resultados e Discussão: Das 120 mulheres, maioria branca (71%), idade entre 16 e 44 anos, 63% são solteiras, 72% vivem com o companheiro, 87% têm religião, 67% com ensino médio e 51% não têm fonte de renda. Mais da metade tem casa própria, no entanto não a consideram agradável nem segura; 49% estavam na primeira ou segunda gestação; 33% já tinham tido abortos anteriores, sendo 67% o primeiro aborto; 77% tiveram aborto incompleto e 75%, aborto natural. Apesar de a maioria considerar a relação com o companheiro ótima e boa (85%), mais da metade (75%) não planejou a gravidez; mesmo assim, não faziam uso de métodos contraceptivos (75%). A maioria nega hábitos adversos. Das 120 mulheres, 57% apresentavam sinais indicativos de depressão (33 distimia, 22 moderada e 13 grave). Dentre as mulheres sem sinais de depressão, a maioria é solteira (56%), 60% trabalham, tendo 40 ou mais anos de idade, 67% têm alguma religião. Os fatores de proteção para depressão que se mostraram significativos para a análise estatística foram: \"ter parceiro\", \"trabalho\", \"religião\", \"situação financeira\" e \"apoio familiar\". Estudos mostram que a situação de abortamento pode ter relação com depressão antes e após a ocorrência e mesmo a longo prazo, com diferenças de acordo com a natureza do aborto. Quanto à autoestima, 109 mulheres apresentaram média estima pessoal. Os indicativos de resiliência encontrados neste estudo mostram que quando as mulheres estão felizes ajudam as pessoas, contam mais piadas, sentem-se bem. Entretanto, muitas mulheres referem que se isolam, se calam e choram quando sentem raiva e algumas gritam. Conclusões: A maioria das mulheres deste estudo é jovem, solteira e com relacionamento estável, católica, com poucas atividades de lazer, sem fonte de renda própria, casa própria, com residência fixa há mais de um ano, não tem problemas de relacionamento e de violência na gravidez. Entretanto, as que tiveram problemas, relataram uso de álcool e drogas na família. Houve associação também de violência familiar e aborto provocado. Metade da amostra pontuou algum nível de depressão e baixa a média estima pessoal. É preciso estimular a enfermagem a reconhecer as necessidades de implementar os cuidados e reforçar aspectos resilientes dessas mulheres. / Women experiencing an abortion live a moment of existential and physical pain in which depression, associated with risk factors, is frequent. Perceiving this connection and because it is a public health problem, this study seeks association of sociodemographic and clinical indicators with abortion. Objectives: to identify and evaluate symptoms that suggest depression in women experiencing an abortion and correlate them with clinical and socio-cultural indicators, self-esteem and resilient factors. Method: A total of 120 women hospitalized in a public hospital were interviewed, according to their arrival and abortion diagnosis, through: a questionnaire addressing socio-demographic and clinical information and issues related to resilience; Beck Inventory; and a self-esteem scale. Women were interviewed after the Research Ethics Committee\'s approval. Data were collected between August 2008 and September 2009 and analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlating depression with the remaining variables. Results and Discussion: Most of the 120 women were white (71%), aged between 16 and 44 years, 63% single\\, 72% lived with a partner, 87% were religious, 67% had secondary school and 51% had no income. More than half had their own house though did not consider it cozy or safe; 49% were in the first or second pregnancy; 33% had already have previous abortions; for 67%, it was the first abortion; 77% had incomplete abortions and 75% spontaneous abortions. Even though the majority considered their affective relationship great or good (85%), more than half (75%) had not planned the pregnancy; though they did not use contraceptive methods (75%). Most denied adverse habits. Of the 120 women, 57% presented signs of depression (33 dysthymia, 22 moderate and 13 severe). Among those without signs of depression, the majority was single (56%), 60% worked and were 40 years or older, 67% had a religion. The protection factors for depression that were most significant for statistical analysis were \"having a partner\", \"work\", \"religion\", financial situation\" and \"family support\". Studies show that an abortion might be related with depression before and after it occurs and even in the long term with differences according to the nature of the abortion. A total of 109 women presented regular selfesteem. The resilience indicators found in this study show that when women are happy they help people, tell more jokes, and feel well. However, many women reported they isolate themselves, fall silent and cry when they feel angry and some shout. Conclusions: Most of the women in this study were young, single, with stable relationships, catholic, with few leisure activities, with no personal income, own house, with fixed residence for more than one year, had no problems of relationship or violence during pregnancy. However, those who had problems reported the use of alcohol and drugs in the family. Domestic violence and induced abortion were associated. Half of the sample presented some level of depression and low to regular self-esteem. Nurses need to be encourage to recognize the need to implement care and reinforce resilient aspects in these women.

