Underground nuclear explosions (UNEs) produce anthropogenic isotopes that provide the only definitive means by which to determine whether a nuclear explosion has taken place. Verification of a suspected test under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) includes both on-site and atmospheric sampling of specific noble gas radioisotopes for analysis of origin. It is well-established that the processes of subsurface transport can affect the rate at which such gases will reach the surface. However, the relative abundance of anthropogenic isotopes reaching the surface following transport is currently assumed to rely solely on their direct fission yield, decay rate, and their production from precursor decay, making no account for the influence of transport processes on isotopic ratios. The Underground Transport of Environmental Xenon (UTEX) model has been developed to examine the possible effects of subsurface transport on radioxenon isotopic ratios as well as to consider a number of on-site inspection-related applications. In this work, background on the UTEX model's development, evolution and vetting is presented. This is followed by the characterization and analysis of a number of applications of the model for consideration of CTBT-relevant scenarios. Specifically, the UTEX model's capability to analyze CTBT on-site inspection concept of operations is demonstrated. This is accomplished through an examination of generalized UNE source terms, geological stratigraphy, UNE impact on local geology, natural soil-gas radionuclide backgrounds, atmospheric infiltration, and sampling methodology. It is shown that the processes driving noble gas transport through geological media can significantly skew the ratios of key radioxenon isotopes that are used to help verify whether or not a well-contained underground test has taken place. This result emphasizes the need for a broader understanding of radionuclide signatures used for CTBT verification purposes and the mechanisms that can alter them. / text

The past decade has witnessed dramatic changes in the oil and gas industry with the drilling and production extending into progressively deeper waters and higher operating pressures, therefore making it essential to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of gas hydrate at high pressure conditions. New experimental 3-phase H−LW−V (Hydrate−Liquid Water−Vapour) equilibrium data for nitrogen and H−LW−V (Hydrate−Liquid Water−Vapour) and H−LW−LHC (Hydrate−Liquid Water−Liquid Hydrocarbon) data for ethane and propane simple clathrate hydrates were generated by a reliable fixed-volume, isochoric, step-heating technique. The accuracy and reliability of the experimental measurements are demonstrated by comparing measurements with reliable literature data from different researchers. Additional experimental data up to high pressure (200 MPa when available) for CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, N2, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2S, O2, CO and CO2 clathrates have been gathered from literature. The Valderrama modification of the Patel-Teja (VPT) equation of state combined with non-density-dependent (NDD) mixing rules is used to model the fluid phases with previously reported binary interaction parameters. The hydrate-forming conditions are modelled by the solid solution theory of van der Waals and Platteeuw. Langmuir constants have been calculated by both Kihara potential as well as direct techniques. Model predictions are validated against independent experimental data and a good agreement between predictions and experimental data is observed, supporting the reliability of the developed model.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-10T17:38:32Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T17:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Francisco das Chagas Marques / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:31:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viana_GustavoAlexandre_D.pdf: 26050862 bytes, checksum: 8af75e89f5e6b6013343b0c988c3e7ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Ao longo desse projeto de doutorado, foi projetado e construído um sistema de deposição de filmes, livre de bombeamento (LB) de gás(es) no decorrer dos processos e capaz de realizar deposições em duas modalidades: ¿Sputtering¿ e PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition). Amostras amorfas carbohidogenadas (a-C:H) do tipo diamantinas (DLC) e poliméricas (PLC) foram obtidas em deposições por PECVD, nas quais, variou-se o fluxo de gás metano (CH4 ¿ precursor). Com a redução dos fluxos, dentro das condições de deposição adotadas e da geometria de nosso sistema, são observados, para os filmes DLC (PLC), aumento da ordem de 83% (54%) para a taxa de deposição e queda