La thèse porte sur la propagation de fissures de fatigue sous conditions de plasticité cyclique généralisée en Mode I dans l’acier 316L. Un modèle incrémental de fissuration est proposé. Deux types d’essais de fatigue en plasticité généralisée ont été réalisés pour identifier et valider le modèle, un essai sous chargement mécanique cyclique et un essai de fatigue thermique. Pour les deux catégories d'essais, les examens des surface de rupture ont permis de vérifier que le mécanisme de propagation des fissures était analogue à celui observé en conditions de plasticité confinée.Une étude numérique par éléments finis a permis de montrer que :- Les champs de vitesses au voisinage du front de la fissure peuvent être représentés de manière approchée par une somme trois produits d'un facteur d'intensité, utilisé comme degré de liberté du problème, et d'un champ spatial de référence défini a priori. cette thèse a permis d'ajouter aux deux composantes élastiques et de plasticité confinée, un troisième champ permettant d'étendre la représentation à la plasticité généralisée.- L’unique moteur de la propagation de la fissure est l’émoussement plastique de la fissure que l’on peut associer au facteur d’intensité du champ de plasticité confiné.- Il est possible d’exprimer l’évolution de l’émoussement plastique à partir du chargement appliqué et de quelques variables internes, en plasticité confinée, comme sous conditions de plasticité généralisée.Un modèle incrémental de fissuration par fatigue en conditions de plasticité généralisée a été proposé puis identifié à partir des essais de propagation sous chargement mécanique.Ce modèle a ensuite été utilisé pour interpréter un essai de propagation en condition de plasticité généralisée sous chargement cyclique thermique. / This thesis focuses on the propagation of fatigue cracks in large scale yielding conditions in Mode I in the 316L stainless steel. An incremental model is proposed for fatigue crack growth. Two types of fatigue tests in large scale yielding conditions were conducted to identify and validate the model, a cyclic mechanical loading test, develped specifically for this project, and a thermal fatigue test (PACIFIC). For both tests, the observations of the fracture surface have shown that the crack propagation mechanism is similar to that observed in small scale yielding conditions.A finite element analysis has shown that:- The velocity field in the crack front region may be approximated by a sum of three products of an intensity factor, used as a degree of freedom for the problem, and a spatial reference field, defined once for all. This thesis has added a third field, dedicated to capture large scale yielding contribution, to the two existing terms for elastic and small scale yield contributions.- The sole mechnism for fatigue crack propagation is plastic blunting at crack tip which can be associated to the intensity factor of the small scale yielding field.- It is possible to express the evolution of plastic blunting from the applied loading scheme and a set of internal variables, in small scale yielding conditions as well as under large scale yielding conditions.An incremental model was proposed to predict fatigue crack growth in large scale yielding conditions and identified using fatigue tests under mechanical loadings.This model was then used to interpret a crack propagation test in thermal fatigue conditions on the PACIFC set up.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of bicycle crossings and follow up on previousstudies with new data on speeds, ability to travel unhindered and accident statistics. With theintroduction of the new definition of bicycle crossing from 2014, motor vehicle drivers had to yieldfor cyclists who are traveling on, or are approaching, the bicycle crossing. The area at theintersection should also be speed-proofed to 30 km/h. The introduction meant that new behaviorswere required by both cyclists and motor vehicle drivers at these types of intersections.The report is consists of three parts; a short literature study with an international outlook, adocument analysis of accidents and bicycle crossings in Sweden as well as on site measurementsexecuted at bicycle crossings in Gävle. The literature study briefly presents some of the mostcommon speed-limiting measures to present an overview of the types of measures that can be usedto speed-proof bicycle crossings. It also presents other countries' accident statistics as well as howthey handle the problems of bicycle prioritization at crossings. The document analysis is based onthe STRADA and RDT database in order to, through a GIS software, link accidents to bicycle crossingsand thus be able to analyze how the accidents have developed over time. This analysis is made bothwith a national average and a more thorough study of the municipality of Malmö. In the on sitemeasurements executed in Gävle, the speeds of the motor vehicles on approach to bicycle crossingswere examined and the yielding behavior was studied ocularly. The measurements were carried outin two separate locations with different conditions, one with relatively high traffic flow and a plateaubump as a speed-proofing measure and one with lower flow and bus pad as a speed-proofingmeasure.It turns out that the number of accidents related to bicycle crossings has decreased in Sweden, whilethe degree of injury for these accidents has also decreased. Malmö stands out in the statistics due tothe fact that the number of accidents related to bicycle crossings has increased at the same time asthe degree of injury for the accidents has decreased. The data also shows that accidents at bicyclecrossings adjacent to roundabouts are over-represented. It is therefore proposed that bicyclecrossings adjacent to roundabouts should be avoided. The on site measurements in Gävle showedthat the speeds had decreased sharply at the site with the bus pad and that the yielding behaviorchanged after the introduction of the bicycle crossing. At the second location, with the plateaubump, the speeds have already converged and are approaching their limit values while the yieldingbehavior has improved slightly. Finally, it is concluded that bus pads have better velocity suppressioneffects than the plateau pad and that the consequential effects of a well-designed speed-proofingmeasurement can reduce the degree of injury and increased yielding.