The National Children’s Study (NCS) Harris County, Texas Study Center participated in the NCS Provider Based Sampling (PBS) substudy of the NCS Vanguard Phase pilot. As part of the hospital-based birth cohort component of the PBS substudy, we conducted a secondary data analysis to evaluate the proportion of postpartum women who consented to future biospecimen collection alone and to both future collection and use of residual birth biospecimens. In phase 1, 32 postpartum women at one hospital were asked to consent only to maternal future biospecimen collection. In phase 2, 40 other postpartum women from the same hospital were asked for an additional consent to use residual clinical biospecimens from the birth event that otherwise would be discarded, including cord blood and maternal blood and urine. Among 103 eligible women, a total of 72 participated. They were 28.3 ± 5.9 years old on average; 58 % were Hispanic; 63 % consented in English, and 37 % in Spanish; 39 % had some college education; 42 % were married; 60 % had an annual family income <$30,000; and 51 % were employed. In phase 1, 59 % consented to future biospecimen collection, and in phase 2, 95 % consented to both future collection and use of at least one residual birth biospecimen, with a difference between phases of 36 % [95 % CI 17–54 %]. Demographic characteristics did not differ among those who did and did not consent. Postpartum women were significantly more likely to grant consent for use of future and residual hospital-obtained biospecimens than future biospecimen collection alone.

A violência contra a mulher, no âmbito doméstico, é um problema relevante que afeta um número significante de mulheres, sendo um fenômeno de conflitos sociais, arraigados nas desigualdades de gêneros. No enfrentamento desse problema, o acolhimento das mulheres nos serviços de saúde, nos serviços sociais e de segurança pública e judicial ocorre de maneira fragmentada e pontual, o que não resulta em resposta adequada às suas necessidades. Nesta direção é que se buscou compreender como as mulheres em situação de violência doméstica, atendidas no Instituto Médico Legal de Ribeirão Preto-SP, convivem com esta adversidade e identificar as estratégias de proteção no enfrentamento, considerando o apoio/suporte requerido e o obtido no meio relacional e institucional. Para compreender esse enfrentamento, de modo a romper com a violência, partimos de conceitos de rede social, integralidade e resiliência. A partir da abordagem qualitativa, realizamos um estudo descritivo, cujo recorte foi dado pela saturação dos dados, tendo como recorte empírico dez mulheres em situação de violência doméstica. Essas mulheres eram maiores de 18 anos, realizaram denúncia da agressão na delegacia e foram submetidas ao exame de corpo de delito. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se a entrevista semi-estruturada e a analisados sob a técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Depreendemos das falas das mulheres duas categorias temáticas centrais: reconhecendo atributos pessoais que fragilizam e potencializam o enfrentamento da violência e reconhecendo a rede social de apoio de que dispõem e as expectativas no alcance das necessidades requeridas. Na primeira categoria observamos que a reincidência e a re-significação da violência sofrida constituem um evento marcante no desencadeamento das ações de enfrentamento e que o contexto e a condição social da mulher também têm influência significativa no enfrentamento. Na segunda categoria, observou-se que a busca por ajuda ocorre, a princípio, em seu próprio meio social mais próximo, como a família, e, posteriormente, recorre-se aos serviços de saúde e judicial. Nessa busca pela rede de apoio social, os vínculos estabelecidos