de 44% (56%) no volume de CH4 consumido, para cada nm de filme depositado, porém, em razão da saturação da atmosfera de deposição por H2, não concomitante com o regime LB. Através de caracterizações optoeletrônicas, vibracionais e mecânicas, conforme se reduz o fluxo de CH4, observam-se comportamentos semelhantes em ambos os tipos de amostras depositadas para os valores do gap óptico e hidrogenação, sempre com as amostras do tipo PLC mais isolantes e hidrogenadas. Contudo, comportamentos distintos em relação ao índice de refração (n) e stress intrínseco são estabelecidos. Enquanto as amostras do tipo PLC apresentam-se praticamente não estressadas e com tendência de queda para o valor de , as do tipo DLC assistem ao crescimento de ambos os valores. Além disso, medidas de Raman no visível revelam aumentos para os valores da posição da banda G e razão ID/IG, conforme se reduz o fluxo de CH4, indicando aumento na proporção da razão sp2/sp3. Ainda para as amostras DLC, medidas de dureza mostraram ótimos resultados para este tipo de modalidade de deposição, chegando a valores de até ~20 GPa. Filmes amorfos não hidrogenados de carbono (a-C) foram depositados por ¿Sputtering ¿de um alvo de grafite em atmosferas de deposição compostas por Argônio (Ar) e Xenônio (Xe). Todas as deposições em atmosferas de Xe foram realizadas em regime LB, visando, com isso, além da economia no consumo de Xe, obter as condições de deposição que mais favorecessem sua incorporação por parte das matrizes de a-C. Da redução dos fluxos de Ar empregados nas deposições, os melhores resultados foram concomitantemente obtidos para o regime LB (diferente do que se observa em PECVD), onde um aumento de 70% na taxa de deposição foi acompanhado de uma queda de seis ordens de grandeza no volume de gás consumido para cada nm de filme depositado. Resultado este, excelente do ponto de vista de economia de gás(es). Assim como nas amostras depositadas por PECVD, nestas também foram realizadas caracterizações optoeletrônicas e mecânicas, as quais revelaram valores para o stress, gap óptico e n condizentes com amostras do tipo grafíticas (GLC). Medidas de efusão térmica, realizadas em amostras incorporadas de Xe, permitiram pela primeira vez, até onde sabemos, a determinação do coeficiente de difusão e da energia livre de difusão (~1.9 e V) para átomos de Xe aprisionados em uma matriz amorfa do tipo GLC. Procedimentos de ativação e posterior espectroscopia gama, conduzidos em amostras de a-C:Xe, confirmaram a capacidade de transmutação do isótopo estável 124Xe (abundância natural de 0.1%), via bombardeio de nêutrons térmicos e capturas eletrônicas, para o radionuclídeo 125I, muito utilizado em tratamentos anticancerígenos como o de próstata, por exemplo. Dessa forma, baseados nos resultados de ativação e detecção gama, na habilidade terapêutica do 125I e na bio/hemocompatibilidade dos filmes de a-C, nesse trabalho de doutorado, é proposto um modelo comercial para sementes clínicas, utilizadas em tratamentos localizados anticancerígenos denominados de Braquiterapia, baseadas em filmes amorfos de carbono incorporados do isótopo 124Xe (i.e., a-C:124Xe), com dose e atividade adequados para tal propósito / Abstract: In this PhD thesis a Sputtering and PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) deposition system, appropriated for deposition free of gas pumping along the procedure, was projected and built. Hydrogenated amorphous (a-C:H) with Diamond-Like carbon (DLC) and Polymer-Like carbon (PLC) structures were deposited by PECVD under different methane (CH4) flow rate. The properties of the films changes significantly as the CH4 flow rate decreases from high flow (~80 sccm) to zero flow (pumping free deposition). An increase in the deposition rate of the DLC (PLC) films by 83% (54%), accompanied by a fall of 44% (56%) of the CH4 volume consumed to deposited the films, was observed at CH4 flow rate of 3.9 sccm, compared to films deposited at high flow rate. For smaller CH4 flow rate, the deposition rate decreases due to H2 saturation of the deposition atmosphere. The optical gap (determined by uv-visible transmission spectroscopy) and hydrogen concentration (determined by FTIR) varies in a similar fashion for both series of films (DLC and PLC) as a function of CH4 flow rate. Electrical conductivity measurements revealed that the PLC films are always more insulating than the DLC films. The concentration of hydrogen (determined by FTIR) is much higher in PLC films. The behavior of the index of refraction and the stress as a function of CH4 flow rate, for both series of films, are quite different from each other. PLC films has very small stress and the index of refraction decreases as the CH4 decrease, while the opposite is observed for DLC films, which are very compressive stressed and the