No description available.

No description available.

Steel flexural yielding arms can be an effective energy dissipation device for several seismic force resisting systems, including controlled rocking masonry walls. In controlled rocking masonry walls, uplift of the wall from the foundation is allowed in a way that can localize damage and minimize post-earthquake residual drifts. However, along with other modes of failure, sliding of the rocking walls can increase drifts and damage if not adequately addressed. Controlled rocking systems have different alternatives to prevent sliding, which include the use of additional mechanical components (e.g. metal stoppers) at the corners to resist lateral forces while allowing the wall rocking motion. However, these mechanical components hinder the constructability of the wall in some cases. The use of an energy dissipation device (i.e. steel flexural yielding arm) to also prevent the wall sliding mechanism has not been fully explored to date. The development of an easily replaceable energy dissipation device with the ability to simultaneously resist sliding demands is expected to maintain the overall performance of controlled rocking masonry walls, while also enhancing post-earthquake repairability. The objective of the current study is to experimentally investigate the effect of axial forces on the behaviour of steel flexural yielding arms under cyclic loading. In this respect, the study first presents a description of the experimental program, test setup, and instrumentation. Next, the experimental results of the tested specimens are discussed in terms of the effect of axial forces on the load, displacement, and energy dissipation capacities of the tested devices. Finally, new design equations that account for axial forces are proposed and verified against the experimental data along with a finite element model. Based on the results, recommendations are given for the further development of externally attached and replaceable flexural yielding arms for controlled rocking masonry walls. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Controlled rocking masonry walls can be a cost-efficient alternative to traditional masonry shear walls because of their enhanced performance, specifically to reduce and localize structural damage induced by seismic loads. However, a controlled rocking wall requires additional energy dissipation devices or post-tensioning techniques to compliment the rocking wall to achieve the desired performance. This thesis explores and improves a type of energy dissipation device for controlled rocking masonry walls and aims to provide detailed design specifications for professional engineers. A design and considerations from previous studies are discussed, followed by the experimental validation, and finally new design equations are proposed for this type of reliable, flexural energy dissipation device.

Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento tensão-deformação de dois horizontes de um solo residual de gnaisse, pertencentes a um perfil típico da cidade de Viçosa-Minas Gerais, na condição saturada e sob diferentes valores de sucção. O estudo apóia-se em ensaios de caracterização física e mineralógica, em ensaios destinados às análises porosimétricas e morfológicas (lâminas delgadas), e em ensaios de compressão triaxial realizados em corpos de prova não saturados e saturados, estes sujeitos a diferentes direções de cisalhamento, em ambos solos, e distintas trajetórias de tensão, no solo jovem. Nos ensaios triaxiais saturados mostra-se que a resistência dos dois solos foi independente da direção de cisalhamento e que a deformabilidade revelou-se mais anisotrópica no solo maduro, que no solo jovem, este visualmente mais heterogêneo. Mostra-se, que o intercepto de coesão cresce com a sucção numa relação que pode ser bem representada por uma função hiperbólica e que o ângulo de atrito interno praticamente não apresentou variação com a sucção matricial. Apresenta-se uma alternativa de previsão da envoltória de resistência, baseada nos parâmetros de resistência do solo saturado e nos resultados de ensaio correspondente a uma sucção conhecida. A curva de plastificação do solo jovem pôde ser representada razoavelmente bem pela curva adotada nos modelos derivados da mecânica dos solos dos estados críticos (Cam-Clay modificado). A curva é centrada no eixo hidrostático e sua forma não apresenta mudança marcante durante o encruamento do solo, o qual foi obtido através da união de pontos com o mesmo trabalho plástico. / This thesis deals with the stress-strain behavior of a mature soil and a young soil from a typical residual soil of gneiss, as found in Viçosa-MG. This behavior is analyzed under saturated and non saturated conditions. The study rests on physical and mineralogical characterization tests, on porosimetric and morphological analyses (thin section) and on triaxial compression tests performed with saturated and non saturated soil. Saturated young and mature specimens were sheared according to different directions and saturated young soil was also sheared following various stress path. It is shown that the shear strength of saturated soil, both mature and young is independent of shearing direction. However, the visually more homogeneous mature soil showed to be more anisotropic, regarding the deformability, than the young residual soil that visually seems to be heterogeneous. The cohesion intercept tends to increase with soil suction according to a non linear relationship that can be adjusted through a hyperbolic function, while the angle of shearing stress was not influenced by soil suction. An alternative to forecast unsaturated shear strength envelope based on results of saturated soil and on tests performed at a known suction is also presented. The yielding curve of young soil was found to be fairly predicted using modified Cam-Clay model. The yield curve is centered along the hydrostatic axis of stress and its shape didn’t change during soil strain hardening that was obtained by joining the points to that exhibited the same plastic work.

Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento tensão-deformação de dois horizontes de um solo residual de gnaisse, pertencentes a um perfil típico da cidade de Viçosa-Minas Gerais, na condição saturada e sob diferentes valores de sucção. O estudo apóia-se em ensaios de caracterização física e mineralógica, em ensaios destinados às análises porosimétricas e morfológicas (lâminas delgadas), e em ensaios de compressão triaxial realizados em corpos de prova não saturados e saturados, estes sujeitos a diferentes direções de cisalhamento, em ambos solos, e distintas trajetórias de tensão, no solo jovem. Nos ensaios triaxiais saturados mostra-se que a resistência dos dois solos foi independente da direção de cisalhamento e que a deformabilidade revelou-se mais anisotrópica no solo maduro, que no solo jovem, este visualmente mais heterogêneo. Mostra-se, que o intercepto de coesão cresce com a sucção numa relação que pode ser bem representada por uma função hiperbólica e que o ângulo de atrito interno praticamente não apresentou variação com a sucção matricial. Apresenta-se uma alternativa de previsão da envoltória de resistência, baseada nos parâmetros de resistência do solo saturado e nos resultados de ensaio correspondente a uma sucção conhecida. A curva de plastificação do solo jovem pôde ser representada razoavelmente bem pela curva adotada nos modelos derivados da mecânica dos solos dos estados críticos (Cam-Clay modificado). A curva é centrada no eixo hidrostático e sua forma não apresenta mudança marcante durante o encruamento do solo, o qual foi obtido através da união de pontos com o mesmo trabalho plástico. / This thesis deals with the stress-strain behavior of a mature soil and a young soil from a typical residual soil of gneiss, as found in Viçosa-MG. This behavior is analyzed under saturated and non saturated conditions. The study rests on physical and mineralogical characterization tests, on porosimetric and morphological analyses (thin section) and on triaxial compression tests performed with saturated and non saturated soil. Saturated young and mature specimens were sheared according to different directions and saturated young soil was also sheared following various stress path. It is shown that the shear strength of saturated soil, both mature and young is independent of shearing direction. However, the visually more homogeneous mature soil showed to be more anisotropic, regarding the deformability, than the young residual soil that visually seems to be heterogeneous. The cohesion intercept tends to increase with soil suction according to a non linear relationship that can be adjusted through a hyperbolic function, while the angle of shearing stress was not influenced by soil suction. An alternative to forecast unsaturated shear strength envelope based on results of saturated soil and on tests performed at a known suction is also presented. The yielding curve of young soil was found to be fairly predicted using modified Cam-Clay model. The yield curve is centered along the hydrostatic axis of stress and its shape didn’t change during soil strain hardening that was obtained by joining the points to that exhibited the same plastic work.