podem se tornar um obstáculo ao enfrentamento e, portanto, vulneráveis à violência, ou podem proteger as mulheres e fortalecê-las no enfrentamento. Em relação ao reconhecimento de suas necessidades sociais e de saúde, isso é percebido por elas de forma diferenciada e a interpretação de cada indivíduo para as formas possíveis de alívio do seu sofrimento está relacionada à sua condição social em um determinado contexto. Percebeu-se que os agravantes da violência para a saúde e condição de vidas são apenas tangenciados pelos profissionais na apreensão das necessidades destas mulheres. Assim, os resultados desta pesquisa mostram que, apesar dos avanços obtidos nos últimos anos, ainda persistem \"nós críticos\" na trajetória de enfrentamento das mulheres para romper o silêncio, denunciar e superar a violência sofrida. Com esta pesquisa, portanto, pretendemos dar subsídios para ajudar a fortalecer a rede de enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher. / Violence against women, within the household, is a relevant problem that affects a significant number of women, being a phenomenon of social conflicts, rooted in gender inequality. In coping, the welcoming of women in health, social, public safety and judicial services is fragmented and incomplete, which does not result in adequate response to women\'s needs. Thus, this study aimed to understand how women in situations of domestic violence, received by the Legal Medicine Institute in Ribeirao Preto, state of São Paulo, experience this adversity, and to identify the protection strategies in coping, considering the support requested and obtained from institutional and relational environments. In order to understand the coping and interrupt the violence, the study addressed concepts of social networking, integrality and resilience. A qualitative and descriptive study was carried out with ten women in situation of violence, aged over 18 years and who had denounced the attack at the police station and were subject to a forensic examination. The size of the empirical sample was given by data saturation. For data collection, semi-structured interview was used, with thematic content analysis. From the speech of the women, two central themes emerged: recognizing personal attributes which weaken and enhance coping with violence and recognizing the social support network available and the expectations in reaching the required needs. In the first category, it was observed that the recurrence and re-signification of the suffered violence is a landmark event in the unchaining of actions for coping and that the context and the social status of women also have significant influence on coping. In the second category there is the search for help, in principle, in their closer social environment, such as family, and later, in health and judicial services. In this search for social support network the established bonds can become an obstacle for coping and, therefore, make them vulnerable to violence, or can protect and strengthen them in coping. Regarding the recognition of their social and health needs, they perceive it in different ways and the interpretation of each individual to possible ways of relieving their suffering is related to their social status in a given context. The aggravating factors of violence for health and life conditions are just slightly approached by professionals in the understanding of these women\'s needs. Results show that, despite the progress accomplished in recent years, there are still \"critical nodes\" in women\'s path of coping to break the silence, inform against aggressors and overcome the suffered violence. With this research, authors intend to support and help to strengthen the network to cope with violence against women.