index of refraction increases in the same range. Visible Raman scattering, performed on the DLC films, shows an increase of the G peak position and ID/IG rate, as the CH4 decreases, indicating an increase in the sp2/sp3 ratio. Nanohardness measurements also show that the harder films (~20 GPa) are obtained at relatively low flow rate. Non-hydrogenated amorphous carbon films (a-C) were deposited by Sputtering a graphite target in argon (Ar) or xenon (Xe) atmosphere. Differently from the result observed in films deposited by PECVD, the highest deposition rate obtained by sputtering was under pumping free deposition (zero argon flow rate). In this case an increase of 70% in the deposition rate was obtained, accompanied by six order of magnitude drop of the gas consumption. All the depositions performed in Xe atmosphere were carried out in pumping free regime to reduce Xe consumption and also to determine the best deposition setup in order to acquire the higher incorporation on Xe into the a-C matrix. High concentration of xenon (3.6%) was obtained with an extremely low consumption of xenon gas. Optoelectronic and mechanical characterization were carried out in the films deposited by sputtering and revealed that their stress, index of refraction and optical gap are consistent with graphite-like carbon films (GLC). Thermal desorption spectroscopy, performed in Xe incorporated samples, allowed, for the first times, to the best of our knowledge, to determine the diffusion coefficient and the free diffusion energy (~19eV) of Xe atoms trapped into amorphous GLC matrix. Activation procedure followed by gamma counting spectroscopy, carried out in a-C:Xe films, confirm the isotopic transmutation ability of the stable 124Xe(0.1% of natural abundance), by thermal neutrons bombardment and electrons capture, to the radionuclide 125I, which is an element largely employed in anticancer treatment, like the prostate one, for example. Thus, based on the activation and gamma counting results, on the 125I therapeutic ability and the a-C hemo/biocompatibility, in this PhD thesis it is proposed a model for commercial clinical seeds, used in local anticancer treatment named Brachytherapy, based on the isotope 124Xe incorporated amorphous carbon film (i.e., a-C:124Xe), with appropriate dose and activity to this purpose / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-10T17:38:32Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T17:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia de produção de iodo-125, que resultou na primeira produção deste radionuclídeo no Brasil. Cápsulas de alumínio foram projetadas, fabricadas e avaliadas para que suportassem condições de pressão, temperatura e fluxo de nêutrons no reator nuclear IEA-R1 do IPEN sem a ocorrência de liberação de material radioativo. Foram projetados, desenvolvidos e fabricados sistemas de carregamento, descarregamento e recuperação dos gases para a manipulação do gás xenônio e do iodo. Foi desenvolvido um novo método de lavagem da cápsula, para dissolução do iodo-125 adsorvido nas paredes, por meio de imersão em banho ultrassônico. Foram irradiadas três cápsulas no reator nuclear IEA-R1, por um período de aproximadamente 60 h contínuas, a um fluxo de nêutrons de 5,5 x 1013 n cm-2 s-1. Foi produzido um total de 13,53 GBq (365,73 mCi) de iodo-125, e o único contaminante encontrado foi o radionuclídeo iodo-126. Na análise radioquímica, pelo método de cromatografia em papel ascendente, o iodo-125 em solução de NaOH apresentou percentual de iodeto acima de 98%, superior à exigência da farmacopeia americana para soluções de iodo radioativo que é de 95%. Para a análise radionuclídica foi desenvolvida uma fonte planar, a base de resina epoxídica, para a contagem do iodo-125 em detector de germânio de alta pureza. A correlação entre o iodo-125 e o iodo-126 produzido apresentou valores entre 0,5 e 0,7% após um período de decaimento de 10 d, grau de pureza suficiente para a utilização em técnicas de radioimunoensaio. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Francisco das Chagas Marques / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T16:01:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraJunior_MyrianoHenriquesde_M.pdf: 3252159 bytes, checksum: a130bcbe767628c40a0600e14112a2a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi preparada uma série de filmes de carbono amorfo pelo processo de IBAD (Ion Beam Assisted Deposition), onde foi utilizado um feixe iônico de Xe com energia fixa para todas as amostras em 1500eV para realizar sputtering em um alvo de grafite e, um segundo feixe de Xe + responsável pelo bombardeio do filme durante o crescimento. Para cada amostra foi utilizada uma energia de bombardeio diferente, de 0 a 400eV. Esse bombardeio, além de gerar uma compactação da matriz