[Formulae and special characters can not be reproduced here. Please see the pdf version of the Abstract for an accurate reproduction.] The thesis provides a comprehensive study on the behaviour of sand with a small amount of fines [i.e.1/3 plastic fines and 2/3 non-plastic fines]. The work is carried out experimentally under axi-symmetric conditions using the triaxial apparatus. Conventional drained triaxial tests are conducted on isotropic consolidated specimens and all the tests indicate that sand with fines does not manifest any unusual behaviour under drained conditions. However in undrained shearing the so-called ???reverse behaviour??? is noted. The study demonstrates that the reverse behaviour conforms to the critical state framework because significant changes in the position and geometry of the critical state [CS] and isotropic consolidation [IL] lines are caused by the presence of fines. These changes cannot be adequately modelled by the intergranular void ratio as proposed by Thevanayagam and Mohan (2000). This study also demonstrates that the original state parameter [special character] as proposed by Been and Jefferies (1985) is not an adequate parameter to predict the undrained behaviour trend. A new parameter termed ???modified state parameter??? [special character] is proposed to account for the combined effects of density and confining pressure. The suitability of the modified state parameter to characterise the response of parent sand and sand with fines is assessed for a range of void ratios and confining pressures. The effect of drained stress history is an important factor affecting the subsequent undrained response. Drained pre-shearing to failure is found to improve considerably the subsequent undrained response to the extent that liquefaction may not occur. Different drained pre-shearing histories have different effects on the undrained response. However in these tests [special character] has limitations in quantifying the subsequent undrained stress-strain response. Hence, a new framework of ???yielding parameter??? [special character] extends the capability of [special character] and additional data is presented to demonstrate the suitability of this concept. The implementation of [special character] depends on whether the previous stress state reached during the stress history is below or at failure. The effects of drained pre-shearing on the position and movement of failure surface are investigated. It is found that drained pre-shearing to failure at larger confining pressures has the effect of shifting upwards part of the drained failure surface. The shift at larger stress ratios [special character] may be described in terms of dilatancy and modified state parameter at failure. The so-called strain path tests are conducted to study the influence of strain increment ratio on the deformation behaviour of sand with fines. It is found that the value of [special character] has significant effects on the stress-strain behaviour. Along negative [special character] paths the soil strain softens in the form of decreasing the shear resistance before reaching the failure state. In contrast, along positive [special character] paths the soil strain hardens to an asymptotic stress ratio. The asymptotic stress ratio decreases with increasing [special character] along a linear relationship. The framework of [special character] cannot quantify the stress-strain response along positive and negative strain paths. Consequently an ???instability parameter??? [special character] is proposed to extend the capabilities of [special character] and the reliability of this parameter is further assessed. The behaviour along a range of positive and negative [special character] paths is investigated on pre-sheared specimens. In negative [special character] the effective stress paths reach a surface located higher than the monotonic failure surface on which they trace downward towards the origin of stress space. The results indicate this surface may be the same as the drained failure envelope which has been shifted as a result of drained pre-shearing. In positive [special character] paths a large improvement is noted in both the strength and stiffness of the soil. Note The parameters [special character] and [special character] are all generalisations of [special character] so that the behaviour under complex conditions can be characterised.

[Formulae and special characters can not be reproduced here. Please see the pdf version of the Abstract for an accurate reproduction.] The thesis provides a comprehensive study on the behaviour of sand with a small amount of fines [i.e.1/3 plastic fines and 2/3 non-plastic fines]. The work is carried out experimentally under axi-symmetric conditions using the triaxial apparatus. Conventional drained triaxial tests are conducted on isotropic consolidated specimens and all the tests indicate that sand with fines does not manifest any unusual behaviour under drained conditions. However in undrained shearing the so-called ???reverse behaviour??? is noted. The study demonstrates that the reverse behaviour conforms to the critical state framework because significant changes in the position and geometry of the critical state [CS] and isotropic consolidation [IL] lines are caused by the presence of fines. These changes cannot be adequately modelled by the intergranular void ratio as proposed by Thevanayagam and Mohan (2000). This study also demonstrates that the original state parameter [special character] as proposed by Been and Jefferies (1985) is not an adequate parameter to predict the undrained behaviour trend. A new parameter termed ???modified state parameter??? [special character] is proposed to account for the combined effects of density and confining pressure. The suitability of the modified state parameter to characterise the response of parent sand and sand with fines