A mastite lactacional é um processo inflamatório da mama que pode, ou não ser acompanhada de infecção, causa manifestações clínicas desconfortáveis, contribuindo para o desmame precoce, onerando os custos no cuidado, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública. Este estudo teve como objetivo propor uma nova ficha de registro para mulheres que internam por mastite lactacional no município de Ribeirão Preto, com base na prática assistencial e evidências científicas. Foi desenvolvido em três fases, a primeira buscou informações para o tratamento de mulheres que necessitaram de internação na rede pública hospitalar do município de Ribeirão Preto em registros do projeto \"Floresce uma vida\", vinculado ao Programa de Aleitamento Materno de Ribeirão Preto e em prontuários médicos, a segunda visou a buscar evidências científicas para o tratamento de mastite lactacional através de revisão integrativa de literatura e a terceira fase constou de uma nova proposta de ficha para registro de mulheres que necessitam de internação no município de Ribeirão Preto. A fase I mostrou o perfil de 114 mulheres internadas para tratamento de mastite lactacional na rede pública de referência entre os anos de 2009 a 2013. As características dos dados sociodemográficos não coincidem com o que vem sendo descrito na literatura atual. Em relação aos dados obstétricos o estudo mostrou que as mais acometidas são as primíparas e que a maioria teve alguma intercorrência frente à amamentação antes da necessidade de internação, 62 (54,4%) mulheres tiveram abscesso mamário, 27 (51,9%) tiveram resultado de Staphylococcus aureus e 21(18,4%) desmamaram em consequência do abscesso. A terapêutica para mastite lactacional uniu medicação tópica, sistêmica e terapêutica complementar. A fase II selecionou nove artigos que respondiam à questão do estudo entre 2000-2013, as terapêuticas encontradas para mastite lactacional foram alternativas com probióticos, convencional e para abscessos. A fase III validou a nova \"Ficha de registro da assistência à mulher na amamentação durante a internação por intercorrências mamárias\" com a concordância de especialistas entre 80% e 100%. Este estudo uniu a prática assistencial e evidências científicas como base na formulação de um instrumento com o objetivo de identificar práticas não aceitáveis para mastite lactacional, proporcionando aos profissionais de saúde melhores informações no desenvolvimento de sua prática clínica / Lactational Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast that may or may not be accompanied by infection, cause uncomfortable clinical manifestations, contributing to early weaning, burdening the cost in care, making it a public health problem. This study aimed to propose a new record form to women hospitalized for lactational mastitis in Ribeirão Preto, based on care practice and scientific evidence. Was developed in three phases, the first information sought for the treatment of women who required hospitalization in the public health hospitals in Ribeirão Preto in the \"Bloom a Life\" project, linked to the Breastfeeding Program of Ribeirão Preto, and hospital records, the second aimed sought scientific evidence for the treatment of lactational mastitis through integrative literature review and the third phase included a new proposal of a record form for women who require hospitalization in Ribeirão Preto. Phase I showed the profile of 114 women hospitalized for treatment of lactation mastitis in public reference hospitals between the years 2009 and 2013. A Sociodemographics characteristic of the data does not coincide with what has been described in the literature. Regarding obstetric data the study showed that the most affected are the primiparous women and the majority had some complication towards breastfeeding before hospitalization, 62 (54.4%) women had breast abscess, 27 (51.9%) of the breast milk was colonized by Staphylococcus aureus and 21 (18.4%) weaned as a result of the abscess. The treatment for lactational mastitis attached topical, systemic therapy and complementary medicine. Phase II selected nine articles that answered the question of the study between 2000-2013, the therapeutic lactational mastitis were with three categories: alternate with probiotics, conventional and abscesses. Phase III validated the new \"Registration Card assisting women with breastfeeding during hospitalization for breast complications\" with the agreement of experts from 80% to 100%. This study joined the healthcare practice and scientific evidence as a basis in formulating an instrument in order to identify unacceptable practices for lactational mastitis, providing healthcare professionals information on the development of best clinical practice

This study analyzed the effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), ethnicity, marital status, education level, maternal status and financial security on the perceived life satisfaction of women over fifty. Information was collected from 125 subjects at an independent school district. The instrument was adapted from a life satisfaction scale originally developed by B. Neugarten. Eight demographic items included ERT use, age, menopause status, marital status, educational level, ethnicity and perception of financial security. Statistical analysis consisting of one way analysis of variance, Student Newman-Keuls ad hoc procedure and multiple regression indicated an independent correlation between financial security and education level to life satisfaction scores. Neither ERT nor menopause status was correlated with perceived life satisfaction score of respondents.

