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At the writing of this paper, no research on teachers’ formative assessment practices of writing for English as a foreign language (EFL) in a Swedish upper secondary context was found. How EFL teachers relate to formative assessment practices affects their implementation of it. Therefore, the aim of this research was to elucidate Swedish upper secondary school teachers of English’s perception of formative assessment, their reported perceptions regarding the utility of formative assessment, and how their perception affected their implementation of formative assessment of writing practices. The study used a qualitative approach by conducting semi-constructed interviews of four English teachers. The participants had a concurrent view of formative assessment as an on-going process for facilitating student development; however, their reported practices of applying formative assessment of writing differed. In general, the participants reported practices met the demands of the curriculum of Swedish upper secondary school and English syllabi and aligned with theoretical concepts formative practices, and previous research on implementing teacher feedback for assisting student writing development. Although, the analysis of reported practices also aligned with Burner’s (2016) findings of teachers not fully inviting students into the formative process in terms of participating in assessment and self-assessment. Moreover, the support of colleagues for implementing formative practices emerged as a theme among the participants. With that said, the results of this research cannot be generalized to the Swedish upper secondary context due to its small scale. Furthermore, all results of perceptions and implemented practices were self-reported and not reinforced with objective observations.

Born into a visual culture, today’s generation of learners generally prefer a visually-rich multimodal learning environment. Tapping into the potential of visuals in language pedagogy, this study was aimed at discovering the impact of a visual presentation of grammatical concepts related to sentence structure on student writing. The study used a mixed methods design to analyse the impact of the visual approach first by statistically measuring sentence variety and syntactic complexity of student pre and post intervention texts and then using interviews to explain the nature of the impact of visuals on student conceptual understanding and its effect on their writing development. Statistical findings reveal that the experimental groups of Chinese students who were taught grammatical concepts in the context of writing instruction using a visual approach outperformed the students in the control groups who were given similar lessons in the context of writing instruction but using traditional printed hand-outs. Qualitative findings suggest that the visuals seems to have increased these students’ conceptual understanding of grammatical items that were taught, and this resulted in more sophisticated and syntactically complex texts after the intervention. The study supports the theory of contextualized teaching of grammar and proposes the use of external visuals that lead to internal visualization based on the cognitive theory of multimodal learning. In so doing, it extends the use of visual learning to grammar pedagogy. However, the findings also suggest that the visual approach would not work effectively in cultures that promote rote learning and decontextualized exercises in grammar with the sole aim of passing the exams. A shift in attitude towards grammar pedagogy in China is deemed necessary.

The thesis describes what happens when twelve students learn to read and write. The main purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the learning process of the students, with respect to reading and writing, based on the specific learning environment. Special attention is given to the relationship between the individual and the environment. It is the author's strong belief that one needs to look at both these aspects together. Further, the intention of the thesis is not to compare different environments in terms of good or bad, but rather to use them as examples of situated social practices for reading. The investigation has an ethnographic approach and is based primarily on qualitative data collected by personal studies of the students' reading and writing processes in the classroom environment. Secondly, estimations of the students' reading abilities have been performed in order to validate various kinds of data. Twelve students have been studied from August 1998 when they started in first grade and until March 2001. The analysis derives from Vygotskij's theory, the sociocultural perspective, and to get a better understanding of differences and similarities between the environments, Bernstein's theory about the visible and invisible pedagogic was used. The result indicates that in a classroom, students show a variety of specific behaviours related to the setting in different ways. The conclusion of this thesis is that it is urgent to make teachers observe and pay attention to the behaviour pattern of each group of readers. Teachers hereby receive a tool that gives them a chance to identify students with negative patterns in purpose to make them choose a constructive way of learning. Through guidance the teacher may transfer successful strategies and/or design situations that make it possible for the students to discover an alternative way of learning.

<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>

<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap kring hur några elever i årskurs 9 uppfattar lärmiljön och inkluderande processer i det klassrum där de har sin svenskundervisning, samt hur de anser att lärmiljön kan förbättras med särskilt fokus på läs- och skrivutveckling. Studien utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande. Den metod som används i undersökningen är en form av kvalitativ strukturerad gruppintervju. Frågeställningarna utgår ifrån syftet där elevperspektivet utgör en central del av innehållet. Resultatet i studien synliggör vikten av att undanröja hinder i den fysiska, pedagogiska och sociala lärmiljön för att skapa inkluderande och gynnsamma förutsättningar för elevers läs- och skrivutveckling. Åtgärder kring lärmiljön skapar en trygg och fungerande skola där alla elever får möjlighet att utvecklas. Resultatet visar även på betydelsen av att låta elever få vara med och ge sitt perspektiv på tillgänglig lärmiljö. Att lyssna på elever och att låta dem göra sina röster hörda är en viktig del av skolans uppdrag. Delaktighet är en rättighet för barn och elever, något som skapar trygghet, vilket är en förutsättning för att lärande ska kunna ske. / The aim of this study is to contribute knowledge about how some students in the 9th grade perceive the learning environment, and the process of inclusive education, in the classroom in which they study Swedish. It also aims to present their thoughts on how the learning environment can be improved to support the development of reading and writing skills. The theoretical framework of this study is a sociocultural perspective on learning. The method chosen is a form of qualitative structured group interview. The questions are based on the aim of the study, where the student perspective plays a central part of the content. The results of this study show the importance of overcoming obstacles in the physical, pedagogical and social learning environment to create inclusive and beneficial conditions concerning students´ reading and writing skills. Actions surrounding the learning environment create a secure and functioning school where all students have the possibility to develop. The results also show the importance of letting students provide their perspective on an accessible learning environment. To listen to students and to allow the students´ voices to be heard are significant parts of the school curriculum. Children and students have a right to participation as this creates a sense of security, which is a condition for learning to be acquired.

The Diploma work compares the records in local, parish and school chronicles in Ledenice, a small town near České Budějovice. The work is split up to four basic chapters. It contains an extensive list of the literature and sources as well as the abundant supplements. The first chapter is about concise history of town, parish and school in Ledenice, the second chapter is about the development of Czech chronicle writing from the Middle Ages till present (inclusive of the history of local, parish and school chronicle writing). The thirt chapter includes development of chronicle writing in Ledenice, in this chapter we don´t miss description of the particular books, analysis of the records and brief biography of all chroniclers. The last pivotal chapter compares chronicle-records in the chosen period 1900{--}1950, puts near common topics as well as the specialities of particular chronicles and chroniclers. Short summaries are in this fourth chapter, the result from all the research is in the ending.

This study covers a research within the area of writing difficulties in the ESL classroom (English as second language). This essay aims to look at teachers’ attitudes towards working with writing difficulties and also how teachers deal with this issue in the classroom. The data for this study was collected through the qualitative method; interviews and observations. The informants who participated in this study are English teachers, working in year 7-9. The observations were conducted during the informants’ lessons. Previous research has also been used in this study in order to establish the teachers’ work within writing. The study shows that the teachers feel that it is challenging to work with students who have writing difficulties, since those students might be unmotivated. However, the informants believe that teachers need to motivate their students to write more, in order to achieve development. Moreover, the study shows that teachers do not use any specific method when working with writing, instead they try to see what the students have difficulties with, and subsequently find solutions based on the individual’s needs.

Magister Educationis - MEd / Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 – ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners’ writing skills. The research also analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to onstruct and convey meaning. The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s) available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing learners’ writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and factors which build on learners’ prior experiences and creativity. / South Africa