induzindo uma pressão na rede (stress intrínseco), faz com que uma certa quantidade de Xe seja incorporada pelo filme. Por medidas de RBS foram observadas concentrações de 3 a 4% desse gás nobre na matriz, que são as concentrações nas quais são observadas formações de aglomerados sólidos desse elemento quando implantado em metais ou semicondutores cristalinos. Por medidas de XAS realizadas com radiação com energias no intervalo que envolve a borda L3 do xenônio foi verificada a formação de tais aglomerados sólidos e, em conjunto com resultados obtidos por simulações computacionais obtivemos um entendimento melhor sobre a estrutura fina na região de XANES dessa borda de absorção. A partir da técnica de SAXS foram encontradas estruturas com dimensões características de cerca de 10 a 25nm de forma achatada. Como os filmes de a-C crescidos por essa técnica são altamente grafíticos, contendo uma concentração de cerca de 90% de ligações do tipo sp 2 essas estruturas parecem ser aglomerados grafíticos, cujas dimensões mostraram-se dependentes da energia de bombardeio utilizada na deposição / Abstract: In this work it was prepared a series of amorphous carbon thin films using the ion beam assisted deposition technique. We used a xenon ion beam in order to sputter a graphite target with a fixed energy of 1500eV for all samples set up. A second ion beam was used as an ion assisting beam during the deposition with different energy for each film but, always in the range of 0 to 400eV. As the bombardment energy is varied the film produced can have a structure more or less compact which implies in a pressure rising along the amorphous net, called intrinsic stress. Another consequence of the bombardment is the xenon incorporation. By RBS measurements it was observed a concentration of about 3 to 4% of this noble gas inside the films, which belong to the same range where is observed a condensation of this element in solid clusters when implanted in crystalline metals or semiconductors. From XAS measurements, with radiation energy within a range involving the Xe L3 absorption edge, those solid clusters formation were observed. With some computational simulations compared to those experimental results we were able to have a better comprehension about XANES fine structure. We used SAXS measurements to try to determine some geometrical parameters beyond those obtained by XAS. As the xenon clusters dimensions are too small (probably of about ten atoms) it is difficult to detect them by this technique with the experimental parameters used but, it was observed some structures that seem to be shaped and have characteristics dimensions varying from 10 to 25nm. What seem to be graphitic planes clusters, once amorphous carbon thin films prepared by IBAD are graphitic-like / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des recherches menées sur les matériaux envisagés pour servir dans les réacteurs nucléaires du futur. Parmi ces matériaux, se trouve le carbure de silicium qui est envisagé comme matériau d'enrobage et de gainage du combustible dans les réacteurs à fission ou comme matériau face au plasma ou constituant les couvertures tritigènes dans les réacteurs à fusion (concept DEMO). Des échantillons de β-SiC ont été frittés par Spark Plasma Sintering. Deux gaz rares abondamment produits en réacteur, le xénon et l'hélium, ont été implantés dans SiC à température ambiante et à plusieurs fluences (Φ1 Xe = 5.1015 at.cm-2 et Φ2 Xe = 1.1017 at.cm-2 pour le xénon et Φ1 He = 5.1015 at.cm-2, Φ2 He = 1.1017 at.cm-2 et Φ3 He = 1.1018 at.cm-2 pour l'hélium). Les échantillons irradiés en xénon ont ensuite été recuits à différentes températures (400 °C, 700 °C et 1000 °C). Une amorphisation complète du matériau a été observée pour toutes les fluences sauf Φ1 He (dpamax = 0,2) ainsi qu'une oxydation notable pour les plus hautes fluences. Un seuil de concentration de formation de bulles dans SiC a pu être déterminé pour l'hélium et le xénon. La coalescence de ces bulles à forte concentration s'est traduite par la formation de cloques sur la surface dans le cas de l'implantation à Φ3 He. A Φ2 Xe, des bulles de plusieurs centaines de nanomètres se sont formées dans la phase oxyde (SiO2 amorphe) alors que la coalescence reste très limitée au sein de la phase SiC résiduelle (nanobulles). Aucun relâchement des espèces implantées n a été mesuré jusqu'à une fluence de 1017 at.cm-2. A Φ3 He, un relâchement important d'hélium s'est produit pendant l'implantation, ce qui indique un effet de saturation dans le matériau. Après traitement thermique à 1000 °C, un relâchement conséquent du xénon contenu initialement dans la phase oxyde a été mesuré alors que le xénon contenu dans la phase SiC semble mieux retenu / This work is part of studies on the proposed materials to be used in future nuclear