The epidemic of maternal obesity is increasing worldwide. Simple, effective and acceptable interventions are needed to combat obesity and improve pregnancy outcomes in women with metabolic risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and obesity. Dietary and lifestyle interventions reduce gestational weight gain, however, their effect on maternal and fetal outcomes is not clearly known. I conducted a large pragmatic randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a Mediterranean-based dietary intervention to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors (The ESTEEM trial). The intervention significantly reduced gestational diabetes and gestational weight gain by an average of 1.2 Kg with some protective effect on fetal outcomes. I analysed the methodological challenges encountered in the trial and discussed applied solutions. I conducted a systematic review on the commonly used dietary assessment tools in trials involving pregnant women to assess their characteristics, validity, and applicability. Self-reporting dietary tools were the most commonly used to assess dietary intake in pregnancy such as food frequency questionnaires. Only 8% of studies validated the chosen tools and applied a defined adherence criterion. I applied the findings of this review to develop and validate a custom designed food frequency questionnaire, and a short 12 items questionnaire, to assess the participants' adherence in the ESTEEM study. I assessed the dietary intake in a randomised cohort from the ESTEEM study and compared the questionnaires' accuracy to 24 hour dietary recalls as the reference method. Both the FFQ and the short questionnaire performed well for assessing the adherence to and the intake of key foods in the Mediterranean diet. I systematically reviewed available online information sources on the risks and management of obesity in pregnancy in the English language. I assessed 53 websites for their information credibility, accuracy, readability, content and technological quality. Overall I found that non-governmental funded websites that are obesity-specific and targeting healthcare users presented better overall information quality.

Evidence synthesis is considered a corner stone of modern health care and clinical practice. Systematic reviews of randomised trials, when undertaken with meta-analysis provide summary estimates on the effectiveness of interventions. However, the findings of meta-analysis are often limited by the selective reporting of primary studies, and the variations in population, intervention and outcomes. Furthermore, difficulties in disentangling the study and individual level associations in meta-analysis make them susceptible to ecological fallacy, and may lead to incorrect conclusions. Meta-analysis using Individual Participant Data (IPD) has the potential to overcome many of the above limitations, by using raw trial data. Access to IPD minimises problems from incomplete or incorrect reporting of trial outcomes, by verifying reported results, and by standardising the definition of outcomes where possible. Importantly, this allows detecting any variation in the effects of interventions according to characteristics of the participants. Amalgamated individual datasets assembled to address the effectiveness question, can be further used to explore secondary objectives such as the relationship between surrogate and clinical outcomes. This maximises the use of available clinical data, and addresses the problem of research waste. In this thesis, I evaluated the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and offspring outcomes using both study-level and IPD meta-analyses, and assessed the differential effects of interventions on outcomes according to mother's BMI pre or in early pregnancy. I reviewed the variation in outcomes reported in this field, and developed composite outcomes for IPD meta-analysis. I also evaluated the relationship between weight gain in pregnancy and clinical outcomes in pregnancy using the IPD meta-analysis methodology. Aims The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on clinical outcomes using standard and advance methods of evidence synthesis; assess the variation in outcomes and their clinical importance in a trial with those interventions and examine the relationship between gestational weight gain and important clinical outcomes. Methods Delphi methodology, systematic reviews of literature, and meta-analyses using study-level and individual participant data of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Results Composite outcomes Developed composite outcomes comprise of four maternal (gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, preterm birth, caesarean section) and four offspring outcomes (stillbirth, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit). The components to assess maternal composite outcome were available in two-thirds (66.7%, 24/36) and for offspring composite in half (50%, 18/36) of the studies in the IPD meta-analysis. The effect of interventions was not statistically significant neither on the maternal nor on the offspring composite - Odds Ratio (OR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.79, 1.03) and OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.83, 1.08), respectively. The direction of the pooled effect was consistent between the composite and its components for the maternal composite and variable for the offspring outcomes. 