is assessed for a range of void ratios and confining pressures. The effect of drained stress history is an important factor affecting the subsequent undrained response. Drained pre-shearing to failure is found to improve considerably the subsequent undrained response to the extent that liquefaction may not occur. Different drained pre-shearing histories have different effects on the undrained response. However in these tests [special character] has limitations in quantifying the subsequent undrained stress-strain response. Hence, a new framework of ???yielding parameter??? [special character] extends the capability of [special character] and additional data is presented to demonstrate the suitability of this concept. The implementation of [special character] depends on whether the previous stress state reached during the stress history is below or at failure. The effects of drained pre-shearing on the position and movement of failure surface are investigated. It is found that drained pre-shearing to failure at larger confining pressures has the effect of shifting upwards part of the drained failure surface. The shift at larger stress ratios [special character] may be described in terms of dilatancy and modified state parameter at failure. The so-called strain path tests are conducted to study the influence of strain increment ratio on the deformation behaviour of sand with fines. It is found that the value of [special character] has significant effects on the stress-strain behaviour. Along negative [special character] paths the soil strain softens in the form of decreasing the shear resistance before reaching the failure state. In contrast, along positive [special character] paths the soil strain hardens to an asymptotic stress ratio. The asymptotic stress ratio decreases with increasing [special character] along a linear relationship. The framework of [special character] cannot quantify the stress-strain response along positive and negative strain paths. Consequently an ???instability parameter??? [special character] is proposed to extend the capabilities of [special character] and the reliability of this parameter is further assessed. The behaviour along a range of positive and negative [special character] paths is investigated on pre-sheared specimens. In negative [special character] the effective stress paths reach a surface located higher than the monotonic failure surface on which they trace downward towards the origin of stress space. The results indicate this surface may be the same as the drained failure envelope which has been shifted as a result of drained pre-shearing. In positive [special character] paths a large improvement is noted in both the strength and stiffness of the soil. Note The parameters [special character] and [special character] are all generalisations of [special character] so that the behaviour under complex conditions can be characterised.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Anisio Correa da Rocha.pdf: 638336 bytes, checksum: f682754f5a9bc3ce7529561acba4ade5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-20 / Soil and leaves samples were collected and grain yield were evaluated in a commercial crop in order to diagnostic the limiting nutrients, deficiency or excess, on corn planted in 0.45 m row spacing, at Hidrolândia, Goiás. For the diagnosis of soil and leaves samples, were utilized sufficiency range approach, currently used in Brazil and the DRIS. The DRIS procedure for assessing nutritional status of plants by leaf and soil analysis utilizes standard values ( norms ) for nutrient rations rather than the nutrient itself. With the results of the analyses of corn leaves and soil, the population was divided in low and high yielding groups. DRIS norms were established using a yield of 5000 kg ha-1 to divide the data set into high and low yield subpopulations. The locally calibrated norms used to evaluate the nutritional status of the corn, from the leaves analysis, were compared to the others authors in several places. The geographic differences in DRIS norms were identified. For the calculation of indices DRIS differents procedures were used. The interpretation of the soil and leaves analyses by the different procedures of the DRIS methods and by the sufficiency range showed different responses with relation to the deficiency and/or excess of nutrients. The P and K in the soil analysis and B in the leaves analysis, in the majority of the procedures, were the most limiting nutrients by deficiency. / Amostras de solo, folhas e produtividade de milho foram avaliadas de área comercial para diagnosticar os nutrientes mais limitantes à produção de milho semeado em espaçamento reduzido (0,45 m), no município de Hidrolândia, GO. No diagnóstico das análises de solo e de folha utilizaram-se as faixas de suficiência, tradicionalmente recomendadas e o DRIS. No procedimento DRIS, para se efetuar as diagnoses, utilizaram-se como normas as relações entre nutrientes obtidas das análises de uma população de alta produtividade e não o teor do nutriente em si. Com os resultados das análises foliar e de solo os dados foram divididos em duas sub-populações: uma de alta e outra de baixa produtividade, sendo considerada ≥5.000 kg ha-1 a produtividade de corte. Determinaram-se as normas DRIS pelas relações binárias da população de alta produtividade. As normas obtidas foram comparadas com as de outros autores, obtendo-se resultados divergentes entre as diversas localidades. Para o cálculo dos índices DRIS utilizaram-se diferentes procedimentos. Tanto nas análises de folhas como de solo a interpretação pelos índices DRIS e pelas faixas de suficiência apresentaram resultados diferentes com relação à deficiência e, ou excesso dos nutrientes. O P e o K, na análise de solo, e o B na análise foliar, na maioria dos procedimentos, foram os nutrientes mais limitantes por deficiência.