reactors. Among these materials is silicon carbide, which could be used as a cladding or coating material for the fuel in fission reactors, or as a constituent of plasma facing component or breeding blankets in fusion reactors (DEMO concept). β-SiC samples were synthetized by spark plasma sintering. Two rare gases abundantly produced in reactor, xenon and helium, were implanted in SiC at room temperature and at several fluences (Φ1 Xe = 5.1015 at.cm-2 and Φ2 Xe = 1.1017 at.cm-2 for xenon, Φ1 He = 5.1015 at.cm-2, Φ2 He = 1.1017 at.cm-2 and Φ3 He = 1.1018 at.cm-2 for helium). Xenon irradiated samples were then annealed for two hours at different temperatures (400 °C, 700 °C and 1000 °C). A complete amorphization of the material is observed for all fluences except for Φ1 He (maximum dpa level ≈ 0.2). A significant oxidation is observed for the highest fluences. A threshold concentration for bubble formation has been determined for both species. Bubble coalescence at high concentration results in the surface blistering at Φ3 He. Bubbles of several hundred nanometers were formed in the oxide phase (SiO2) after irradiation at Φ2 Xe, while remaining SiC islands are less subject to coalescence (nanometric bubbles). No gas release could be demonstrated up to a fluence of 1017 at.cm-2. For Φ3 He = 1018 at.cm-2, a significant helium release occurs that could indicate a saturation effect within the material. During thermal treatment at 1000 °C, xenon is retained by carbide phase and highly released by oxide phase

This thesis focuses on the analysis of heavy noble gases (argon, krypton and xenon) and halogens (chlorine, bromine and iodine) in Martian meteorites. In the absence of a sample-return mission, Martian meteorite analysis is essential for establishing evidence for an active fluid system, evaluating the potential for life and understanding the formation and evolution of Mars. Noble gas analysis has multiple applications for Martian meteorite study, as described in this thesis. The noble gas isotopic signatures of Earth’s atmosphere, Martian atmosphere and Martian interior are sufficiently different that they can be distinguished through noble gas analysis. Analysis of bulk and mineral separates of shergottites showed that Martian atmospheric Xe was distributed evenly amongst samples, whilst terrestrially weathered samples contained elevated concentrations of terrestrial atmospheric Xe. Both atmospheric components were introduced by weathering. Shock redistribution is responsible for the distribution of Martian atmosphere into more retentive sites. Crustal contamination may be responsible for the presence or absence of detectable 129Xe from the Martian atmosphere. Halogen abundances can be determined as an extension of the Ar-Ar dating technique. As the halogen system on Earth acts as a tracer for important fluid related processes, Martian halogen abundances in meteorites may provide a tracer for the Martian fluid system. Analysis of bulk and mineral separates of nakhlites showed that halogens are distributed amongst minor phases and clear variation of Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios was observed amongst samples. Elevated I concentrations in low temperature releases of finds NWA 998 and MIL 03346 are consistent with terrestrial contamination. Analysis of Nakhla, (a meteorite fall), showed a trend of elevated Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios in crush and low temperature releases, consistent with Br/Cl ratios observed in Martian rocks, soils and weathering products. In contrast, high temperature releases had lower I/Cl and Br/Cl ratios, which are broadly comparable to the terrestrial mantle. This trend may represent mixing of hydrothermal fluids (low Br/Cl and I/Cl) and surface brines (high Br/Cl and I/Cl). An impact-induced hydrothermal system may provide a mechanism for mixing of both fluid types. The crystallisation ages of nakhlite meteorites were determined using the Ar-Ar dating technique. The apparent ages measured were similar to previous Ar-Ar analysis, and older than reported for other chronometers. Previously unrecognised components were observed, including evidence for a trapped hydrous fluid. This Cl-rich component showed strong correlation with 40Ar and had 40Ar/36Ar and 40Ar/129XeXS ratios consistent with Martian atmosphere. As this component was released during crush and low temperature analysis, fluid inclusions formed by percolation of brines from the Martian surface are likely hosts. Both finds showed clear evidence of a trapped component with 40Ar/36Ar ratios similar to either terrestrial atmosphere or the Martian interior. A further component observed in olivine phases had low 40Ar/36Ar ratios, and likely formed by the release of 36Ar formed by cosmic-ray spallation reactions on iron.