6 Effects of diet and physical activity based interventions The IPD meta-analysis of 36 RCTs (>12 500 women) showed a significant effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy in reducing gestational weight gain (Mean Difference -0.70 kg, 95% CI -0.92, -0.48) and chance of caesarean section delivery (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99) in comparison to routine antenatal care. There was no effect of the interventions on any of the offspring complications. Incorporation of outcome data unavailable on study-level returned more modest magnitude of the summary estimates in comparison to effects obtained using study-level data of trials that shared IPD. The addition of study-level data from non-IPD trials changed the magnitude and the statistical significance of the summary effects on GDM - from OR 0.89 with only IPD (95% CI 0.72, 1.10; 27 studies, 9 427 women) to OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.65, 0.89; 59 studies, 16 885 women). It has also changed the funnel plot structure in the meta-analysis for gestational weight gain (Egger's test p = 0.04 with only IPD to p= 0.61). The IPD meta-analysis shows that the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions on the maternal and the offspring outcomes did not differ by women's BMI status. While the study-level meta-regression indicated that the interventions might reduce gestational weight gain stronger for the obese women - coefficient -0.22 (95% CI -0.33, -0.11) for each 10% change in the proportion of women in the obese class. Outcomes in trials with diet and physical activity based interventions 66 primary publications from trials with diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy reported 142 outcomes. Half of those outcomes appeared in the publications once (72/142). 'Critically important' outcomes are reported less often in comparison to 'non-critical' ones (15.5%, 22/142 vs 68.3%, 97/142). The overall quality of outcome reporting varied between trials with the least frequently provided information on the methods to improve the quality of outcome measures (33.3%, 22/66 publications). 7 Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes IPD from 4 429 pregnant women randomised to the control arms of RCTs with diet and physical activity based interventions were available for the analysis. Women who most often exceeded the IOM recommendation belonged to the overweight (51.5%, 641/ 1 245 women) and the obese groups (44.5%, 695/ 1 562 women) while women with normal BMI most often gained below the recommended amounts (40%, 649/1 622 women). Each kilogram of gestational weight gain within the IOM ranges was not link with a change in the chances of preterm birth, caesarean section, or birth of LGA and SGA infant. Not achieving of the recommended weight was associated with the decreasing chance of giving birth to LGA infant with each kilogram below the lower limit among the obese women (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99). Each kilogram of weight gain above the upper limit was associated with an increase in the chance of caesarean section (adjusted 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.08) and delivering LGA infant (adjusted 1.08, 95% CI 1.05, 1.12) regardless on women's BMI status. Conclusions Diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy moderately reduced gestational weight gain and decrease the odds of caesarean delivery. Overall, IPD meta-analysis improved the robustness of the evidence synthesis of RCTs with diet and physical activity based interventions. However, more attention is needed for the data-related issues in IPD meta-analysis as the purported benefits of the method are not always practically realised. The use of the composite outcomes was hampered by the variable availability of important clinical outcomes. The introduction of minimal core outcome set would facilitate the comparison of the wide range of the evaluated interventions and improve implementation of the composite outcomes. Gestational weight gain was found to be associated with the odds of delivering LGA infant and caesarean section. Future research should aim to collect and report a minimal set of outcomes, and ensure better reporting of study conduct and its findings.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes da Silva Marques Ferreira / Resumo: Introdução: Diante das inúmeras transformações sociais dos últimos anos, o climatério tem representado para a mulher momento de estresse e de risco para a ansiedade e a depressão. Objetivo: Analisar os sinais e sintomas de ansiedade, depressão durante o climatério em mulheres com e sem filhos. Compreender a vivência dessas mulheres, a significação de ter tido filhos ou não, as reflexões afetivas e sugestões de melhorias ao atendimento à saúde. Método: Trata-se de um estudo na modalidade quantiqualitativa, transversal e de campo. Utilizou-se, na parte qualitativa, a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Foram investigadas 204 mulheres na parte quantitativa do estudo, com faixa etária entre 45 e 60 anos, atendidas em unidade da rede de atenção à saúde em município do estado de São Paulo. E na parte qualitativa foram entrevistadas 33 mulheres climatéricas. A coleta de dados deu-se pela entrevista e questionários de Hamilton (HADS) para avaliação da ansiedade e depressão e escala de Índice menopausal de Blatt e Kupperman (IMBK). O início da coleta aconteceu após a aprovação do projeto da pesquisa pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultado: A média etária variou entre os grupos G1 (mulheres com filhos) 48,7(±4,5) e G2 (mulheres sem filhos) 54,0(±5,5). Predominou entre os grupos a cor branca, religião católica, o ensino médio completo, a renda familiar até dois salários mínimos. Considerando os escores das escalas de ansiedade e depressão de Hamilton (HADS) e os escores de Ín... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Faced with the numerous social transformations of recent years, the climacteric period has been represented for women as a moment of stress and risk for anxiety and depression. Purpose: To analyze the signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression during the climacteric period in women with and without children. To understand the experience of these women, the significance of having children or not, the affective reflections and suggestions for improvements in health care. Method: This is a quanti-qualitative, cross-sectional and field study. The technique of Collective Subject Discourse was used in the qualitative part. A total of 204 women, aged between 45 and 60 years old, were investigated in the quantitative part of the study; they were treated at a unit of the health care network in a city in the state of São Paulo. In the qualitative part, 33 climacteric women were interviewed. Data collection was carried out by interview and Hamilton questionnaires (HADS) for evaluation of anxiety and depression and the Menopausal Index scale of Blatt and Kupperman (IMBK) evaluated the climacteric symptoms. Data collection occurred after the approval of the research project by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: The average age varied between G1 (women with children) 48.7 (± 4.5.7) and G2 (women without children) 54.0 (± 5.5). The following characteristics were predominant between the groups: white color, Catholic religion, complete high school, family income up to two... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In many societies there is a stigma surrounding menstruation. It is often perpetuated through representations in advertisements as well as lack of open discussions. This thesis investigates ways that people are presenting menstruation on the social media platform Instagram and concludes that this is a space which allows the normative menstruation discourse to be challenged. Instagram is a widely used app that allows users to interact with others through sharing photos and has the potential to be a space for empowerment and challenging dominant ideologies. Publicly accessible photos were collected from the app using hashtags related to menstruation and menstrual activism, as well as menstrual activist accounts and menstrual product accounts. The results of a qualitative content analysis reveal numerous themes which challenge or reinforce the stigmas: Empowerment, Solidarity, Resistance, Normalizing Periods, Women’s Health, Standard/Normative, Eco-Friendly and Marketing.

Orientador: Renato Passini Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T13:00:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gouveia_HelgaGeremias_D.pdf: 931546 bytes, checksum: 649c57d45b2bb56f7b161a505e6ccfcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Introdução: A prematuridade é definida como o nascimento que ocorre antes da 37º semana de gestação, sendo responsável por 75% da morbidade e mortalidade no período neonatal. Situações de risco para o desfecho da gestação influenciam de modo negativo a percepção de uma mulher sobre a qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida durante a gestação associada ao risco para parto prematuro. Método: revisão de literatura, seguida de estudo de corte transversal e comparativo, com três grupos de 54 gestantes (Grupo 1: sem risco atual para parto prematuro; Grupo 2: com fatores de risco para parto prematuro; Grupo 3: com trabalho de parto prematuro), totalizando 162 mulheres, realizado entre abril de 2008 a agosto de 2009 em maternidade de alto risco e unidade básica de saúde da cidade de Campinas (SP). Após assinatura de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foram verificadas informações sociodemográficas e obstétricas das mulheres e para avaliação da qualidade de vida foi aplicado o instrumento MOS-SF 36. Os dados foram analisados utilizando frequências, média e desvio-padrão. A homogeneidade entre os grupos foi avaliada pelos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher, para as variáveis categóricas e Kruskall-Wallis, seguido de Mann-Whitney para as