This master’s thesis deals with the possibilities of illumination of motor vehicles. Thesis is divided into two sections, from which the first discusses precisely the possibilities of lighting of motor vehicles at the present time. What are the modern lighting techniques, that can be found on the market and what is their impact on safety enhancement in road traffic. Second section is about the practical measurement of low and high beam afterglow. This measurement is being compared between two types of headlamps, namely halogen headlights and xenon headlights. Part of the measurement is as well measurement of illumination intensity precisely for these headlights. The output of measurement is the creation of own illumination intensity diagrams and afterglow diagrams of particular headlights, in comparison to isolux diagrams provided by the headlights manufacturer. Consequently are solved the issues about utilization of the isolux diagrams in expert praxis.

In this thesis, multiple ionisation processes of free atoms and molecules upon single photon absorption are studied by means of a versatile multi-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy method based on a magnetic bottle, primarily in combination with synchrotron radiation. The latter offered the possibility to access not only valence but also core levels, revealing processes, which promote the target systems into different charge states. One study focuses on double and triple ionisation processes of acetaldehyde (ethanal) in the valence region as well as single and double Auger decay of initial 1s core vacancies. The latter are investigated site-selectively for the two chemically different carbon atoms of acetaldehyde, scrutinising theoretical predictions specifically made for that system. A related study concentrates on core-valence double ionisation spectra of acetaldehyde, which have been investigated in the light of a previously established empirical model, and which have been used as test cases for analysing this kind of spectra by means of quantum chemical electronic structure methods of increasing sophistication. A third study investigates site-specific fragmentation upon 1s photoionisation of acetaldehyde using a magnetic bottle augmented with an in-line ion time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Experimental evidence is presented that bond rupture occurs with highest probability in the vicinity of the initial charge localisation and possible mechanisms are discussed. A site-specificity parameter P∆ is introduced to show that differences in fragmentation behavior between initial ionisations at chemically different carbon atoms probably persist even for identical internal energy contents in the nascent dications. In another study where both electrons and ions from Auger decay of core-excited and core-ionised states of CO2 are detected in coincidence, it is confirmed that O2+ is formed specifically in Auger decay from the C1s → π* and O1s → π* resonances, suggesting a decisive role of the π* orbital in the molecular rearrangement. Also, the molecular rearrangement is found to occur by bending in the resonant states, and O2+ is produced by both single and double Auger decay. A new version of the multi-electron-ion coincidence method, where the ion time-of-flight spectrometer is mounted perpendicularly to the electron flight tube, which affects less the electron resolution and which allows for position sensitive detection of the ions, is employed in combination with tunable soft X-rays to reveal the branching ratios to final Xen+ states with 2 &lt; n &lt; 9 from pure 4d-1, 4p-1, 4s-1, 3d-1 and 3p-1 Xe+ hole states. The coincident electron spectra give information on the Auger cascade pathways. / <p>Byte av lokal vid disputation till Polhemssalen.</p>