variáveis contínuas. Ajustou-se um modelo de análise de variância (Anova) para comparar os domínios do SF-36 entre os grupos, contendo as variáveis: idade, renda familiar, número de gestações e número de abortos, seguido pelo teste de Bonferroni. O nível de significância adotado foi 5% e o software SAS, versão 9.1.3, foi utilizado na análise estatística. Resultados: há poucos estudos abordando a qualidade de vida durante a gestação. No estudo de corte os grupos apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à idade e renda familiar (1X2 e 2X3); entre as gestantes dos Grupos 2 e 3, o principal antecedente obstétrico foi o trabalho de parto prematuro e a prematuridade foi a principal causa de filhos mortos; no Grupo 2 a insuficiência istmo-cervical foi a condição mórbida mais frequentemente encontrada. As características obstétricas que apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos (1X2 e 2x3) foram idade gestacional, número de gestações e aborto. Nos aspectos da Qualidade de Vida, verificamos, no total das gestantes analisadas, que o Estado Geral de Saúde foi o domínio de maior escore (71,9 pontos) enquanto que o item Aspectos Físicos foi o de menor escore (30,1). Na comparação entre grupos houve diminuição progressiva dos valores dos escores dos domínios do SF - 36, do Grupo 1 em relação ao 2 e deste em relação ao 3, com exceção da Capacidade Funcional, que foi menor no Grupo 2. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram observadas entre os Grupos 1 e 2 nos domínios Capacidade Funcional, Dor e Aspectos Sociais e entre os Grupos 1 e 3 nos domínios Capacidade Funcional, Aspectos Físicos, Dor, Aspectos Sociais, Aspectos Emocionais e Saúde Mental. Entre os Grupos 2 e 3 não houve diferenças entre os domínios. Conclusão: Gestantes de baixo risco (Grupo 1) apresentam melhor qualidade de vida quando comparadas com as de risco de parto prematuro (Grupos 2 e 3); a qualidade de vida entre as gestantes em trabalho de parto prematuro não foi diferente daquelas com fatores de risco de parto prematuro / Abstract: Introduction: Preterm birth occurs before 37 weeks' gestation, and accounts for 75% of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Situations of risk for the outcome of pregnancy would adversely affect a woman's perception on the quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life during pregnancy associated with risk for preterm delivery. Methods: literature review, followed by was a cross-sectional and comparative study, with three groups of 54 patients (group 1: no current risk for preterm delivery, group 2: with risk factors for preterm delivery and group 3, with preterm labor), totalizing 162 women, conducted from April 2008 to August 2009 in a high-risk maternity and in a primary care unit in Campinas (SP). After signing the consent form, demographic and obstetric information were collected, and the instrument MOS SF-36 was applied to evaluate quality of life. Data were analyzed using frequencies, mean and standard deviation. Homogeneity between groups was assessed using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Kruskall-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. A model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was set up to compare the domains of the SF-36 between groups, containing the variables: age, family income, number of pregnancies and abortions, followed by Bonferroni test. The level of significance was 5% and SAS software, version 9.1.3, was used for statistical analysis. Results: there are few studies addressing quality of life during pregnancy. In cross-sectional study groups showed significant differences on the subject of age and family income (1 versus 2 and 2 versus 3); among groups 2 and 3, main obstetric history was preterm labor and preterm birth was the main cause of child deaths; in group 2 cervical insufficiency was the most frequent morbid condition; obstetric characteristics that showed significant differences between groups (1 versus 2 and 2 versus 3) were gestational age, number of pregnancies and abortion. Regarding quality of life, among all women tested, General State of Health was the area of highest score (71.9 points) while Physical Aspects had the lowest scores (30.1). In the comparison between groups, there was a progressive decrease in scores in the domains of the SF - 36, group 1 compared to 2 and this in relation to 3, with the exception of Functional Capacity, that was lower in group 2. Statistically significant differences were observed between groups 1 and 2 in the domains Functional Capacity, Pain and Social Aspects and between groups 1 and 3 in the domains Functional Capacity, Physical Aspects, Pain, Social Aspects, Emotional Aspects and Mental Health. Between groups 2 and 3 there was no statistically significant difference in any of the domains. Conclusion: low risk pregnant women (group 1) had better quality of life compared to women who had risk factors or who were in preterm labor (group 2 and 3); quality of life among women in preterm labor was not different from those with risk factors for preterm birth / Doutorado / Saúde Materna e Perinatal / Doutor em Ciências da Saúde